基于粉末成形的激光增材制造陶瓷技术研究进展

陶瓷以其优异的热物理化学性能在航空航天、能源、环保以及生物医疗等领域具有极大的应用潜力。随着这些领域相关技术的快速发展, 其核心零件部件外形结构设计日益复杂、内部组织逐步走向定制化、梯度化。陶瓷具有硬度高、脆性大等特点, 较难通过传统的加工成形方法实现异形结构零件的制造, 最终限制了陶瓷材料的工程应用范围。激光增材制造技术作为一种快速发展的增材制造技术, 在复杂精密陶瓷零部件的制造中具有显著优势: 无模、精度高、响应快以及周期短, 同时能够实现陶瓷零件组织结构灵活调配, 有望解决上述异形结构陶瓷零件成形问题。本文综述了多种基于粉末成形的激光增材制造陶瓷技术: 基于粉末床熔融的激光选区烧结和激光选区熔化; 基于定向能量沉积的激光近净成形技术。主要讨论了各类激光增材陶瓷技术的成形原理与特点, 综述了激光选区烧结技术中陶瓷坯体后处理致密化工艺以及激光选区熔化和激光近净成形技术这两种技术中所打印陶瓷坯体基体裂纹开裂行为分析及其控制方法的研究进展, 对比分析了激光选区烧结、激光选区熔化以及激光近净成形技术在成形陶瓷零件的技术特征, 最后展望了激光增材制造陶瓷技术的未来发展趋势。     

激光选区熔化成形金属件的缺陷类型及表征方法概述

激光选区熔化成形是一种典型的金属增材制造技术。本文首先对激光选区熔化成形的技术原理进行阐述，然后针对该技术的工艺参数及工艺参数对打印件质量的影响进行分析和总结，重点对金属打印件中可能出现的缺陷进行分类和成因分析。在激光选区成形技术制备的金属件中主要包括两类缺陷，一类是组织缺陷，包括气孔、孔隙、未熔合缺陷、裂纹、高密度夹杂及组织的各向异性等；另一类为包括球化、残余应力、翘曲变形、几何误差等在内的非组织缺陷。最后就组织缺陷的无损检测技术的种类和应用范围进行归纳总结，并对未来缺陷检测技术的发展进行展望。     

粉末钛合金3D打印技术研究进展

粉末钛合金3D打印技术以低成本、易成形、柔性化制备、零件性能优异等优势,近年来成为钛合金近净成形制造领域的研究热点。总结了国内外粉末钛合金3D打印技术的研究进展,包括激光熔化沉积成形技术(LMD)、激光选区熔化成形技术(SLM)、电子束选区熔化成形技术(SEBM)。比较研究了3种成形技术制备的钛合金的组织特点及力学性能,并讨论了粉末钛合金3D打印技术的市场化现状与未来发展趋势。     

激光熔化沉积稀释率对重熔行为与致密度的影响

由于激光熔化沉积(Laser melting deposition, LMD)制造的零件存在气孔、熔合不良、微裂纹、杂质等固有缺陷，其疲劳力学性能一般低于传统工艺制造的零件。为了减少LMD零件中的缺陷，研究激光熔化沉积过程中缺陷形成与控制机理是十分必要的。本研究利用三维有限元模拟结合显微观察法分析阐明了激光熔化沉积过程中单道稀释率对重熔行为与沉积零件致密度的影响。首先测量了不同工艺参数下LMD零件的致密度，建立了单道沉积面能量密度与零件致密度的拟合曲线；然后研究了工艺参数对单道沉积几何特征的影响规律，以及单道沉积稀释率对零件沉积过程中重熔行为的影响；最后建立了单道沉积稀释率与零件致密度的拟合曲线，并发现其拟合度更高。本研究对激光熔化沉积过程中零件致密度控制具有一定的指导意义。     

选区激光熔化制备颗粒增强金属基复合材料的研究进展

选区激光熔化是一种使用聚焦高能激光束熔化粉末,逐层叠加成形零件的增材制造方法.选区激光熔化可以直接制备复杂结构零件和实现近净成形,能够方便地通过粉末预混添加或原位反应实现颗粒增强金属基复合材料的控形控性,具有独特的技术优势,受到广泛关注.本文综述了选区激光熔化制备颗粒增强金属基复合材料的研究进展,总结了主要研究结果及存在的共性问题,并展望了选区激光熔化制备颗粒增强金属基复合材料的研究方向和发展趋势.通过总结分析,指出选区激光熔化制备颗粒增强金属基复合材料时,聚焦激光作用下形成的高温微小熔池凝固时间短,远远偏离平衡状态,凝固过程复杂,增强颗粒与基体间冶金反应剧烈,容易熔化、分解和溶解并对基体特性产生影响,进而影响成形后的复合材料的宏观形貌和组织、性能.除增强体成分、颗粒形貌与尺寸、体积分数外,复合材料的性能还受激光功率、扫描速度、扫描间距、粉层厚度、成形气氛等工艺参数的影响,粉末特性与工艺参数之间的交互作用复杂.因此,考察工艺参数与粉末特性之间的交互作用关系,系统研究增强体颗粒特性与成形工艺参数对复合材料宏观形貌、致密度、缺陷、组织和性能的影响规律,是实现复合材料组织结构设计和性能调控的基础.     

基于μCT表征的SLM成形GH3536高温合金缺陷特征EI北大核心CSCD

选择激光选区熔化(selective laser melting,SLM)工艺中不同激光功率和扫描速度的参数组合制备GH3536高温合金试样,采用μCT技术表征试样内部的孔隙率及缺陷特征,同时采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜验证缺陷类型,并分析熔池形貌。结果表明:SLM工艺参数与合金中缺陷特征和熔池形貌密切相关,优化参数组合时连续性熔池具有较大的长宽比、彼此搭接良好,同时成形试样的孔隙率远低于0.01%,存在随机分布、尺寸较小的气孔;偏离优化参数组合时不仅在间断性熔池界面形成了尺寸较大的孔洞,而且增加了SLM成形过程的不稳定性,形成了少量的未熔合,这两类缺陷均具有一定的各向异性;试样中还存在未能被μCT发现的微气孔和微裂纹。     

激光选区熔化成形装备的发展现状与趋势

激光选区熔化成形是最有前景的增材制造技术之一,近些年来激光选区熔化成形装备得到了迅猛发展。针对激光选区熔化成形尺寸偏小、成形精度偏低等问题,重点介绍了大尺寸、高精度激光选区熔化成形装备的发展现状,综述了使用长焦距f-θ场镜、振镜移动和多光束拼接成形等大尺寸成形方法以及采用短焦距f-θ场镜+低功率激光器和增减材复合制造等高精度成形方法,对各方法的原理和特点进行了阐述。最后,从装备研发、成形质量控制、软件开发、标准体系建立等方面对激光选区熔化成形技术的发展进行了展望。     

镁合金激光选区熔化研究进展

镁合金作为最轻的金属结构材料,在汽车制造、生物医疗等领域具有极大的应用潜力。激光选区熔化成形镁合金具有高效的制备性能、良好的成分均匀性、优异的力学性能和耐腐蚀性能,因此激光选区熔化成为一种重要的镁合金制备和改性方法。对近几年激光选区熔化镁合金的研究进展进行了综述,从激光工艺参数(激光类型、体能量密度、激光功率、扫描速度、扫描模式、层厚、扫描间距、气氛控制与进粉速度)和粉体状态(粉末形状、粒径分布、粉末对激光束能量吸收率、粉末化学成分)2个方面讨论了该工艺的关键技术;按照纯镁、非稀土镁合金体系、稀土镁合金体系的分类,对激光选区熔化成形镁及镁合金的致密度与微观结构、力学性能与耐腐蚀性能进行了总结;分析了工艺参数与合金成分两方面对该工艺成形镁合金缺陷的影响。为减少激光选区熔化成形镁合金缺陷、均匀化晶粒、溶解硬脆二次相或析出强化相进而改善合金的结构与性能,许多研究对激光选区熔化成形镁合金进行了热等静压、固溶热处理和时效热处理,总结了上述处理方式对AZ体系、WE体系与Mg-Gd体系镁合金的改善效果。最后展望了激光选区熔化成形镁及镁合金在各领域的应用前景与未来可以进行研究的方向。     

金属增材制造技术及其专用材料研究进展

金属增材制造已成为先进制造技术的一个重要发展方向,是制造领域的国际制高点,有着广阔的发展前景,也存在着巨大的挑战。介绍了激光选区熔化、电子束选区熔化、激光立体成形、电子束熔丝沉积等金属增材制造技术在成形装备、工艺技术和应用方面的研究进展,总结了增材制造用金属粉末和丝材的研制情况,指出了现阶段该技术存在的问题和未来研究方向。     

大面积薄壁结构激光选区熔化成形工艺研究

激光选区熔化成形技术是以原型制造技术为基本原理发展起来的一种先进的激光增材制造技术。该文以大面积薄壁结构特点构件增材制造为例,对相同参数下不同厚度基板成形工艺进行差异性研究,分析影响成形质量的相关因素,为提高SLM增材制造高温合金金属零件成形精度提供依据。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...