碳材料在太阳能电池对电极中的研究进展

简要说明了太阳能电池对电极的作用,并阐述了铂对电极、镍对电极、聚合物对电极和氧化铜对电极目前的发展状况.碳材料具有良好的导电性能和催化性能,具有制备太阳能电池对电极的基本性质.详细论述了碳材料对电板的制备工艺及其性能参数,与其它对电极相比,碳材料制备的对电极导电性能好,光电转化率可达到铂电极的90%,优于其它材料制备的对电极,而且价格低廉,因此碳材料对电极具有广阔的发展前景.碳材料对电极是染料敏化太阳能电池的重要研究方向.     

染料敏化太阳能电池用过渡金属化合物对电极的研究进展

由于成本低、制作工艺简单、光电转换效率高, 染料敏化太阳能电池被认为是传统太阳能电池最有力的竞争者之一。染料敏化太阳能电池常用的对电极是Pt电极, Pt价格高, 储量少, 因此寻找一种价格便宜且催化性能较好的材料代替Pt制备对电极是目前的研究热点。过渡金属化合物品种多、制备过程简单、价格低且催化性能好, 近年来受到人们的广泛关注, 是代替Pt制备染料敏化太阳能电池对电极最好的材料之一。本文综述了染料敏化太阳能电池过渡金属化合物对电极的研究现状, 对过渡金属化合物对电极的性能特点及今后研究的重点进行了分析。     

染料敏化太阳能电池对电极的研究进展

对电极一直是染料敏化太阳能电池的重要组成部分,铂(Pt)对电极具有良好的性能,但高成本限制了它的应用,低成本、性能较好的碳对电极和导电聚合物对电极具有广阔的发展前景。开发性能稳定,成本低、催化活性高、制备工艺简单的染料敏化太阳能电池对电极材料是染料敏化太阳电池发展的必经过程。     

不同炭黑对钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的影响

本文研究了四种炭黑(Cabot Vulan XC-72(CVXC-72),XFI15,Ketjen EC-300J(EC300J),Ketjen EC-300JD(EC300JD))对碳对电极及其制备的电池性能的影响。研究结果表明:以EC-300J为基础制备的碳对电极导电性最好且其与CH3NH3PbI3前驱体溶液具有较好的润湿性,基于这种炭黑制备的电池器件得到了4.88%的光电转换效率,并具有较好的稳定性。     

薄膜太阳能电池

薄膜太阳能电池作为一种新的能源材料正在得到迅速的发展和进步,主要介绍了非晶硅、多晶硅薄膜太阳能电池以及CIGS薄膜太阳能电池,通过比较这几种薄膜太阳能电池各自的特点阐述了各种薄膜太阳能电池的发展状况.     

量子点敏化太阳能电池对电极材料的研究进展

量子点敏化太阳能电池(Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar cells, QDSCs)制备工艺简单, 制造成本低廉, 是一种有希望的新型太阳能电池。QDSCs利用量子点具有光谱吸收强、尺寸可调和多激子效应等优点, 能够提高其光电转换效率; 同时, 利用无机量子点替代染料作为敏化剂, 能够解决染料敏化太阳能电池(DSCs)的稳定性问题。但是, QDSCs光电转换效率较低是制约其应用的主要问题。近年来, 通过改变和调控对电极的材料和电子特性提高QDSCs的光电效率的方法受到了广泛关注。本文综述了QDSCs对电极材料的制备方法、微观形貌和晶体结构; 重点分析了金属化合物、复合材料、杂化材料、多元金属硫族化合物、导电聚合物和碳材料对电极对量子点敏化太阳能电池的电荷转移阻抗、光电性能等参数的影响; 并分析影响其电催化活性和电子传输性能的主要因素。最后, 提出通过表面修饰、复合和杂化等方法构筑新型对电极材料, 进而改善和提高QDSCs转换效率和稳定性, 是今后的研究重点和研究方向。     

柔性染料敏化太阳能电池和柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池关键电极材料研究进展

柔性太阳能电池具有轻便、可弯曲的优点,可用于可穿戴设备等器件的即时充电,具有广阔的应用前景,受到持续广泛的关注。柔性太阳能电池制备中的关键在于基材以及与之相关的电极材料的制备。本文综述了柔性染料敏化太阳能电池和柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池近几年的发展情况,着重介绍了柔性染料敏化太阳能电池光阳极、对电极以及柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池的底电极和电子传输层。结果发现高温烧结目前仍是制备高效染料敏化太阳能电池光阳极不可避免的方法,而对电极则不受这一限制并且已经有多种材料的效率超过了高温烧结的铂。柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究重点是用其他材料代替底电极中柔性较差的ITO以及高温烧结的电子传输材料TiO₂,并且都取得显著成效。在此基础上,展望了柔性染料敏化太阳能电池和柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池未来的发展方向。     

染料敏化太阳能电池对电极的研究进展

综述了近年来染料敏化太阳能电池对电极的种类、特点及制作方法的研究进展情况,对不同种类对电极的制备方法及其优缺点进行了比较,指出了贵金属类对电极的不足,同时也给出了非金属类对电极的优势.最后提出,大力开展非金属类低价高效的对电极研究是今后染料敏化太阳能电池课题研究的一个重要方向,并对染料敏化太阳能电池的前景进行了展望.     

一步法热分解制备染料敏化太阳能电池Pt对电极

用旋涂热分解前驱H2PtCl6·6H2O溶液制备Pt/FTO对电极,研究了旋涂退火次数对Pt/FTO对电极的载铂量、透光率和组装的染料敏化太阳能电池光电性能的影响。结果表明,用5次旋涂退火的对电极组装的电池具有最佳的能量转换效率(6.78%),高于用传统的磁控溅射对电极组装的电池。基于在最佳光电性能情况下对电极的旋涂次数和载Pt量,进一步优化H2PtCl6?6H2O前驱液的浓度和使用体积。采用一步滴涂退火处理,得到了具有高透光性、低载Pt量和高的组装电池效率的Pt/FTO对电极。用此一步法制备的Pt/FTO对电极,组装成的电池能量转换效率达到6.92%。     

太阳能电池研究进展

能源短缺和环境污染已成为影响经济社会发展的重要因素,能否获得无污染的能源成为当今社会关注的焦点之一。太阳能作为一种洁净的可再生能源得到了越来越多的重视。当前,在核电的安全问题日益突出的情况下,太阳能电池被认为是解决能源衰竭和环境污染等一系列重大问题的最佳选择。目前,许多国家正在制订中长期太阳能开发计划,准备在21世纪大规模开发太阳能。太阳能电池将太阳能直接转化为电能,是有效利用太阳能的最佳途径之一。综述了国内外包括单晶硅太阳能电池、多晶硅太阳能电池、薄膜太阳能电池等在内的太阳能电池的研究进展,对其制备技术、性能、转化效率以及应用领域进行了总结,讨论了它们各自的优势和劣势,并就太阳能电池未来的发展进行了展望。     

Pt‐Free Counter Electrode for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells with High Efficiency

Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted widespread attention in recent years as potential cost‐effective alternatives to silicon‐based and thin‐film solar cells. Within typical DSSCs, the counter electrode (CE) is vital to collect electrons from the external circuit and catalyze the I₃^? reduction in the electrolyte. Careful design of the CEs can improve the catalytic activity and chemical stability associated with the liquid redox electrolyte used in most cells. In this Progress Report, advances made by our groups in the development of CEs for DSSCs are reviewed, highlighting important contributions that promise low‐cost, efficient, and robust DSSC systems. Specifically, we focus on the design of novel Pt‐free CE catalytic materials, including design ideas, fabrication approaches, characterization techniques, first‐principle density functional theory (DFT) calculations, ab‐initio Car‐Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) simulations, and stability evaluations, that serve as practical alternatives to conventional noble metal Pt electrodes. We stress the merits and demerits of well‐designed Pt‐free CEs, such as carbon materials, conductive polymers, transition metal compounds (TMCs) and their corresponding hybrids. Also, the prospects and challenges of alternative Pt catalysts for their applications in new‐type DSSCs and other catalytic fields are discussed.     

染料敏化太阳能电池过渡金属化合物对电极制备方法研究进展

染料敏化太阳能电池(dye-sensitized solar cells, DSSCs)作为制作工艺简易, 成本低廉, 环境友好的新型太阳能电池, 其发展一直备受关注。对电极作为DSSC的核心部件之一, 其制备工艺会直接影响到DSSC的发展和应用。以低成本高性能的催化材料代替传统的贵金属Pt对电极是降低DSSC生产成本的有效途径之一。具有类Pt催化性能的过渡金属化合物(TMCs)由于种类繁多, 制备方式简单多样, 近年来成为DSSC对电极研究中的热点。本文综述了DSSC过渡金属化合物对电极的最新研究进展, 总结概括了过渡金属化合物对电极的制备方法以及性能特点, 并对其发展方向和应用前景进行了分析。     

PEDOT基对电极染料敏化太阳能电池研究进展

染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)是新型太阳能电池的研究热点之一,其优异的弱光发电性能被不断探索,同时透明及柔性DSSC在可穿戴设备上的应用也与日俱增。DSSC的循环依靠对电极的作用才能及时高效地完成,因此对电极材料的选择尤为关键。近几年研究者们对对电极材料的研究不断深入,其中可作为DSSC对电极材料使用的高分子导电聚合物聚3,4-乙撑二氧噻吩(PEDOT)因其高导电性、对电解质的催化能力、透明性和柔性等特点受到广泛关注。以含PEDOT或掺杂PEDOT对电极的DSSC为对象,阐述了PEDOT对电极的制备方法,并总结了近几年PEDOT作为DSSC对电极的研究进展。在此基础上,提出未来在电池效率突破研究中应以原位聚合法制备PEDOT对电极为主,以及在大规模工业化生产中应以物理涂覆法为主的观点,为PEDOT对电极DSSC的研究提供依据。     

原子层沉积技术在新型太阳能电池中的应用

原子层沉积技术(ALD)是一项正处于发展之中、在许多领域具有巨大应用前景的新型材料制备技术,该技术在纳米结构和纳米复合结构的制备方面显示出独特的优势,在新型薄膜太阳能电池领域呈现出巨大的发展潜力和前景。首先概述了ALD技术的工作原理,简要介绍了近几年ALD技术在硅基太阳能电池和铜铟镓硒薄膜电池(CIGS)中的应用,然后重点综述了原子层沉积纳米功能薄膜在染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSCs)和有机-无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)为代表的新型薄膜太阳能电池中的应用。最后,总结了原子层沉积功能薄膜的特点和优势,展望了ALD在新能源材料与器件领域的应用前景和发展趋势。     

Carbon Nanotubes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

As one type of emerging photovoltaic cell, dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are an attractive potential source of renewable energy due to their eco–friendliness, ease of fabrication, and cost effectiveness. However, in DSSCs, the rarity and high cost of some electrode materials (transparent conducting oxide and platinum) and the inefficient performance caused by slow electron transport, poor light‐harvesting efficiency, and significant charge recombination are critical issues. Recent research has shown that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising candidates to overcome these issues due to their unique electrical, optical, chemical, physical, as well as catalytic properties. This article provides a comprehensive review of the research that has focused on the application of CNTs and their hybrids in transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs), in semiconducting layers, and in counter electrodes of DSSCs. At the end of this review, some important research directions for the future use of CNTs in DSSCs are also provided.     

Emerging Semitransparent Solar Cells: Materials and Device Design

Semitransparent solar cells can provide not only efficient power‐generation but also appealing images and show promising applications in building integrated photovoltaics, wearable electronics, photovoltaic vehicles and so forth in the future. Such devices have been successfully realized by incorporating transparent electrodes in new generation low‐cost solar cells, including organic solar cells (OSCs), dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) and organometal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this review, the advances in the preparation of semitransparent OSCs, DSCs, and PSCs are summarized, focusing on the top transparent electrode materials and device designs, which are all crucial to the performance of these devices. Techniques for optimizing the efficiency, color and transparency of the devices are addressed in detail. Finally, a summary of the research field and an outlook into the future development in this area are provided.     

Low-Cost Counter-Electrode Materials for Dye-Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells

It is undoubtable that the use of solar energy will continue to increase. Solar cells that convert solar energy directly to electricity are one of the most convenient and important photoelectric conversion devices. Though silicon-based solar cells and thin-film solar cells have been commercialized, developing low-cost and highly efficient solar cells to meet future needs is still a long-term challenge. Some emerging solar-cell types, such as dye-sensitized and perovskite, are approaching acceptable performance levels, but their costs remain too high. To obtain a higher performance–price ratio, it is necessary to find new low-cost counter materials to replace conventional precious metal electrodes (Pt, Au, and Ag) in these emerging solar cells. In recent years, the number of counter-electrode materials available, and their scope for further improvement, has expanded for dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cells. Generally regular patterns in the intrinsic features and structural design of counter materials for emerging solar cells, in particular from an electrochemical perspective and their effects on cost and efficiency, are explored. It is hoped that this recapitulative analysis will help to make clear what has been achieved and what still remains for the development of cost-effective counter-electrode materials in emerging solar cells.     

电极材料对聚合物太阳能电池光学性能的影响

利用基于传输矩阵法(Transfer matrix method,TMM)的光学模型系统地研究了金属电极材料(Ag、Al、Au)对聚合物太阳能电池光学性能的影响.研究表明,与传统铟锡化合物(Indium tin oxide,ITO)透明电极相比,以合适厚度的金属Ag膜作透明电极,可提高活性层对入射光子的吸收效率;同时,以Ag膜作背电极时,其相应的聚合物太阳能电池的效率优于以Al或者Au为背电极的电池的效率.     

Recent Progress of Counter Electrodes in Nanocrystalline Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

Dye-sensitized solar cell （DSC） consists a combination of several different materials： photoanodes with nanoparticulated semiconductors, sensitizers, electrolytes and counter electrodes （CEs）. Each materials performs specific task for the conversion of solar energy into electricity. The main function of CE is to transfer electrons to the redox electrolyte and regenerate iodide ion. The work of CE is mainly focused on the studies of the kinetic performance and stability of the traditional CEs to improve the overall efficiency of DSC, seeking novel design concepts or new materials. In this review, the development and research progress of different CE materials and their electrochemical performance, and the problems are discussed.     

稀土上转换发光在钙钛矿太阳能电池中的应用

目前,钙钛矿太阳能电池最常使用的钙钛矿材料为CH_3NH_3PbI_3,其禁带宽度为1.55eV,导致低于该能量值的太阳光的光子无法被直接地吸收利用。因此,提高器件对太阳光谱的响应范围是提高钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的关键。稀土上转换材料可以将低能量近红外光转换为高能量可见光,所以,稀土上转换发光的应用是提高钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的较为可行的途径。本文概述了稀土上转换发光的基本机制,介绍了钙钛矿太阳能电池的结构和工作原理,综述了该太阳能电池的研究现状及其主要优势,重点阐述了稀土上转换发光在钙钛矿太阳能电池中的应用,最后对该太阳能电池的发展前景进行了展望。