提纯回用氢网络的夹点变化规律

在氢系统中引入提纯装置可以经济有效地提高氢气的回用率,是氢系统中广泛采用的方法。但引入提纯回用过程可能会影响氢系统的夹点位置,还可能使氢系统出现多夹点。由于夹点对系统性能的分析与优化具有极其重要的作用,而夹点位置的变化则会影响到用氢过程的匹配。在氢夹点技术的基础上,通过图示分析法,研究了在不同提纯产品浓度下提纯回用过程的夹点变化规律和趋势,对于考虑提纯回用的氢网络集成具有重要的意义。     

具有净化单元氢网络的迭代设计方法

提出一种具有净化单元氢网络的迭代设计方法。首先假设净化后源物流的量足够大,将之看作系统的新增源物流即可构成具有净化单元的初始氢网络。运用多氢源匹配方法来设计氢网络,从而得到净化后源物流的用量F_reg和所有未回用的内部源物流合并计算出的净化后源物流的量F_reg^total。比较F_reg和F_reg^total的大小,当F_reg^totalreg时,将F_reg^total作为下一次迭代净化后源物流的量的初值,只需几次迭代即可得到最终设计;当F_reg^total≥F_reg时,将F_reg的值作为最终设计的净化后源物流的用量,按照由F_reg值确定出的净化前源物流的量选取杂质浓度较低的未回用的内部源物流用于净化,对此种情况,不需后续迭代即可得到最终设计。对文献中几个实例的研究表明,该方法设计步骤简单可行,不仅能得到氢消耗目标值,而且还能得到氢网络的具体设计。     

运用多氢源匹配法设计氢分配网络

石油炼化企业中氢网络的优化对提高氢资源的利用率意义重大,以降低氢消耗和简化集成方法为目标提出了一种氢回用网络的设计新方法。在向一个氢阱分配氢源时,优先分配内部氢源,并将浓度刚好高于和刚好低于该氢阱入口浓度的氢源进行匹配利用,从而最大限度地降低外部氢源消耗。对文献中几个实例的研究表明,本文方法得到的结果可与文献方法得到的目标值相媲美,而设计步骤简单计算量小,可用手算即能完成,说明本文提出的方法是可行的。另外,本文方法不仅可以得出氢消耗目标值,还可以同时得出氢网络设计。     

基于杂质赤字的再生回用水网络集成图示法

将氢网络中基于剩余率的集成优化法扩展至水网络，以杂质浓度为基础进行分析，提出了基于杂质赤字的再生回用水网络图像集成优化方法。该方法无需图像试差和迭代，通过构建浓度-流量图和杂质赤字图，可确定未考虑再生回用的水网络夹点位置及最小新鲜水用量。并在此基础上，考虑再生装置和水网络的优化以及二者的集成，分析水网络的新鲜水节省量与杂质脱除率、再生水源流量及再生废水浓度的定量关系；构建定量关系图确定最小新鲜水用量随各参数的变化关系、夹点位置、最大新鲜水节省量以及一定再生条件下的极限及最优提纯参数。案例分析表明，该方法简单、高效，对于各工况下的水网络，均可使新鲜水消耗量及废水排放量减小，为工艺设计和操作提供重要的参考。     

提纯回用氢系统优化

过程氢源的提纯回用能够减少氢气公用工程用量,是炼油厂节氢降耗的有效途径。今利用改进的问题表确定提纯回用氢系统的最小氢公用工程用量和最优提纯装置入口流率。改进的问题表法将能够顺利确定多股外部氢源(氢气公用工程和提纯产品气)的流率目标值并识别废氢流股。案例文献的优化结果表明,文中所提出的方法能够克服原文献仅有一股过程氢源提纯回用的局限,氢公用工程用量和废氢流股的流率分别减少了8.6%和7.2%。     

氢网络的夹点分析与优化

通过分析炼厂不同氢源、氢阱、氢气净化提浓单元等氢气网络的组成特点,采用夹点分析法对某企业的氢源、氢阱进行分析与计算,以氢气纯度、流量为约束条件,同时考虑压力、杂质的影响。通过耦合、调整氢源-氢阱网络等措施,优化后的氢气网络PSA负荷降低39.14%,制氢单元负荷降低27.11%,氢气压缩机减少2台,实现了增加氢气来源,降低氢气成本的目的。     

电池级碳酸酯类溶剂的一种提纯方法

研究了一种吸附与蒸馏相结合的提纯锂离子电池用碳酸酯类溶剂的方法,研究结果表明在蒸馏时加入金属钠可以有效减少含质子氢杂质,还对提纯原理进行了分析。     

氢夹点技术方法研究进展和评价

氢夹点技术作为氢气网络优化的重要方法,以其简单直观、高效易懂等优点,自20世纪90年代末被提出至今,在解决氢网络用氢瓶颈上,已经有了成熟稳健的发展。本文介绍了氢夹点技术的基本原理,综述并分析了剩余氢量图解法、严格氢夹点图解法、氢负荷-流量图法、源组合曲线法、多杂质赤字率图解法等多种氢夹点技术方法的提出及研究进展,并对这些方法进行比较和评价,得到各种方法的优缺点和应用范围。最后指出多约束条件下的氢夹点技术方法研究、建立动力学建模以及炼厂氢网络柔性优化设计等将成为未来几年氢夹点技术的研究热点。     

储氢提纯和氢网络的耦合优化

基于氢网络的集成以及AB₅型储氢材料LaNi_4.75Fe_0.25及LaNi_4.85Al_0.15的特性,对储氢提纯在氢网络中的应用进行研究。综合考虑LaNi_4.75Fe_0.25及LaNi_4.85Al_0.15储氢/放氢动力学,建立了储氢提纯氢网络的优化方法,根据单位质量储氢材料提纯的节氢能力和公用工程节省量与提纯参数的关系,确定最优提纯氢源浓度、最大公用工程节省量、储氢材料量和吸氢时间。用该方法对某炼厂氢网络和储氢提纯单元进行优化,结果表明,最优提纯氢源浓度为70%,提纯后公用工程可节省23.72%; LaNi_4.85Al_0.15作为储氢提纯材料优于LaNi_4.75Fe_0.25,其消耗量为991.26 kg。     

氢气网络系统的夹点分析与匹配优化

针对炼化企业的氢气分配网络系统,以最小公用工程氢气用量为目标,综合考虑氢气流量、氢气纯度、有害杂质和压力限制等因素,采用氢夹点方法进行分析,提出了匹配原则对氢气网络系统进行优化.通过实例进行了优化分析与计算.研究表明:氢夹点法是氢气网络优化分析的有效方法,所提出的匹配原则可以实现氢气网络的优化.     

Pinch Location of the Hydrogen Network with Purification Reuse

In the hydrogen network with the minimum hydrogen utility flow rate, the pinch appears at the point with zero hydrogen surplus, while the hydrogen surpluses of all the other points are positive. In the hydrogen purity profiles, the pinch can only lie at the sink-tie-line intersecting the source purity profile. According to the alternative distribution of the negative and positive regions, the effect of the purification to the hydrogen surplus is analyzed. The results show that when the purification is applied, the pinch point will appear neither above the purification feed nor between the initial pinch point and the purification feed, no matter the purification feed lies above or below the initial pinch point. This is validated by two case studies.     

A novel graphical method for the integration of hydrogen distribution systems with purification reuse

Increase in refining demand and tighter environmental regulations have led to sharp increases in hydrogen consumption of oil refineries. Hydrogen conservation and effective use are of interest to refineries whose operations and profitability are constrained by hydrogen. Purification is widely used in hydrogen networks of refineries to reduce hydrogen production load. To minimize hydrogen utility consumption, it is necessary to optimize the hydrogen network with purification as a whole. In this paper, for hydrogen purification process, a triangle rule (which can be generalized to polygon rule) is proposed for graphical representation of its mass balance. The proposed procedure treats the product concentration and recovery rate of the purification process as adjustable parameters. An ensuing graphical method is developed for targeting the pinch point and minimum utility consumption of the hydrogen system with purification reuse. This graphical method can be used for any purification devices and in systems with any utility concentration. A refinery case is studied to demonstrate the optimization method.     

采用迭代方法设计具有再生再利用/循环的单杂质用水系统

具有再生再利用/循环利用的水网络与只有再利用的水网络不同之处在于前者增加了再生水流。如能确定再生水流的浓度和流量并将之加到只考虑再利用的水网络中,即可构成具有再生再利用/循环利用的水网络。在上述思想基础上提出一种迭代法设计具有再生再利用/循环利用的水网络。该方法既可以解决给定移除率（removal ratio,RR）问题,又可以解决固定再生浓度问题。对RR问题,根据水网络及再生过程的特点估算出初始再生水流浓度,再生水流的量待定。将所得再生水流加到只考虑再利用的网络中构成具有再生过程的水网络。设计上述水网络,可以得出新的再生水流的量及浓度。当相邻两次再生浓度之差小于给定值时迭代结束。对RR问题,通常只需几次迭代即可得出最终设计;对于固定再生浓度问题,只需一次迭代即可得出最终设计。设计中考虑了影响水网络设计总费用的新鲜水用量、再生水用量和杂质再生负荷3个主要参数。对文献中几个实例的研究表明,本文方法得到的设计与文献中的设计相当,而设计步骤比文献中的简单。     

基于热损失的换热网络夹点设计法

现行的换热网络目标方法,在进行换热网络价格估算时,未考虑热物流的热损失。在真实的设计中,换热器壳体保温后仍与环境温度相差较大,则其热损失不可忽略。文章提出了一个新的基于热损失的换热网络夹点设计法,该方法首先以综合费用最小为目标确定出最小温差,然后建立问题表格确定出夹点位置及最小公用工程消耗,最后再进行换热网络设计。文中采用某石油常减压换热网络系统为典型算例对该方法的前两步进行了分析研究,论证了该方法的必要性及可行性。结果表明:该方法与基本Linnhoff夹点技术法估算的投资费用有较大的差距之外,在一定的最小温差下,其与基本Linnhoff夹点技术法确定的夹点位置不同,公用工程消耗也有较大的差距。     

Novel method for targeting the optimal purification feed flow rate of hydrogen network with purification reuse/recycle

The purification reuse/recycle is one effective resource conservation strategy. In this article, a novel conceptual method is proposed to identify the optimal purification feed flow rate (PFFR) and the corresponding maximum hydrogen utility savings (HUS) of the hydrogen network with purification reuse/recycle. In this method, the sources and sink‐tie‐lines are divided into three regions according to the purified product and purification feed. The quantitative relationship between the HUS and the PFFR is analyzed for the sink‐tie‐lines and sources of each region. With the quantitative relationship line between the HUS and the PFFR of each source plotted, the quantitative relationship diagram can be obtained and can be used to identify the pinch point and the HUS for a given PFFR. Furthermore, the optimal PFFR and the maximum HUS can be identified easily. Three cases are studied to illustrate the applicability of the proposed method. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 1964–1980, 2013     

Rigorous algorithmic targeting methods for hydrogen networks—Part II: Systems with one hydrogen purification unit

A new systematic targeting methodology has been developed to minimize the use of hydrogen utility in hydrogen networks that also feature purification of hydrogen. Sufficient and necessary conditions of optimality have been proved to extend the pinch based approach to this nonlinear problem. The proposed targeting procedure involves two steps: identification of purifier location and calculation of minimum hydrogen consumption. Examples from the literature are discussed.     

A unified graphical method for integration of hydrogen networks with purification reuse

Introducing purifiers into hydrogen network can enhance the recovery and reuse of hydrogen in refineries, further reducing the consumption of fresh hydrogen. Based on previous graphical methods, this work proposes a simple and unified graphical method for integration of hydrogen networks with purification processes. Scenarios with different hydrogen concentrations of purified product can be analyzed by the unified procedure. As a result, the maximum hydrogen saved by purification reuse can be identified and the corresponding purification process can be optimized. The proposed method is easy and non-iterative, and it is valid to purification processes with any feed concentration. A conventional hydrogen network is analyzed to test the effectiveness of the proposed method.