环境温湿度对铝合金焊缝气孔和力学性能的影响

对于高速轨道客车铝车身的生产制造,气孔是焊接中最常见的缺陷。采用X射线法研究了不同温度和湿度下铝合金6082和5083熔化极氩弧焊(MIG)焊缝的气孔情况。结果表明,在焊接过程中环境的绝对湿度(是温度和湿度的综合体现)对焊缝的气孔率有重要影响,铝合金6082焊缝的气孔敏感性要比铝合金5083高。在拉伸试验中铝合金6082接头的断裂位置一般在焊接热影响区(HAZ),随着绝对湿度的增加,接头的抗拉强度和断后伸长率几乎保持不变,但接头的正弯和背弯角度分别减小了74.4%和64.4%。铝合金5083接头的断裂位置一般出现在熔合区,随着绝对湿度的增加,接头的抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别减小了4.0%和15.7%,但是弯曲性能变化不大。     

铝合金6082和5083 MIG焊接头的微观组织和性能

对高速列车车体常用铝合金6082与5083板材进行熔化极氩弧焊(MIG)对接,利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜分析异种材料焊接接头的显微组织特点,利用显微硬度计、拉伸试验机和电化学工作站对接头的力学性能和耐腐蚀性能进行测试和分析。研究结果表明,焊缝成型良好,焊缝区由细小的胞状树枝晶和等轴晶构成,熔合线附近为粗大的柱状晶;焊接接头抗拉强度为199.92 MPa,断后伸长率为5.18%,断裂位置在铝合金6082的焊接热影响区(HAZ),为韧性断裂,接头的正弯性能较差,背弯性能良好;铝合金5083侧的热影响区宽为4mm,6082侧的热影响区宽为15mm,接头两侧的硬度分布有明显差别,在6082侧距焊缝中心12.5mm的显微硬度最低为63HV;6082-5083异种铝合金焊缝的耐蚀性能优于母材5083,但比母材6082差。     

6082铝合金FSW焊接接头的组织与力学性能研究

通过拉伸、弯曲、硬度试验以及金相分析等对6082铝合金FSW焊接接头的力学性能与显微组织进行了研究.结果表明,以转速1500r/min、焊速600mm/min的参数焊接6082铝合金时,其接头具有较好的抗拉性能,板厚6mm和3mm焊接接头的抗拉强度分别为母材的77.23%和78.86%;正弯断裂位置集中在HAZ处,角度约90°,背弯断裂位置集中在焊缝中心,角度较小;硬度试验显示两侧热影响区处均软化;6082铝合金FSW焊接接头焊核区和轴肩影响区发生了动态再结晶,形成了细小的等轴晶组织,热机影响区组织发生了较大程度的变形;热影响区仅受热循环的作用,组织略有粗化.     

异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头的微观组织与力学性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法对4mm厚的5083铝合金与6082铝合金进行了焊接,对焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能进行了分析。结果表明,焊核区由细小的等轴再结晶组织构成,6082铝合金在前进侧的抗拉强度大于5083铝合金在前进侧的抗拉强度,正弯试验与背弯试验角度都达到180°。     

轨道交通用6082-T6铝合金MIG焊接接头组织与疲劳性能

对轨道交通用6082-T6铝合金进行MIG焊接,使用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计分别对焊接接头的显微组织、相结构与显微硬度进行观察与分析。结果表明,熔合区为柱状晶组织,焊缝主要由树枝晶和胞状晶组成,焊缝中心为等轴晶,焊缝体现出联生结晶的特点。母材相组成为基体α-Al固溶体、β-Mg2Si以及单质Si,焊缝金属相组成主要为α-Al固溶体。热影响区的宽度达31mm,且存在一个软化区。设定应力比R=0,测试了铝合金的疲劳寿命,通过拟合试验数据得到S-N曲线,得到MIG焊接6082-T6铝合金焊接接头的条件疲劳极限为99MPa,为母材的72.26%。用扫描电镜对疲劳断口进行观察和分析,结果表明,疲劳断口分布的二次裂纹促进了疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展,第二相粒子对疲劳裂纹的萌生起着重要的作用,焊缝中的气孔则容易成为疲劳源。稳态扩展区出现大量呈平行趋势且具有规则间距的疲劳条带,瞬断区存在大量韧窝和撕裂棱,体现出韧性断裂的特征。     

焊接接头横向拉伸试验结果分析

通过一系列对比试验,研究分析了Q345焊接试板焊接接头横向拉伸性能与全焊缝和焊板母材之间的差异,探索接头横向拉伸所得屈服强度与断后伸长率的合理性。结果表明,接头横向拉伸所获得的屈服强度值介于母材与全焊缝的值之间,且试验结果受所用引伸计标距的影响较为显著;接头横向拉伸断裂位置虽在母材上,但抗拉强度值要高于母材强度近20 MPa,断后伸长率则比母材低了近10%,但仍高于全焊缝的值。     

6082铝合金摩擦塞补焊接头微观组织与性能

在不同的焊接转速下,对5 mm厚的6082铝合金进行顶锻式摩擦塞补焊实验研究,分析了塞补焊接头的金属流动性、微观组织、第二相分布、温度场、力学性能、显微硬度以及断口形貌特征。结果表明:塞补焊接头截面上层金属流动性明显优于下层;焊缝根部受摩擦热最低且金属流动性差,使其成为整个塞补焊接头的薄弱区;在摩擦界面区,塞棒大量细密的等轴晶穿插进母材板条状的晶粒中,实现了塞补焊接头的紧密连接;焊接接头不同区域β(Mg_2Si)相的大小、数量及方向均有不同程度的变化;在焊接转速2 200 r/min下,焊接接头力学性能最好,接头抗拉强度达到母材的75%以上,断后伸长率达到了母材的64%以上;焊接接头断裂在塞孔与塞棒之间的摩擦界面区,裂纹从焊缝根部弱连接区域起裂并向焊缝表面扩展,断裂方式为韧性断裂;整个塞补焊接头母材侧热机影响区和热影响区结合处软化最为严重,硬度值在(60±5) HV之间。     

7075超高强铝合金脉冲MIG焊接头组织与性能

目的 研究7075铝合金脉冲MIG焊接头组织与性能。方法 通过对5 mm厚7075铝合金进行脉冲MIG焊接,采用OM、SEM、万能试验机及显微硬度仪对接头的微观组织及性能进行表征。结果 7075铝合金脉冲MIG焊接头中,无咬边、裂纹、未熔合等焊接缺陷;接头显微硬度分布呈现中间低两头高的特征,平均抗拉强度高达370 MPa以上,达到母材强度的70%以上;焊缝区为晶粒尺寸约25~45 μm的等轴晶组织,靠近熔合线的焊缝区域为柱状晶组织,热影响区靠近熔合区一侧为类似等轴晶组织;焊缝区为韧窝断裂,热影响区为脆性沿晶断裂和少量韧窝断裂的混合断裂模式。结论 采用脉冲MIG焊技术可实现7075铝合金的高强连接。     

钕对ER5183铝合金焊丝及接头性能与组织的影响研究

研究了稀土钕对ER5183铝合金焊丝及接头性能与组织的影响。结果表明，当Nd元素添加量为0.1%～0.4%(质量分数)时，随着Nd元素含量的增加，ER5183铸态合金第二相沿晶界网状分布的趋势受到抑制，逐渐变为颗粒状弥散分布，直径8.0 mm的连铸铝线材的抗拉强度和塑性大幅提高，5083铝合金焊缝区晶粒细化程度逐渐提高，接头抗拉强度和塑性也显著增强。当添加0.4%(质量分数)Nd时，连铸铝线材的抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别为300 MPa、24%,较未添加Nd分别提高了约14%、50%;接头抗拉强度和断后伸长率分为310 MPa、17.3%,较未添加Nd分别提高了约19%、55%,接头焊缝区域的显微硬度也增大。进一步增加Nd元素添加量至0.5%(质量分数)时，第二相沿晶界开始偏聚，连铸铝线材的抗拉强度略有提高但塑性下降，焊缝区晶粒进一步细化但组织均匀性恶化，接头强度和塑性都开始下降。综上，Nd在5183焊丝中的添加量为0.4%(质量分数),对于提升焊丝以及焊缝的综合性能最佳。     

5083和6061铝合金异种搅拌摩擦焊接接头的组织和性能

以不同的转速对6 mm厚的5083和6061铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊接,研究了焊接参数对接头组织和性能的影响。结果表明,控制焊接参数可获得良好的焊接质量,接头强度系数为85%。随着转速的升高5083和6061铝合金的晶粒尺寸都逐渐增大,但是在焊核区内5083铝合金的晶粒尺寸比6061铝合金的小;在6061铝合金一侧的热影响区,随着转速的增加析出相的尺寸和密度都逐渐增大。5组焊接参数的焊接接头的最低硬度区均出现在6061铝合金一侧的热影响区,随着转速的升高接头的最低硬度也逐渐提高;焊接接头均断裂在最低硬度区,且随着转速的升高接头的抗拉强度也逐渐提高。     

5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头拉伸行为研究

目的 研究5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接（FSW）的组织、力学性能和拉伸应变,分析接头的拉伸行为。方法 采用数码相机、光学显微镜、电子扫描显微镜等表征分析方法,对焊缝的表面宏观成形、微观组织、断口形貌进行分析;利用拉伸机、三维数字动态散斑应变测量分析系统和显微维氏硬度计对接头的力学性能和拉伸应变进行测试。结果 不同焊接工艺参数下FSW接头的最低抗拉强度为305 MPa,断后延伸率达到了14%以上;焊核区拉伸应变沿板厚方向呈现上高下低和上宽下窄的不均匀梯度分布,发生了较大程度的变形强化,直到拉伸应力达到抗拉强度。断裂失效前300/120接头的最大拉伸应变在晶粒粗大的母材区,500/120和500/200接头的最大拉伸应变则位于晶粒尺寸差异较大的后退侧焊核区与热力影响区交界处。接头拉伸断口宏观上均为45°剪切韧性断裂,微观上均以韧窝韧性断裂为主,而高热输入500/120接头出现脆性断裂特征,其延伸率明显降低。结论 高热力耦合输入使铝合金FSW接头薄弱区发生转变,强韧性降低。     

Mechanical,fatigue and microstructural properties of friction stir welded 5083-H111 and 6082-T651 aluminum alloys

In this study, 5083-H111 and 6082-T651 aluminum alloy plates in 6 mm thickness that are used particularly for shipbuilding industry were welded using Friction Stir Welding (FSW) method as similar and dissimilar joints with one side pass at PA position with the parameters of 1250 rpm tool rotation, 64 mm/min welding speed and 2° tool tilt angle. Tensile tests results showed sufficient joint efficiencies and surprisingly high yield stress values. Bending fatigue test results of all joint types showed fatigue strength close to each other. Fatigue strength order of the joints were respectively FSWed 5083-5083, and 6082-6082 similar joints and 5083-6082 dissimilar joint. Cross sections of the weld zones have been analyzed with light optical microscopy (LOM) and fracture surface of fatigue test specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Although there were no voids in radiographic and microscopic analyzes, 5083-6082 joint showed rarely encountered voiding effect under fatigue load. Microhardness measurements revealed rare result for FSWed AW5083 and novel result for FSWed 6082 aluminum alloy.     

Tensile behavior of dissimilar friction stir welded joints of aluminium alloys

The heat treatable aluminium alloy AA2024 is used extensively in the aircraft industry because of its high strength to weight ratio and good ductility. The non-heat treatable aluminium alloy AA5083 possesses medium strength and high ductility and used typically in structural applications, marine, and automotive industries. When compared to fusion welding processes, friction stir welding (FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process which is best suitable for joining these alloys. The friction stir welding parameters such as tool pin profile, tool rotational speed, welding speed, and tool axial force influence the mechanical properties of the FS welded joints significantly. Dissimilar FS welded joints are fabricated using five different tool pin profiles. Central composite design with four parameters, five levels, and 31 runs is used to conduct the experiments and response surface method (RSM) is employed to develop the model. Mathematical regression models are developed to predict the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and tensile elongation (TE) of the dissimilar friction stir welded joints of aluminium alloys 2024-T6 and 5083-H321, and they are validated. The effects of the above process parameters and tool pin profile on tensile strength and tensile elongation of dissimilar friction stir welded joints are analysed in detail. Joints fabricated using Tapered Hexagon tool pin profile have the highest tensile strength and tensile elongation, whereas the Straight Cylinder tool pin profile have the lowest tensile strength and tensile elongation. The results are useful to have a better understanding of the effects of process parameters, to fabricate the joints with desired tensile properties, and to automate the FS welding process.     

Research on explosive welding of aluminum alloy to steel with dovetail grooves

In order to explore a new method for the explosive welding of aluminum alloy to steel, a 5083 aluminum alloy plate and a Q345 steel plate with dovetail grooves were respectively employed as the flyer and base plates. The parameters adopted in the explosive welding experiment were close to the lower limit of weldable window of 5083 aluminum alloy to Q345 steel. The bonding properties of 5083/Q345 clad plate were studied through mechanical performance tests and microstructure observations. The results showed that the aluminum alloy and steel plates were welded under the actions of metallurgical bonding and meshing of dovetail grooves. The tensile shear strength of 5083/Q345 clad plate met the requirements of the bonding strength of Al/Fe clad plate. The interfaces between aluminum alloy and the upper and lower surfaces of dovetail grooves were mainly welded through direct bonding, and discontinuous molten zone emerged in the local region; while the interface between aluminum alloy and the inclined surface of dovetail grooves was bonded by continuous molten layer. The brittle intermetallic compounds FeAl₂ and Al₅Fe₂ were generated at the bonding interfaces of 5083/Q345 clad plate. The fracture surface of the tensile specimen exhibited ductile and quasi-cleavage fractures.     

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of 6082-T6 Aluminum Alloy Joints by Self-support Friction Stir Welding

The majority of this research has concentrated on developing the self-support friction stir welding（SSFSW） tool which consists of a big concave upper shoulder and a small convex lower shoulder, and procedures for making reliable welds in aluminum hollow extrusion. The 5-mm-thick 6082-T6 aluminum alloy was self-support friction stir welded at a constant tool rotation speed of 800 r/min. The effect of welding speed on microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated. The results of transverse tensile test indicated that the tensile strength of joints increased and the elongation decreased with increasing welding speed. The whole values of microhardness of SSFSW joints increased with increasing welding speed from 10 to 200 mm/min. The defectfree joints were obtained at lower welding speeds and the tensile fracture was located at the heat-affected zone（HAZ） adjacent to the thermo-mechanically affected zone（TMAZ） on the advancing side. The investigation of the flow pattern of the softened metal around the SSFSW tool revealed that the flow pattern of the softened metal was driven by two shoulders and the stir pin. The failure of specimens in tension presented the ductile fracture mode.     

Analysis of dissimilar friction stir welding process for tensile properties of EN AW 2024 and EN AW 5083

The objective of the present study is to analyze the effect of dissimilar friction stir welding process parameters associated with the tool pin profile. Nine different welding experiments were conducted on EN AW 2024 and EN AW 5083 plates. Each of the welded joints was exposed to metallurgical and mechanical tests to determine the effect of the parameters on the welded joint's strength and characteristics. The welding responses or characteristics were analyzed using the statistical tools, grey relational analysis and analysis of variance. Thus, the contribution of each parameter to the process response (ultimate tensile strength and percentage of elongation) was analyzed, and an optimal welding condition was determined. The results of metallurgical analyses showed that the defective joints were mostly in the welded joints fabricated with a conical threaded pin, and the shape of the stir zone was affected by the pin profile and tool rotational speed. The metallurgical results were consistent with the tensile test results. Statistical analyses showed that the most effective parameter on the welded joint strength and elongation is tool rotational speed with 70.3 %. While the tool pin profile affects the stir zone shape, the strength and elongation are not affected. The effect of welding speed (5.6 %) is not significant on strength and elongation.     

焊接速度对 7A52 铝合金 FSW 组织及力学性能的影响

目的在保证搅拌速度一定时,针对8 mm厚的7A52铝合金,在不同焊接速度下采用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)进行焊接试验,研究其焊接接头的显微组织及力学性能。方法利用搅拌摩擦焊机进行对接焊接,焊后制取金相试样观察焊接接头宏观形貌和显微组织,并测定其力学性能。结果7A52铝合金FSW焊接接头焊核区的面积随着焊接速度的增大而增大,当焊接速度为250mm/min时,焊接接头的焊核区面积最大,焊核区的显微组织都为细小的等轴晶,焊接接头横截面的焊核区呈明显"洋葱环"的形貌,而热力影响区的结构特征则呈现出了较高的塑性变形流线层。焊接接头显微硬度分布都呈现出"W"形变化,在焊接速度为150 mm/min时,焊接接头的平均抗拉强度能达到452 MPa,达到了母材抗拉强度的89%。结论通过对不同焊接速度下7A52铝合金FSW焊接接头的组织和性能进行研究,得到了不同焊接速度下焊接接头组织和力学性能。     

Effect of humidity on porosity,microstructure, and fatigue strength of A7N01S-T5 aluminum alloy welded joints in high-speed trains

Humidity is a key factor affecting the quality of welded joints for high-speed trains. Welded joints made of A7N01S-T5 aluminum alloy were fabricated under five relative environmental humidity conditions: 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90%. The microstructures of the welded joints were examined using an optical microscope and porosity quantities were calculated from macrographs using image analysis software. The fatigue strength of the welded joints was measured with high-cycle fatigue testing. It was determined that the microstructures and grain sizes in the weld zone and heat-affected zone (HAZ) were similar under different humidity conditions; however, porosity distribution varied significantly. Porosity quantity increased as humidity increased. The weld joint made under the 90% humidity condition had the highest quantity of porosity, while the weld joint made under the 70% humidity condition had the maximum diameter and area of porosity. The weld joint made under the 70% humidity condition also had the lowest fatigue strength. Fracture morphology of fatigue samples showed that the weld joint made under the 70% humidity condition had brittle fracture, while others showed ductile fracture. Therefore, 70% humidity was determined to be the critical humidity level for welding joints in high humidity environment.