盐冻循环条件下改性沥青的细观结构及低温流变性能

冬季由于低温路面经常会被冰雪覆盖,融雪盐是对路面进行融雪化冰的主要方式之一。为了研究盐冻循环前后的基质沥青、SBS（苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物）改性沥青和胶粉改性沥青的细观结构和低温流变性能变化,利用SEM和弯曲梁流变仪（BBR）对其测试。结果表明:改性剂以特定的结构形态存在于沥青中,二者具有良好的相容性,这种形态可以更好地吸附沥青,提高沥青的低温弹性或韧性,进而改善了沥青的低温性能。盐冻循环破坏了沥青的结构,影响了沥青的低温抗裂性能。经历盐冻循环后沥青的蠕变劲度模量增大、蠕变速率减小,低温抗裂和应力松弛能力降低,但改性沥青低温性能总体上优于基质沥青。因此建议北方等寒冷地区尽量选用改性沥青作为路面材料。      

沥青及沥青砂浆盐冻性能的灰色关联熵分析

盐冻循环极易引起沥青路面出现早期破坏,影响行车质量,导致路面使用寿命降低。对基质沥青、SBS改性沥青和胶粉改性沥青盐冻循环前后的3个基本指标(针入度指数、当量软化点和延度)进行了测试;对经历不同盐冻循环的基质沥青砂浆、SBS改性沥青砂浆和胶粉改性沥青砂浆试件进行单轴压缩蠕变试验;采用灰色关联熵分析法对盐冻融循环前后影响沥青及沥青砂浆性能的各因素进行了分析。结果表明,盐冻循环各因素对沥青的基本指标有一定影响,但是沥青自身基本指标对沥青使用性能影响更大;盐冻循环对沥青砂浆的力学性能影响明显,其中融雪剂溶液浓度对沥青砂浆力学性能影响最大;因此,在昼夜温差大或者北方寒冷地区修建道路时,要严格控制沥青基本指标和融雪剂的使用量以减少对路面结构的损坏。     

PR.M/胶粉复合改性沥青流变及微观特性研究

为改善基质沥青的高、低温性能,采用胶粉和高模量剂PR.M对其进行复配改性.利用动态剪切流变和弯曲梁流变试验评价了PR.M/胶粉复合改性沥青的高、低温流变性能;通过多应力重复蠕变(MSCR)试验分析了PR.M/胶粉复合改性沥青的抗永久性变形能力;借助热重分析试验获得了PR.M/胶粉复合改性沥青的热分解温度;应用傅里叶变换红外光谱试验探究了PR.M/胶粉复合改性沥青制备过程中可能发生的化学反应;利用荧光显微试验分析了PR.M/胶粉复合改性沥青中胶粉及PR.M的作用机理.结果表明:PR.M对基质沥青的高温性能改善效果优于胶粉;胶粉可以改善基质沥青的低温性能;胶粉和PR.M均可以提高基质沥青的抗永久变形能力;PR.M/胶粉复合改性沥青的热分解温度与PR.M、胶粉的掺量有关,PR.M和胶粉的掺量越大,复合改性沥青的热分解温度越高;PR.M/胶粉复合改性沥青制备过程以物理共混为主,伴随化学反应的发生;胶粉溶胀改善了基质沥青的低温性能,PR.M溶胀改善了基质沥青的高温性能.     

盐冻循环条件下改性沥青的微观结构及重复蠕变特性

为考察在融雪盐环境下路面材料的性能变化情况,对内蒙古寒冷地区常用的SBS(苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物)改性沥青和胶粉改性沥青利用动态剪切流变仪(DSR)进行重复蠕变试验,利用原子力显微镜(AFM)进行微观结构观测,比较分析盐冻循环前后两种沥青的微细观结构以及流变学性能的变化,为寒冷地区道路路面材料的选择和使用提供参考依据。AFM测试发现,SBS改性沥青出现"蜂形"结构,冻融循环后,"蜂形"结构出现不同变化;胶粉改性沥青未出现"蜂形"结构,冻融循环后胶粉改性沥青表面形貌相差不大;重复蠕变试验结果显示:冻融循环前后SBS改性沥青和胶粉改性沥青永久变形与卸载瞬时应变的比值(εP/εL)在加载初期均随着加载次数的增加而增加,一定次数后达到稳定状态;冻融循环后SBS改性沥青的εP/εL降低,胶粉改性沥青的εP/εL基本不变;利用Burgers模型拟合得到蠕变劲度的黏性成分G_v,冻融循环后SBS改性沥青G_v值小于原样SBS改性沥青,胶粉改性沥青G_v值大于原样胶粉改性沥青,且两种沥青水冻循环与盐冻循环G_v值差别不大。胶粉改性沥青具有更好的高温使用性能。     

RET复配胶粉改性沥青流变特性与改性机理研究

采用动态剪切流变、重复蠕变和弯曲梁流变等试验,对胶粉、RET以及RET复配胶粉改性沥青在高低温状态下的流变特性进行了系统研究,并与SBS、SBR改性沥青进行了对比。通过DSC试验分析了RET复配胶粉、SBS、SBR等改性沥青的改性机理。结果表明:相比于SBS改性沥青,RET复配胶粉能够显著改善沥青的高温抗变形能力;SBS可大幅提高沥青的弹性变形恢复能力,而RET复配胶粉显著增加了沥青的粘度;通过RET复配胶粉,可有效改善RET改性沥青的低温性能;RET复配胶粉可以减小基质沥青的热流率,相比于SBS、SBR改性沥青,其玻璃态转化温度较低,热稳定性相对较好。     

微波胶粉改性沥青的热老化性能

设计不同时间及温度条件对微波胶粉改性沥青进行老化试验,通过沥青三大指标及动态剪切流变试验,分析了微波胶粉改性沥青在热氧老化作用下性能的变化,并建立热老化动力学方程以揭示微波胶粉改性沥青在老化作用下的性能变化规律。研究结果表明:微波胶粉改性沥青在热氧老化作用下,其内部轻质组分大量逸出,同时部分转变为沥青质等重质组分,沥青变得脆硬,高温抗变形能力提高,而温度和时间的提高均会促进沥青老化程度的加深;微波胶粉改性沥青老化过程中仍存在强烈的胶粉溶胀与降解反应,两种作用共同促进了微波胶粉改性沥青180℃特殊的流变性;采用软化点作为老化参数建立的老化动力学方程能够准确模拟微波胶粉改性沥青的老化进程。     

盐冻融循环条件下沥青高温流变性能及微观结构

利用动态剪切流变仪(DSR)和原子力显微镜(AFM)对冻融循环前后的基质沥青和胶粉改性沥青进行测试,比较分析了不同盐浓度和冻融循环次数下两种沥青的动态黏弹参数及微观结构,并测试了冻融前后两种沥青的基本指标。结果表明:经历冻融循环后,基质沥青储存模量和车辙因子均增加,疲劳因子减小,而胶粉改性沥青没有明显变化,冻融循环增加了基质沥青的高温弹性性能,但显著降低了抗疲劳性能,而冻融循环对胶粉改性沥青的高温性能影响不大;AFM观测表明基质沥青出现"蜂形"结构,冻融循环后"蜂形"变大、变长,而胶粉改性沥青的结构几乎没有变化,因此北方寒冷地区使用胶粉改性沥青作为路面材料更具优势。     

盐冻循环对沥青性能及其微观结构的影响

对基质沥青、SBS改性沥青和胶粉改性沥青在盐冻循环前后的3个基本指标进行了测试,采用极差分析法和灰色关联熵分析法对盐冻融循环前后影响沥青高低温性能的各因素进行了对比分析,并通过扫描电子显微镜对冻融循环前后的3种沥青试样的微观结构进行观测。结果表明,冰冻温度、盐溶液浓度和冻融循环次数都会影响沥青的温度敏感性,使沥青的高低温性能降低,并对沥青微观结构产生巨大影响,但是研究也发现沥青自身性能指标的影响更为显著,特别是沥青自身的针入度值。因此在寒冷地区修建道路时,沥青材料的选用要严格控制其基本指标。     

盐冻循环条件下两种沥青的微观结构及高低温性能

利用原子力显微镜(AFM)、动态剪切流变仪(DSR)和弯曲梁流变仪(BBR)对冻融循环前后的基质沥青和苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯三嵌段共聚物(SBS)改性沥青进行了微观结构观测和高低温性能测试。试验结果表明:经冻融循环后,沥青"蜂形"结构的数量和尺寸出现不同变化,基质沥青中沥青质含量增加且分散状况变差,SBS改性剂三维网状结构遭到破坏;基质沥青的高温性能有所提升,抗疲劳性能降低,SBS改性沥青的高温性能降低,抗疲劳能力提升;融雪盐浓度增大在一定程度上降低了基质沥青的低温抗裂能力,融雪盐浓度为4wt%时,SBS改性沥青的低温抗裂能力得到提高。SBS改性沥青高低温性能总体上优于基质沥青,建议北方等寒冷地区尽量选用SBS改性沥青作为路面材料。     

老化对改性沥青微观结构及疲劳性能的影响

为了研究老化对改性沥青微观结构及疲劳性能的影响,通过沥青常规指标测试试验、动态剪切流变（DSR）试验和AFM测试试验,从宏细观角度分析了老化前后苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯三嵌段共聚物（SBS）改性沥青和胶粉改性沥青的针入度、延度和软化点及疲劳性能、微观结构的变化情况。结果表明：随着老化程度的加深,两种改性沥青的稠度、硬度增加,高温性能得到改善,而温度敏感性变低,低温抗裂性能变差。综合分析针入度比、延度比和软化点比得出胶粉改性沥青的抗老化性能优于SBS改性沥青;随温度的降低、频率的增大和老化程度的加深,两种改性沥青的抗疲劳性能变差;微观结构观测结果显示,SBS改性沥青具有"蜂型结构",老化后"蜂型结构"的体积增大、高度增加、数量减少;胶粉改性沥青没有"蜂型结构",胶粉颗粒与沥青在共混共融过程中发生溶胀、脱硫和降解等行为会影响沥青中"蜂型结构"的形成;老化前后胶粉改性沥青表面形貌粗糙度和高度变化不大;胶粉改性沥青的抗疲劳、抗老化和高温性能总体优于SBS改性沥青。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from