焊接接头几种取样方式拉伸试验结果对比分析

以304不锈钢对焊试板为研究对象,分别沿母材、全焊缝以及垂直焊缝方向进行取样,探讨了采用接头横向拉伸试验获得焊缝屈服强度的合理性,同时对比了几种取样方式所获得的抗拉强度和断后伸长率的差别。结果表明:接头横向拉伸试验获得的屈服强度介于母材试样的与全焊缝试样的之间,且使用不同标距长度的引伸计及不使用引伸计所获得的屈服强度也存在较大的差异,屈服强度的测试结果受所选引伸计的影响极为显著;接头横向拉伸试验获得的抗拉强度也介于母材试样的与全焊缝试样的之间;而接头横向拉伸试验所获得的断后伸长率则远远低于母材试样的及全焊缝试样的。     

多层316L不锈钢板真空扩散连接研究

实现了150层316L不锈钢板的真空扩散连接,通过拉伸测试和金相观察,得到了接头力学性能和界面组织特征。结果表明,高温退火后母材的屈服强度和拉伸强度明显下降,断后伸长率显著提高。相较于高温退火后母材的力学性能,垂直试样的屈服强度高,但拉伸强度和断后伸长率低;平行试样屈服强度高,拉伸强度与母材相当,断后伸长率低。室温和高温垂直/水平拉伸试样均呈现出典型塑性断裂特征。接头顶部、中部和底部等各区域扩散连接质量良好,界面组织特征相似。     

有关焊接接头力学性能测试方面若干问题的探讨

针对焊接接头性能测试与焊接工艺评定中常易引起分歧或者相关标准没有明确规定的一些问题,诸如通过横向拉伸试验获得接头的屈服强度与断后伸长率是否合理,拉伸试样平行段长度对试验结果的影响,拉伸/弯曲试样焊缝余高是否去除,热影响区冲击试样缺口位置的规定等,根据自身的工作经验以及大量的文献查阅,对相关标准规定之间的区别进行了阐述,并从理论上进行了分析与讨论。鉴于不同标准对同一测试项目的不同规定易造成试验结果之间的显著差异,建议尽快对统一相关标准的可能性和可行性进行讨论。     

Mg-Y-Nd-Zr镁合金焊接接头的显微组织与力学性能研究

目的研究Mg-Y-Nd-Zr镁合金焊接接头显微组织和力学性能。方法采用钨极氩弧焊工艺制备Mg-Y-Nd-Zr合金焊接接头,采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜观察焊接接头显微组织,采用能谱测试主要合金元素含量,采用电子万能实验机测试焊接接头的力学性能,采用维氏硬度计测试焊接接头的硬度。结果Mg-Y-Nd-Zr合金母材、焊缝区与热影响区平均晶粒尺寸分别为80, 30, 95μm。焊接接头的抗拉强度、屈服强度和断后伸长率分别为295 MPa, 188 MPa和3.0%。结论 Mg-Y-Nd-Zr合金母材、焊缝和热影响区晶粒均为等轴晶,与母材相比,热影响区未发生晶粒粗化,焊缝区晶粒明显细化,析出相Mg24Y5增多。Mg-Y-Nd-Zr合金焊接接头经525℃×12 h固溶+225℃×12 h时效处理后,各区域的硬度差异不大。抗拉强度达到母材的93%,断后伸长率达到母材的67%。     

CMT+P焊接电流对5083铝合金焊接接头组织及力学性能的影响

采用不同焊接电流,对3 mm厚5083-H116铝合金板材进行CMT+P焊接试验,并对接头显微组织、拉伸性能、弯曲性能等进行检测。结果表明,焊接电流对接头力学性能和焊缝中心晶粒尺寸有显著影响;焊接电流增大,抗拉强度降低,焊缝中心晶粒尺寸增加。通过对CMT+P焊接参数进行调整,可以获得满足使用要求的焊接接头,抗拉强度281 MPa,达到母材的84.38%;屈服强度163 MPa,达到母材的67.92%;伸长率13.5%,达到母材的75%;焊缝中心为等轴晶,熔合线内侧为柱状晶。     

30 mm TA2双激光同步对称焊接接头组织及力学性能研究

为提高钛合金焊接效率和焊接精度,采用TA2钛合金双激光同步对称焊接技术,对30 mm厚板TA2钛合金试板开展双激光同步对称焊接工艺,并对焊后试板进行接头成形质量、焊接变形、接头金相组织形貌、力学性能和工艺性能研究。结果表明:30 mm厚板TA2试板焊接接头表面成形良好,呈银白色,焊接变形较小;焊缝低倍金相组织呈块状分布,内部无明显缺陷,无贯穿整个焊缝的树枝状柱状晶,焊缝和热影响区微观金相组织均为锯齿状α相,母材为细小的等轴α相,接头心部焊缝晶粒比近表面焊缝粗大;焊接接头整体平均抗拉强度略低于近表面和心部接头抗拉强度,而近表面和心部焊缝屈服强度高于母材的,塑性低于母材的;焊接接头在近表面和心部区域冲击性能差距较大;弯曲试样均合格,焊接接头工艺性能良好。这表明厚板钛合金双激光同步对称焊接技术在高效高精度焊接方面具有良好的工程化应用前景。     

高强钢低匹配焊接接头应用性能研究

本文采用低匹配焊条材料焊接了高强度钢材,对其焊接接头硬度、强度、抗弯性能、韧性和抗爆性能进行了综合试验研究,研究结果表明,对于屈服强度高达1,000 MPa的钢,其低匹配焊接接头如果采用常规焊缝余高控制工艺,将出现以下不利状况:(1)无余高焊缝金属承受横向拉应力,在母材及HAZ拘束下首先屈服时,发生低延性破坏;(2)有余高焊接接头在弯曲应力及弯曲、拉伸复合作用下,焊接接头易出现焊缝首先塑变破裂的低应力失效现象。其根本原因为焊接接头软质焊缝区塑性变形抗力的不足。此类破坏发生时,钢板尚未充分塑性变形,从承受应力水平和吸收能量能力来看,这将导致焊接接头系统的服役能力大为降低,因此提高低匹配焊接接头焊缝区塑性变形抗力变得极为重要。利用第三强度理论分析了低匹配焊接接头变形特点,并进行了此类接头焊缝余高的特殊设计,获得和传统等强匹配等效的焊接接头,即在服役状态下,确保焊缝金属不先于母材发生塑变集中而失效。     

316L不锈钢薄板焊缝成形及力学性能研究

目的 减少1 mm厚度316L不锈钢薄板在焊接生产过程中出现的缺陷等问题,并提高不锈钢薄板焊缝成形质量和焊接接头力学性能。方法 采用脉冲激光焊接技术实现对厚度1 mm的316L不锈钢薄板的精确焊接,并利用金相显微镜、维氏硬度计、万能拉伸试验机和扫描电镜对焊缝的表面形貌、微观结构、力学性能、断口形貌进行表征分析。结果 当激光功率为403 W、输出电流为150 A、焊接速度为150 mm/min、离焦量为−5.525 mm时,焊缝正反面的形貌规则无缺陷。焊缝区内的微观结构主要由δ-铁素体和奥氏体2种晶粒构成,相较于母材及热影响区,焊缝区晶粒尺寸更细小均匀,平均硬度为156HV,表现出更高的硬度特性。焊接接头的抗拉强度和屈服强度均值分别达到643.28 MPa和305.95 MPa,相对于母材的强度分别提高了7%和49%;平均断后伸长率为37.2%,达到原始母材伸长率的55%;断裂呈现韧性断裂的塑性变形和延展性特征。结论 优化调整焊接工艺参数后,1 mm厚度316L不锈钢薄板的焊缝成形质量提高,无缺陷且微观组织分布均匀,焊接接头强度显著提高。     

厚板7022铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接实验研究

对10mm厚度的7022铝合金进行了搅拌摩擦焊接,获得表面光滑的焊接接头,并通过X射线检测焊缝无裂纹和气孔。研究该搅拌摩擦焊接头不同区域的显微组织特征,并通过拉伸、冲击和硬度试验分析了焊接接头的力学性能。结果表明,焊缝处组织为细小均匀的等轴晶粒;在搅拌头转速为400r/min,焊接速度为100mm/min时焊接接头的抗拉强度、屈服强度均比母材高;焊接接头的冲击韧性比母材高;焊接接头显微硬度比母材稍低,焊接接头具有良好的力学性能。     

高强度钢QP980激光焊接头的微观组织与力学性能

为解决高强度钢QP980在汽车轻量化应用方面存在的成分偏析、淬硬脆化和氢致开裂等焊接问题,开展了QP980钢激光焊接研究,对1.2mm厚QP980钢进行焊接试验,并利用激光共聚焦显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、万能试验机和显微硬度计等手段,研究工艺参数对QP980钢激光焊接头微观组织和力学性能的影响。在所选焊接工艺参数下均获得了全焊透及表面成形良好的接头; QP980钢激光焊接头的横截面宏观形貌呈现“沙漏型”,接头可分为焊缝区、粗晶区、细晶区、临界热影响区、亚临界热影响区和母材区;不同工艺参数下接头的焊缝及部分热影响区的硬度均高于母材,且硬度最高值出现在细晶区,在焊缝的两端都存在一个软化区,随着热输入的增加,焊缝及热影响区的宽度变大,软化区也更加远离焊缝中心;不同工艺参数下接头的抗拉强度都能达到母材的强度,屈服强度均高于母材,而接头的伸长率都低于母材,说明在所选焊接工艺参数下,均获得了性能良好的焊接接头。     

热成形淬火对QP1180/22MnB5激光拼焊板组织与性能的影响

目的 对QP1180和22MnB5激光拼焊板进行热成形试验,以解决超高强钢板材焊后的软化问题。方法 选择QP1180和22MnB5异种高强钢作为母材进行激光自熔焊,对焊后的激光拼焊板进行热成形试验,通过体式显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、液压拉伸试验机和维氏硬度计等手段,分析热成形前后激光拼焊板微观组织和力学性能的变化。结果 与焊态拉伸试样相比,热成形试样抗拉强度提高了135%,断后伸长率降低了55%,拉伸试样都在22MnB5母材处断裂,均为塑性断裂。在热成形后,对焊接接头进行组织分析,发现QP1180母材区马氏体含量增加,22MnB5母材区和临界热影响区组织由珠光体和铁素体转变为马氏体,焊接接头热影响区各亚区的组织均转变为大小不同的板条马氏体。硬度测试结果表明,焊态试样焊接接头的QP1180临界区存在软化现象,硬度值最低为335HV,22MnB5侧硬度值由母材处向焊缝升高,母材硬度最低为170HV;而在热成形后,QP1180临界区软化现象消失,硬度值趋于平缓,22MnB5母材处硬度比焊态试样硬度高了2倍。结论 与焊态试样相比,经热成形后激光拼焊板的焊后软化问题得到了解决。     

Joint properties of dissimilar Al6061-T6 aluminum alloy/Ti–6%Al–4%V titanium alloy by gas tungsten arc welding assisted hybrid friction stir welding

Hybrid friction stir butt welding of Al6061-T6 aluminum alloy plate to Ti–6%Al–4%V titanium alloy plate with satisfactory acceptable joint strength was successfully achieved using preceding gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) preheating heat source of the Ti alloy plate surface. Hybrid friction stir welding (HFSW) joints were welded completely without any unwelded zone resulting from smooth material flow by equally distributed temperature both in Al alloy side and Ti alloy side using GTAW assistance for preheating the Ti alloy plate unlike friction stir welding (FSW) joints. The ultimate tensile strength was approximately 91% in HFSW welds by that of the Al alloy base metal, which was 24% higher than that of FSW welds without GTAW under same welding condition. Notably, it was found that elongation in HFSW welds increased significantly compared with that of FSW welds, which resulted in improved joint strength. The ductile fracture was the main fracture mode in tensile test of HFSW welds.     

Microstructure and properties of hot-rolled high strength bainitic steel by laser welding

Microstructure and properties of laser-welded butt joint of hot-rolled high strength bainitic steels were thoroughly investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile and micro-hardness tests. Corrosion property and work hardening behavior of welded joint were analyzed and compared with the base metal. All the laser welding samples fractured from base metal are showing that the joint strength is higher than that of base metal, although they share similar elongation. Since different microstructures appear near weld seam after laser welding, the variation of strain hardening rate and instantaneous n-value of the first deformation stage of laser welding joint has large fluctuations, and the welding joint is easier to be corroded in the same environment.     

近等原子比钛镍合金氩弧焊接接头的组织和性能

借助金相显微镜、拉伸实验和弯曲回复法等手段研究了近等原子比钛镍形状记忆合金氩弧焊接接头的组织和性能。研究结果表明,近等原子比钛镍形状记忆合金氩弧焊接接头的显微组织可分为三个区,分别是粗大柱状晶区、细小柱状晶区和热影响区。由于焊接接头显微组织与母材之间的差别,在相同的应变下,近等原子比钛镍形状记忆合金氩弧焊接接头的回复温度明显高于母材,记忆性能变差。焊接后的近等原子比钛镍形状记忆合金的屈服强度与母材相近,但抗拉强度和延伸率远低于母材。氩弧焊接近等原子比钛镍合金的显微组织在热处理后不会发生明显变化,经过形变后,焊接接头的回复温度与母材仍有差别,显微组织的不同是造成这一现象的原因之一。     

Large load friction stir welding of Mg–6Al–0.4Mn–2Ca magnesium alloy

Friction stir welded (FSW) magnesium alloys usually exhibit a lower yield strength and elongation compared with base materials. In this study, large load FSW associated with an extremely low welding speed and rotation rate were applied to a non-combustive Mg–6Al–0.4Mn–2Ca magnesium alloy to modify the microstructure and texture in the weld zone and improve the mechanical properties of the joint. The twin structure in the stir zone provided adequate barriers for dislocation motion for strengthening and created more local sites for nucleating and accommodating dislocations, thereby elevating ductility and strain hardening in the transverse tensile test. The results showed that the yield strength and elongation of the joint were enhanced to 98% and 126% of the base material levels, respectively.     

汽车轮辋用钢搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及力学性能

目的 为搅拌摩擦焊在轮辋钢的应用提供理论数据。方法 选用厚度为4.5 mm的江铃汽车V362轮辋钢板B380CL,采用不同的焊接参数,获得搅拌摩擦焊接头,对焊缝宏观成形及微观组织进行分析,研究焊接参数对组织的影响;通过进行拉伸试验和硬度测试,分析焊接参数对焊接接头性能的影响;对接头焊缝进行X-Ray无损探伤。结果 当搅拌头旋转速度为950 r/min,焊接速度分别为37.5, 47.5, 60 mm/min时,均能形成焊接接头。焊接速度为47.5 mm/min时,焊缝宏观成形较好,微观组织无缺陷,微观组织为铁素体和珠光体,抗拉强度最高,超过母材;焊接接头各区域微观组织硬度较母材高,伸长率较焊接速度为37.5 mm/min时的接头高。结论 搅拌摩擦焊实现轮辋钢的对接,该研究中旋转速度950 r/min,焊接速度47.5 mm/min为最佳工艺参数,接头抗拉强度超过母材。     

Fracture toughness (J1C) of electron beam welded AA2219 alloy

AA2219 (Al–6%Cu) was butt welded in T87 temper (solution heat-treated, cold worked and precipitation hardened) and T6 temper (solution heat-treated and precipitation hardened) using electron beam welding (EBW). Variables studied were base metal temper condition and mode of EBW. Mechanical properties of the weld joint and fracture toughness at fusion zone (FZ) and heat-affected zone (HAZ) were evaluated and compared with those of the base metal. Results showed that EB welds have higher joint efficiency and fracture toughness than that of gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). Fracture toughness of T6 base metal was found to be higher than its T87 counterpart. When welded, FZ and HAZ in T87 showed higher fracture toughness than that of T6; HAZ was the toughest. Pulsed current (PC) EB weld showed marginal reduction in toughness compared to constant current (CC) weld. Toughness variation is analyzed with the help of tensile test, Charpy impact test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).     

Improvement of weld temperature distribution and mechanical properties of 7050 aluminum alloy butt joints by submerged friction stir welding

Submerged friction stir welding (FSW) in cold and hot water, as well as in air, was carried out for 7050 aluminum alloys. The weld thermal cycles and transverse distributions of the microhardness of the weld joints were measured, and their tensile properties were tested. The fracture surfaces of the tensile specimens were observed, and the microstructures at the fracture region were investigated. The results show that the peak temperature during welding in air was up to 380 °C, while the peak temperatures during welding in cold and hot water were about 220 and 300 °C, respectively. The temperature at the retreated side of the joint was higher than that at the advanced side for all weld joints. The distributions of microhardness exhibited a typical “W” shape. The width of the low hardness zone varied with the weld ambient conditions. The minimum hardness zone was located at the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the weld joints. Better tensile properties were achieved for joint welded in hot water, and the strength ratio of the weld joint to the base metal was up to 92%. The tensile fracture position was located at the low hardness zone of the weld joints. The fracture surfaces exhibited a mixture of dimples and quasi-cleavage planes for the joints welded in cold and hot water, and only dimples for the joint welded in air.     

Microstructure and tensile properties of laser beam welded Ti–22Al–27Nb alloys

Ti–22Al–27Nb alloys were welded using the laser beam welding process. The microstructure characterization and the tensile properties of the laser beam welded joints were investigated. The experimental results showed that a well-quality joint could be obtained using laser beam welding method. The fusion zone of the welded joint was composed of B2 phase. The tensile strength of the joints at room temperature was basically comparable to that of the base metal and the tensile ductility of the joints achieved 56% of the base metal. The average tensile strength of the welded joints at 650 °C was tested to be about 733 MPa, with the elongation of 2.93%.     

异种高熵合金CuCoCrFeNi和AlCoCrFeNi的激光焊接头组织和性能研究

为开展异种高熵合金激光焊接性研究,采用光纤激光对1.2 mm厚的异种高熵合金CuCoCrFeNi和AlCoCrFeNi实施了对接焊试验,利用金相观察、EDS、XRD和显微硬度计等方法对接头组织和性能进行测试.研究表明:在经历焊接热循环后,HAZ的金相组织没有发生明显变化;在FZ附近发现两种不同类型的显微组织(柱状晶和胞状晶),WM中心区由等轴晶组成;WM区内各元素均匀分布,FZ附近区域焊缝晶界处存在Cu、Al元素的偏聚,与母材相比,该偏聚现象明显减弱;焊缝横截面的显微硬度略高于CuCoCrFeNi合金,远低于AlCoCrFeNi合金;异种接头拉伸试样断裂位置发生在AlCoCrFeNi合金母材处,接头的抗拉强度σb为166 MPa,断口形式为解理断裂,其断口形貌为扇形花样与河流状花样(无撕裂棱).与母材组织相比,焊缝区晶粒明显细化,且焊缝仍为高熵合金.