强磁场下冷却速度对Fe-0.12%C合金显微组织的影响

研究了强磁场(12T)下冷却速度对Re-0.12%C合金中的珠光体组织形貌的影响,结果表明:强磁场下珠光体团的长轴方向与磁场方向平行且伸长的程度随其冷却速度的提高而减弱,板平面平行于磁场方向比垂直于磁场方向放置的试样的珠光体面积分数低,同时珠光体团长轴方向与磁场方向平行且伸长的程度也低,最后,探讨了强磁场下珠光体组织形貌的演变机理.     

强磁场下冷却速率对Fe-0.76%C钢先共析铁素体组织的影响

研究了在12T强磁场下冷却速率对Fe-0.76%C钢中先共析铁素体的显微组织和性能的影响,结果表明:先共析铁索体晶粒的伸长方向与磁场方向的夹角随着冷速度的提高而增大,其原因是高速冷却时原子扩散减弱.在冷却速率相同的条件下,与非磁场热处理样品相比,强磁场热处理样品的先共析铁素体面积明显增加,宏观硬度下降,因为强磁场使Fe-0.76%C钢表现出更明显的亚共析钢特征.     

Effect of cooling rates on the microstructure of proeutectoid ferrite in Fe-0.76%C alloy under high magnetic field

研究了在12 T强磁场下冷却速率对Fe-0.76%C钢中先共析铁素体的显微组织和性能的影响,结果表明: 先共析铁素体晶粒的伸长方向与磁场方向的夹角随着冷速度的提高而增大,其原因是高速冷却时原子扩散减弱. 在冷却速率相同的条件下, 与非磁场热处理样品相比,强磁场热处理样品的先共析铁素体面积明显增加, 宏观硬度下降,因为强磁场使Fe-0.76%C钢表现出更明显的亚共析钢特征.     

稳恒强磁场对Al-Cu扩散偶界面中间相形成和生长的影响

研究了稳恒强磁场作用下Al-Cu扩散偶界面中间相组成和扩散行为.结果表明:强磁场作用下扩散偶中间相厚度显著增加,并且随磁场强度增大,界面中间相组成发生变化.按照抛物线规律计算了强磁场作用下扩散偶中间相的扩散系数,发现在平行和垂直于磁场的两个方向上扩散系数有显著差异,垂直于磁场方向的扩散系数比平行于磁场方向更大.强磁场促进了Al-Cu扩散偶中Al和Cu原子的扩散,加速了界面中间相的形成和生长过程.磁场作用差异导致了扩散的各向异性.利用原子扩散理论初步分析了产生上述现象的原因.     

强磁场对Fe-0．12C合金在顺磁居里温度以上先共析铁素体等温转变的影响

利用光学显微镜研究了强磁场对高纯度Fe—0．12C合金在顺磁居里温度以上先共析铁素体等温转变的影响。结果表明：在铁素体呈顺磁性且磁化率很低的顺磁居里温度以上进行等温转变,强磁场能够显著促进Fe-0．12C合金的块状先共析铁素体的转变,增加块状先共析铁素体的转变量。在顺磁居里温度以上,随等温转变温度的降低,块状先共析铁素体晶粒沿磁场方向伸长且呈链状形式排列。这是因为强磁场作用下先共析铁素体在较低温度等温转变时的磁偶极子相互作用增强所致。     

磁场方向对碱腐蚀构建多晶硅绒面结构的影响

在零磁场和2T、4T磁场中用NaOH溶液腐蚀制备多晶硅绒面结构,样品板平面分别平行和垂直于磁场放置。用电子天平称重表征硅片的腐蚀程度、用奥林巴斯LEXT OLS4100共聚焦显微镜观察多晶硅片形貌、用Ocean Optics USB4000光谱仪测量多晶硅片的反射率、用WT-1200硅片测试仪测量样品的少子寿命,研究了磁场方向对碱腐蚀构建多晶硅绒面结构的影响。结果表明：随着磁感应强度的提高多晶硅片的腐蚀程度严重,绒面结构变得均匀和细腻,反射率降低;在磁感应强度相同的条件下碱液中沿着磁场方向运动的OH^-离子不受磁场力作用,而运动方向与磁场方向不完全一致的OH^-离子受磁场产生的Lorenz力作用。Lorenz力使板平面垂直于磁场方向的硅片样品腐蚀程度更加严重、绒面和断层状结构细腻程度更加显著、少子的寿命更长、反射率更低。磁感应强度为4T时反射率降低到14.5%,在用碱液腐蚀制备多晶硅绒面结构过程中施加强磁场,板平面垂直磁场方向放置硅片减反射效果更加显著。     

利用强磁场控制过共晶铝硅合金的凝固组织

研究了静磁场和梯度磁场的强度和方向对Al-15.7%Si合金宏观和微观凝固组织的影响.结果表明,在不同的磁场条件下,从过共晶合金中析出的初晶硅粒的分布状况和共晶硅的形态和密度有显著不同.通过改变磁感应强度和磁场梯度的大小和方向可有效控制初晶硅的分布;合理控制强磁场的操作参数可达到细化铝硅共晶体的目的.强磁场的磁化力和洛伦兹力通过控制初晶硅颗粒迁移行为来改变其在合金基体中的分布状态,通过影响凝固过程中的对流现象改变合金的凝固组织.     

强磁场下Al-Si过共晶合金组织细化原理研究

为了改善Al-Si合金性能,研究了强磁场对Al-Si过共晶合金组织的影响.依据热力学和晶粒形核理论,阐述了组织变化的原因.研究表明:当Al-Si过共晶合金在600℃施加强磁场并平行于磁场方向下凝固时,共晶组织被细化,但对初生硅相影响不大;磁场强度越大,细化效果越明显;强磁场降低了固态熵和磁自由能的影响,使共晶组织临界形核半径减小,而硅由于是逆磁质对其影响不大;强磁场使液态金属平行于磁场方向流动,进一步细化了组织.     

Fe-17Mn-10Cr-5Si-4Ni合金低温应力诱发相变特点及其形状记忆效应研究

用x射线衍射分析、显微组织观察等研究了Fe-17Mn-10Cr-5Si-4Ni合金在低温(低于室温)下应力诱发相变的特点及其形状记忆效应。合金在室温拉伸变形时,当应变量超过5％由于应力诱发E马氏体的相变作用而形成α＇马氏体;当变形温度低于室温时应力优先诱发γ→α＇马氏体转变。正是这种应力诱发相变特征的转变使合金的形状记忆效应在室温以下出现奇特低谷。     

稳恒强磁场热处理对钴铁氧体结构和磁性能的影响

在强磁场下对钴铁氧体纳米粉末压块进行了热处理,分析讨论了热处理温度和磁感应强度对钴铁氧体的结构和磁性能的影响.结果表明,强磁场退火有利于钴铁氧体结晶度的提高和磁性能的增强,在居里点附近550℃下磁场处理作用效果最强,磁场强度越大,作用效果越明显.     

Electromigration-induced cracks in eutectic SnPb solder reaction couple at room temperature

Electromigration (EM) of 63Sn–37Pb solder reaction couple was studied under high current density of 5 × 10³ A/cm² at room temperature. There was non-uniform distribution of current density across the linear specimen, and the dissimilar interface of two different materials could trigger current crowding especially at the edge of the interface. Though the atoms/ions of Sn and Pb would migrate along the direction of electron flow pushed by electron wind force, the Sn atoms were observed to be the principal diffusion entities at room temperature. Depletion of mass at cathode side induced the tensile stress along parallel direction of the specimen cross-section, while the accumulation of mass at anode side induced the compressive stress along the perpendicular direction of the specimen cross-section. Crack initiation and propagation in both cathode and anode side was found to be strongly dependent on the current density distribution.     

Effects of relative orientation of magnetocaloric inserts with the magnetic flux

This paper presents the study of the magnetic change of the magnetic flux density into the magnetocaloric materials (MCMs). The MCMs are shaped in thin parallel plates separated by a fluid forming together an insert. It is shown that keeping all the parameters equal, the unique modification of the orientation of the insert induces a change of the magnetic flux density into the magnetocaloric materials. Like all paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials, the MCMs have variable magnetic permeability according to the density of flux that crosses them. The influence of a thermal circuit on a permanent magnetic circuit assembly is also evaluated. In order to ensure the heat exchange between the magnetocaloric materials and the outside space, the use of a heat transfer fluid is needed. The heat transfer fluid goes along the mini plates and is also placed inside the magnetic field. Because a fluid is generally a diamagnetic element, this increases the total magnetic reluctance of the assembly.Two different configurations named serial and parallel have been studied and evaluated in order to find the configuration that causes minimal disturbances to the magnetic flux and thus increases the magnetocaloric effect (MCE). Both configurations were also compared in respect to the induction obtained inside the vacuum gap of the magnet assembly.     

Entwicklung von Diffusionsschichten auf Nickelbasiswerkstoffen für den Einsatz in chlorhaltigen Hochtemperaturprozessen

Development of diffusion coatings on nickel base alloys for the use in chlorine‐containing high temperature processes To open up the possibility of using sewage sludge ashes as fertilizers the removal of their heavy metal contents is obligatory. A process newly developed at the BAM Berlin executes this separation in highly chlorine‐containing atmospheres at temperatures of up to 1000 °C [1]. Unfortunately there are no materials available which can withstand such conditions over longer periods of time. This project deals with the development of materials that allow the operation in highly corrosive environments. The corrosion resistance of nickel base alloys against chlorine‐induced high‐temperature corrosion will be optimized by application of aluminum‐ and/or silicon‐containing diffusion coatings. As coating method the pack cementation process was selected. In this process, the metal to be coated is embedded in a powder, consisting of the coating metal, a halogen‐distributor (e.g. ammonium chloride) and aluminum oxide as filler material. During an annealing process of several hours at temperatures of 800 to 1000 °C, gaseous metal halides form. They diffuse through the powder pack and decompose at the substrate surface, thereby depositing the coating metal. Subsequent solid phase diffusion results in the formation of a protective diffusion layer. From the thermodynamic point of view, materials with a high content of aluminum and silicon show best prerequisites to build up slow‐growing, stable oxide layers with a high potential to protect the material against corrosive attacks. The actual performance of the materials will be examined in long‐time tests under simulated field conditions (high temperatures and chlorine‐containing atmospheres).     

Electronic phase coherence in InAs nanowires

Magnetotransport measurements at low temperatures have been performed on InAs nanowires grown by In-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Information on the electron phase coherence is obtained from universal conductance fluctuations measured in a perpendicular magnetic field. By analysis of the universal conductance fluctuations pattern of a series of nanowires of different length, the phase-coherence length could be determined quantitatively. Furthermore, indications of a pronounced flux cancelation effect were found, which is attributed to the topology of the nanowire. Additionally, we present measurements in a parallel configuration between wire and magnetic field. In contrast to previous results on InN and InAs nanowires, we do not find periodic oscillations of the magnetoconductance in this configuration. An explanation of this behavior is suggested in terms of the high density of stacking faults present in our InAs wires.     

Diffusion positive column of electric discharge in transverse magnetic field

The effect of a transverse magnetic field on the characteristics of planar diffusion positive column of electric discharge has been studied. It is shown that, as the magnetic induction increases, the distributions of plasma density and particle fluxes to walls become asymmetric; the density maximum shifts in the direction of Ampere’s force action, and the ion flux in this force direction can significantly exceed the reverse flux. It is established that there is a maximum value of magnetic induction, which bounds from above the region of magnetic fields in which a stationary state of the positive column is possible. In the region where a stationary state of the positive column is possible, each value of the magnetic induction corresponds to two positive-column regimes with different values of the electron energy, drift velocity, and electric field strength.     

Growth of diffusion layers at liquid Al–solid Cu interface under uniform and gradient high magnetic field conditions

The effect of high magnetic fields on interfacial reactive diffusion in liquid/solid (Al/Cu) couples was experimentally investigated at a temperature of 973 K. Regardless of any magnetic field, compound layers consisting of the δ, ξ₂, η₂ and θ phases were produced at the interface. The magnetic flux density, B, exerted a non-monotonic influence on the growth of the diffusion layers. Moreover, the mean thickness of the diffusion layers (parallel to B) was found to be always greater than that of the diffusion layers (perpendicular to B) under the applied magnetic fields. These phenomena should be attributed to the effects of two types of the Lorentz force under a uniform high magnetic field on diffusion behavior. In addition, the growth of intermetallic phases could be retarded by a magnetic field gradient due to the magnetic force in the axial direction.     

Calculation of an electromagnetic field in a three-phase inductionpump with a compensating winding

A three-phase inductor which generates a magnetic traveling field is often used in induction liquid metal pumps. Due to the finite length of the inductor an alternating magnetic field component occurs, which should be compensated. An analysis of the electromagnetic field of an induction pump with a rectangularly shaped transport channel and a flat three-phase inductor possessing a compensating winding is presented. It is based on a computational model which takes into account the finite length and width of an inductor winding and nonuniform velocity distribution along the liquid metal depth. The calculations of magnetic flux density distributions in liquid zinc were carried out for an induction pump with and without compensating winding     

Current hysteresis in the intermediate state of thin-film superconductors

We have studied the current hysteresis at 4.2 K in the intermediate state of superconducting lead films using electrical resistance measurements and high-resolution magnetooptical observations of the magnetic flux structure. At low magnetic fields the liquidlike arrangement of the flux structure in the form of multiquanta flux tubes was found to persist following the application of a high electrical transport current with an average current density of 10⁵–10⁶ A/cm². In this field range areduction of the resistive voltage was observed following the application of a high transport current. This inverse current hysteresis appears to be associated with a shift of the magnetic flux structure in the direction of the current-induced flux motion resulting in an extended fluxfree region along the sample edge where flux tubes enter the film during flux motion. At higher magnetic fields, where the laminar flux structure is the stable configuration, the usual resistive voltage enhancement has been observed following the application of a high transport current. In this regime the laminae rearrange themselves under the influence of a transport current resulting in a preferential orientation perpendicular to the current.Based on work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.     

Unusual magnesium crystalline nanoblades grown by oblique angle vapor deposition

We observed the growth of unusual Mg nanoblades by oblique angle deposition. Although the vapor flux is obliquely incident, these nanoblades stand vertically on the substrates. The thickness of the Mg nanoblades along the incident vapor direction is reduced to approximately 15 nm to -30 nm at a vapor incident angle approximately 75 degrees, while the width perpendicular to the incident vapor direction is as wide as a few hundred nm. In addition to the anisotropic blade morphology, a (1010) [0001] biaxial (II-O) texture was observed using in situ reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED). The tilt angles of the texture axis and the nanoblades are correlated with the high surface diffusion on the (0001) surface along the [2130] direction. We also propose that the observed very thin thickness of the nanoblade along the vapor flux direction is due to the appearance of the surface steps parallel to the [0110] direction and the low surface diffusion on the top surface of the nanoblades.     

Effect of tangential magnetic field on ecton processes in cathode spot of vacuum arc

Emission and erosion processes involved in the final stage of the cathode spot cell operation in vacuum arc in the presence of an external magnetic field have been numerically simulated. It is established that the application of a magnetic field leads to asymmetry in the distributions of current density and heat flux, so that their maxima shift in the “anti-Ampere” direction. For more detailed analysis of the phenomenon of retrograde motion of the cathode spot in a magnetic field, it is necessary to study the behavior of a liquid metal phase in the spot.