单晶高温合金DD6拉伸性能各向异性

研究了[001],[011],[111]取向第二代单晶高温合金DD6的拉伸性能与断口组织。结果表明:DD6单晶高温合金存在拉伸各向异性,850℃以上[001]取向DD6单晶高温合金的抗拉强度与屈服强度分别高于[011],[111]取向合金的强度,[001],[011],[111]取向DD6单晶高温合金的拉伸断口具有类解理断裂与韧窝断裂的特征。     

Anisotropy of Stress Rupture Properties of DD6 Single Crystal Superalloy at 980℃/250MPa Near [001] Orientation

通过不同取向DD6单晶高温合金980℃/250MPa持久测试,研究了取向对980℃持久性能的影响.结果表明:[001]取向偏离主应力轴15°以内,DD6单晶高温合金980℃/250MPa持久寿命相当,没有各向异性.这主要是由于近[001]取向DD6单晶高温合金多个<110>{111}滑移系共同作用的结果.同时,原子扩散造成的γ’筏排和γ/γ’相界面形成的位错网也降低持久性能各向异性.     

再结晶对DD6单晶高温合金轴向高周疲劳性能的影响

为了研究再结晶对二代单晶高温合金DD6高周疲劳性能的影响,对标准热处理的DD6合金进行表面吹砂处理,然后分别在1120℃和1315℃保温4h,以获得不同类型的再结晶组织。在疲劳试验机上分别测试了光滑和含再结晶的DD6合金试样在1070℃的轴向高周疲劳寿命。采用SEM观察DD6合金再结晶组织及疲劳断口。结果表明:胞状再结晶和等轴再结晶降低了DD6合金的轴向高周疲劳性能,胞状再结晶作用小于等轴再结晶;含再结晶的DD6合金试样的轴向高周疲劳断裂机制为类解理断裂和枝晶间的局部韧窝断裂共存的混合断裂;再结晶使DD6合金试样变为多源疲劳断裂。高温条件下,再结晶晶界的存在加快合金试样的氧化损伤,显著缩短早期疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展时间,降低合金的轴向高周疲劳性能。     

Hf含量对第二代单晶高温合金拉伸性能的影响

在室温、760℃和980℃下,研究了Hf含量对第二代单晶高温合金DD6拉伸性能的影响,采用扫描电镜和透射电镜研究了合金拉伸断口和拉伸断裂显徽组织.结果表明,在本试验研究范围内,Hf含量对DD6合金的拉伸性能影响较小;不同Hf含量DD6合金室温下和760℃的拉伸断裂为类解理断裂,980℃的拉伸断裂为韧窝断裂.     

气膜孔分布对DD6单晶高温合金高周疲劳断裂行为的影响

利用带不同电液束加工气膜孔分布的DD6单晶气冷叶片模拟试样,研究其在常温下的高周疲劳性能,并对试样断口及断口侧面形貌进行宏观与微观观察。结果表明:在相同的实验条件下,气膜孔的存在对试样高周疲劳寿命的影响较大,无孔试样的平均寿命约为带3排孔试样的4倍,但是气膜孔布局对疲劳寿命的影响相对较小。通过断口宏观与微观观察发现,无孔试样呈线源特征,而1~3排孔试样裂纹均从气膜孔附近起源,呈多源特征。根据断口和晶体学理论推测,对于无孔、1排孔和多排孔试样的中间部位,裂纹沿{001}滑移面扩展;而对于多排孔试样的上下2排孔孔周的裂纹沿{111}滑移面扩展。采用有限元方法分析4种不同试样孔边应力场的分布规律,数值模拟分析结果与试样的断裂位置及形貌吻合。     

近[001]取向DD6单晶高温合金980℃/250MPa持久性能各向异性研究

通过不同取向DD6单晶高温合金980℃/250MPa持久测试,研究了取向对980℃持久性能的影响。结果表明:[001]取向偏离主应力轴15°以内,DD6单晶高温合金980℃/250MPa持久寿命相当,没有各向异性。这主要是由于近[001]取向DD6单晶高温合金多个〈110〉{111}滑移系共同作用的结果。同时,原子扩散造成的γ′筏排和γ/γ′相界面形成的位错网也降低持久性能各向异性。     

TNM-Ti Al合金室温高周疲劳性能研究

采用升降法与成组法对TNM-TiAl合金试样进行了应力比R=-1的室温拉压疲劳和R=0.1的室温拉伸疲劳试验，得到TNM-TiAl合金的P-S-N曲线，并对断口进行了分析。结果表明:TNM-TiAl合金对应力十分敏感，R=-1和R=0.1时的曲线整体呈较为平直的斜线，R=-1时的疲劳极限为414.7 MPa,R=0.1时的疲劳极限为285.6 MPa。R=0.1的S-N曲线远低于R=-1的S-N曲线;R=-1时，应力幅与疲劳寿命的关系满足Basquin方程。疲劳试件宏观断口较为粗糙，静态拉伸宏观断口平整，两者差异较大。拉伸断口整体分为裂纹萌生区与扩展区，其中起裂源均位于试样表面或板状试件的边角棱线处，起裂源区域包括γ相的解理断裂面、片层团的沿层解理面以及β₀相平整的穿晶断裂平面等特征。疲劳断口整体分为裂纹萌生区、扩展区与瞬断区，其中裂纹萌生区分为表面沿层起裂和γ相起裂。TNM-TiAl合金的疲劳断裂为脆性断裂，主要体现在扩展区上大量的片层团穿层断裂、扭折撕裂、γ相解理断裂和β₀相穿晶断裂。同寿命量级下，R=-1的断口与R=0.1的断口断裂类型...     

镍基单晶合金紧凑拉伸试样高温断裂特性的实验研究

采用紧凑拉伸（CT）试样对三种晶体取向[001]，[011]，[111]的镍基单晶合金DD3在950，850℃和760℃下的拉伸以及950℃时的蠕变和疲劳性能进行了实验研究。应用光学显微镜（OM）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分别对单晶体裂纹扩展路径和断口表面进行了观察和分析。拉伸实验结果表明：单晶体裂纹扩展路径沿着特定的晶体学矢量方向扩展而在试样自由表明呈现Z字型外观，其扩展方向及形状取决于晶体取向。温度对试样的断裂形式影响较为显著，760℃时的断裂特征为剪切型脆性断裂，断裂平面为沿滑移面的光滑斜断口；950℃下试样断裂逐渐转变为微孔聚集型韧性断裂，断口由粗糙的剪切唇和纤维区构成。蠕变和疲劳实验结果表明：镍基单晶具有明显的蠕变和疲劳性能各向异性，蠕变寿命以[011]，[111]，[001]顺序依次减小，疲劳寿命以[111]，[011]，[001]顺序依次减小；蠕变及疲劳裂纹扩展路径均与加载方向垂直，断裂表面均为光滑的平断口。试样断口细观分析显示，蠕变试样断口由杯锥状韧窝组成，而疲劳试样断口则由疲劳裂纹组成。疲劳损伤比蠕变损伤更有利于裂纹的扩展。     

镍基单晶高温合金的拉伸断裂行为

对[001]、[011]和[111]取向的镍基单晶高温合金的不同取向的弹性模量及硬度做了表征,并分析了[011]和[111]取向的单晶在室温和1070℃的拉伸断口形貌。研究结果表明:合金的弹性模量及拉伸断裂存在各向异性。室温下,[011]取向试样拉伸断裂变形不均匀,断面为椭圆形;[111]取向的试样断裂面为圆形,没有发生颈缩。[011]、[111]取向断口均由裂纹源区、扩展区及瞬断区组成。室温下,合金的拉伸断口为剪切型韧性断裂;高温下,合金的拉伸断口为微孔聚集型韧性断裂。     

带有扭转小角度晶界DD6单晶高温合金的横向持久性能EI北大核心

在980℃/250MPa条件下,研究了DD6单晶高温合金扭转小角度晶界的横向持久性能。结果表明,0~4.0°晶界试样与[001]取向试样的持久寿命相近,表明DD6单晶高温合金的横向持久性能优异;4.0°晶界试样持久断裂不为沿晶断裂;随着晶界角度的进一步增大,合金的横向持久性能明显下降,断裂方式为沿晶断裂。     

Corrosion fatigue testing: the combined effect of stress and high temperature corrosion

Abstract

A corrosive environment can have a detrimental effect on the fatigue life of a material due to a change in failure mechanism. Attempts have been made to replicate this change on nickel-base superalloy CMSX-4 cast in the <001> orientation. Fatigue testing in air, of this material typically produces a fracture on an angle of approximately 55° which is consistent with the fracture having propagated on a {111} slip plane. The aim of the research was to fatigue test in a corrosive environment with the purpose of producing a crack/fracture which deviated from the typical angle and thus confirm that the corrosive environment had affected the fatigue mechanism. It was concluded that the change in mechanism to high temperature corrosion fatigue was associated with a reduced load application rate together with precorroding the test specimens to trigger the initiation of the corrosion fatigue mechanism.     

MODE I AND MIXED MODE I/II FATIGUE CRACKING IN Ni3Al(CrB) SINGLE CRYSTALS

Abstract— Nominal mode I and mixed mode I/II fatigue tests were carried out using the intermetallic compound Ni₃Al(CrB) in the form of single crystal specimens. The effects of crystal orientation and load mode on fatigue crack initiation and growth were studied. The fracture surfaces of the single crystals were characterized by a cleavage-like appearance and cracking occurred either on a single {111} plane or on multiple {111} planes irrespective of whether mode I or mixed mode I/II loadings were applied. It was found that the crack initiation and growth behaviour are dependent on both crystal orientation and applied loading mode. The cracking behaviour predicted by three mixed mode fracture criteria (MTS, SED and G criteria) in polycrystalline materials under mixed mode loading can be understood from the present results on single crystals.     

Crystallographic analysis on small fatigue crack propagation behaviour of a nickel-based single crystal superalloy

In situ observations by scanning electron microscopy show that small fatigue cracks in a nickel-based single crystal superalloy are inclined to the loading direction and propagate in dominant crystallographic manners. In order to evaluate the driving forces for inclined crack propagation, three-dimensional anisotropic linear elastic finite-element analysis is conducted. The plastic zone size on the dominant slip plane has been calculated and proposed to correlate the fatigue crack growth. It is shown that this parameter takes into account both material anisotropy and octahedral fracture modes, and it can effectively characterize small crack propagation behaviour.     

316不锈钢应力腐蚀断裂扫描电镜研究

应用扫描电镜和Ｘ射线能量色散谱仪对３１６不锈钢应力腐蚀断口形貌、腐蚀产物及裂纹扩展的晶体学特征进行研究。结果表明,断裂为穿晶断裂,断口形貌为台阶条纹和河流花样,并有腐蚀产物和腐蚀坑等。通过对腐蚀坑形貌的研究,提出了腐蚀坑形态与晶面之间的关系,证明了３１６不锈钢在氯离子环境下的应力腐蚀开裂主要沿｛１００｝、｛１１１｝、｛１１０｝晶面扩展的机制。     

Effect of microstructure on crack propagation in high-temperature fatigue of directionally solidified Ni-based superalloy

In order to clarify the crack propagation properties of an anisotropic material (Ni‐based directionally solidified superalloy), longitudinally loaded specimens (L‐specimens) and transversely loaded specimens (T‐specimens) with a crack are subjected to high temperature fatigue. The crack propagation rate is reasonably well correlated with the effective stress intensity factor range regardless of the propagation direction (specimens L and T), the stress range and the stress ratio. However, the crack propagation rate shows a notable fluctuation particularly in the T‐specimens. It is at most about five times faster than the average. The fracture surface features can be classified into four types with three transgranular and one intergranular types. In the former, though the crack is along the {100} or {110} planes on a macroscopic scale, it threads through the {111} or {100} planes on a microscopic scale. Crack propagation is notably accelerated in the intergranular region, while deceleration is caused by crack branching.     

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN NIMONIC AP1

Recently a controversy has developed over whether crystallographic crack growth near threshold in Ni-base superalloys occurs along {111} slip planes or {100} planes at room temperature. In this work on Nimonic API crack propagation is shown to occur on both {100} and {111} planes. The most common facet plane is {111} and this is the only orientation observed at the lowest stress intensities, but at higher stress intensities occasional {100} facets are also produced. This behaviour is compared with similar results in aluminium alloys.     

第一代单晶高温合金中温高应力幅下的疲劳裂纹萌生行为

通过应力控制的疲劳实验探究第一代镍基单晶高温合金DD413在中温(760℃)高应力幅下的疲劳裂纹萌生行为,并使用扫描电子显微镜观察和表征了疲劳样品的断口形貌和纵截面的显微组织.结果 表明:在高应力幅条件下,疲劳裂纹主要萌生于表面开裂的块状碳化物和次表面开裂的骨架状碳化物.在疲劳过程中,氧化和循环加载的共同作用使样品表面...