焊前及焊后热处理对TC11钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织性能的影响

目的 研究焊前及焊后热处理（950 ℃+1 h+AC/540 ℃+6 h+AC）对TC11钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织演变和力学性能的影响。方法 采用光镜、扫描电镜、显微硬度及拉伸试验对不同热处理条件下的接头进行了组织分析和力学性能测试。结果 金相结果表明,焊前热处理对焊接过程中接头的组织演变影响较小。在焊态和焊前热处理接头的焊接中心区域（WCZ）观察到类似的马氏体组织,但明显的热影响区域只能在焊前热处理接头中找到。焊后热处理后,WCZ中的马氏体组织转变为网篮组织,热力影响区（TMAZ）的初生α和转变β晶粒均有一定程度的长大。力学性能结果表明,焊前热处理可以提高整个接头的显微硬度,但硬度分布趋势与焊态接头的分布趋势相似。结论 焊后热处理可以降低WCZ和TMAZ的显微硬度,但母材的显微硬度有所提高。焊前和焊后热处理都可以提高接头抗拉强度,但会降低接头伸长率,特别是在焊前热处理条件下。     

焊前热处理对J55钢自动TIG焊接头组织性能的影响

目的 针对J55钢焊接性较差、接头热影响区（HAZ）易出现脆硬马氏体组织等问题,在焊前对J55钢母材进行热处理,研究其焊接接头。方法 在焊前对J55钢母材进行了760℃与880℃的热处理,采用TIG焊方法进行了焊接,研究了热处理前后TIG焊对接头显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果 经焊前760℃热处理后,母材中的珠光体（P）含量显著减少并且发生细化,焊后接头HAZ组织转变为晶界铁素体（GBF）、针状铁素体（AF）和P;经焊前880℃热处理后,母材的显微组织主要为多边形铁素体（PF）和AF,在焊后接头的HAZ中形成了PF、贝氏体（B）和M-A组元。2种热处理接头焊缝区（WZ）的盖面层组织为GBF和AF,靠近和远离盖面层的打底层组织主要为PF和P;未热处理接头HAZ组织为PF、B和马氏体（M）。与2种热处理接头相比,未热处理接头的显微硬度居中,抗拉强度最高,延伸率最低,拉伸断裂位于熔合线与HAZ之间,断口呈脆性断裂特征。与760℃热处理相比,经880℃热处理的焊接接头HAZ显微硬度最高值达523 HV,为760℃热处理的2.2倍,接头抗拉强度提高了2.2%,但延伸率降低了7.6%。2种热处理接...     

模拟焊后热处理温度对Q345R钢板焊接接头的焊接残余应力及力学性能的影响

通过热处理试验、残余应力测试、拉伸试验、弯曲试验、硬度试验等方法,分析了模拟焊后热处理温度对Q345R钢板焊接接头的残余应力及力学性能的影响.结果表明:随模拟焊后热处理温度由400℃提高至620℃,Q345R钢板焊接接头的残余应力逐渐减小,经620℃热处理后,可基本消除其焊接残余应力;随着模拟焊后热处理温度的提高,Q3...     

焊后热处理对Ti17线性摩擦焊接头组织及力学性能的影响

目的 获得双态组织Ti17钛合金线性摩擦焊接头合适的焊后热处理(PWHT)工艺,以满足该合金在航空发动机整体叶盘线性摩擦焊工程中的应用要求.方法 选用3种热处理温度(600,620,640℃)对接头进行PWHT,利用光镜(OM)及扫描电镜(SEM)观察分析接头微观组织,利用拉伸试验机及显微硬度计测试分析接头力学性能.结果 热处理后接头母材(BM)组织与焊态接头相比无明显变化,焊缝区(WZ)及热力影响区(TMAZ)内析出了细小的层片状二次α,使WZ及TMAZ的显微硬度与焊态接头相比均有所提高.随着热处理温度由600℃→620℃→640℃,WZ及TMAZ内二次α相逐渐长大粗化,导致WZ及TMAZ显微硬度随PWHT温度的升高而逐渐降低.结论 所选的PWHT温度可改善接头组织,使接头拉伸强度和断后伸长率均高于焊态接头及许用标准.     

焊接接头焊后处理工艺研究现状

概述了焊接接头的后处理工艺,分析了焊后热处理、化学处理及机械处理的原理及处理效果,并重点阐述了机械处理的各种强化技术。焊后热处理可以调整残余应力场、改善焊后组织;化学处理可达到增强工件耐蚀性、硬度、耐磨性等特性的目的;焊后机械处理可以引入有益的残余压应力、细化晶粒、提高表面硬度,从而显著延长焊接接头疲劳寿命、增强耐磨性、提升耐蚀性。     

2A12铝合金筋板件T型搅拌摩擦焊工艺及焊后热处理

为评价2A12铝合金筋板件搅拌摩擦焊工艺并探寻提高接头强度的途径,进行了2A12铝合金筋板件的T型搅拌摩擦焊焊接工艺试验,并对不同人工时效热处理下焊接接头的微观组织及性能进行了研究.研究表明:采用T型搅拌摩擦焊即可实现2A12铝合金筋板件的成形,当搅拌头旋转速度为750 r/min、焊接速度60mm/min时,接头的抗...     

焊后热处理对TC11钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织与性能的影响

焊后热处理可以改善线性摩擦焊接头的组织与性能。对TC11钛合金线性摩擦焊接头进行双重退火(950+530)℃处理，利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜等微观分析技术研究双重退火对焊接接头组织的影响。结果表明：热处理后接头焊缝区的动态再结晶晶粒完全消失，被粗针状、条状和球状α相取代。热力影响区组织变形程度减小，晶粒长大，部分α组织球化。母材中次生α相长大，呈粗针及短棒状。接头焊缝区及热力影响区的晶粒取向在热处理后更加随机，择优取向明显降低。力学性能测试表明，焊后双重退火处理消除接头中心高硬度区，接头中心硬度较焊态接头硬度下降约50HV,热力影响区硬度较焊态接头硬度上升约30HV;焊后热处理对接头拉伸强度没有显著影响；热处理后接头冲击韧性达到61.3 J·cm^-2,相比焊态提高约80%,与母材的冲击韧性接近。     

焊后热处理对7A04铝合金水下搅拌摩擦焊接接头组织性能的影响

对7A04铝合金板进行水下搅拌摩擦焊接(Submerged Friction Stir Welding,SFSW),并对焊接接头进行焊后热处理(Post Weld Heat Treatments,PWHT),研究焊后热处理对接头组织性能的影响。结果表明:焊后热处理接头呈现出弥散分布的细小析出相形貌,明显优于SFSW接头呈现出的少量析出相分散分布的特征。与SFSW接头相比,焊后热处理明显改善接头的力学性能。接头焊核区的平均硬度值提高了39.7HV,抗拉强度提高了67MPa,达到母材抗拉强度的96.1%,接头的应变硬化能力增强,拉伸断口呈现微孔聚合和解理混合断裂特征。     

热处理对同质异态TC17钛合金线性摩擦焊接头的影响

对TC17(α+β)和TC17(β)钛合金进行线性摩擦焊及焊后热处理试验,运用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)观察接头各区域的微观组织变化,采用轮廓法测试接头残余应力分布情况,分析了热处理对接头的微观组织、残余应力及力学性能的影响。结果表明：焊接过程中焊缝区发生了相变及动态再晶界过程,形成亚稳定β相;两侧热力影响区初生α相严重变形,针状α相完全溶解。经过热处理,亚稳定β相分解为稳定的α+β相,板条状α相在晶界析出,针状α相在晶粒内部析出,变形α相发生不同程度的分解。轮廓法测试结果表明,接头沿振动方向的应力呈双峰分布,接头热力影响区处拉应力峰值达到最大约360 MPa,焊缝中心拉应力值约140 MPa,经过热处理,接头沿振动方向拉应力值降低至50 MPa以下。经过热处理后接头微观组织更加均匀,并且接头残余应力得到消除,接头拉伸及疲劳性能得到明显改善。     

60Si2Mn钢摩擦焊后热处理工艺的改进

对60Si2Mn钢摩擦焊焊接接头热处理后的组织和性能进行了研究,通过显微镜(OM)观察焊缝的界面层显微组织形貌特征,分析了热处理工艺对焊接接头性能的影响.结果表明:该钢摩擦焊焊接接头为珠光体+铁素体+马氏体组织,组织不均匀.经正火预处理后,焊接接头为细小粒状珠光体,再进行淬火加回火处理,组织均匀,为回火索氏体,焊缝下屈...     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。