水力喷射-空气旋流器中压力场的数值模拟

水力喷射-空气旋流器(WSA)是一种新型高效的气液传质设备。为了深入研究不同气速条件下压力场与WSA压降特性相互作用的影响情况,文中利用FLUENT软件对水力喷射-空气旋流器中压力场进行了数值模拟。数值模拟结果表明:在气速等于16 m/s时,压力最大值区域分布最为对称,该处气液传质相关性质的状态趋于稳定。湍动能的最大值区域由耦合空间和分离空间向排气管底部聚合。总的来说,静压值与总压值差异不大,动压均值在耦合空间不同截面上的增减幅度比静压和总压均值明显。     

底部挡板与进气位置对水力喷射空气旋流器传质性能的影响

水力喷射空气旋流器(water-sparged aerocyclone,WSA)是一种利用液体射流在气体旋流场中雾化强化气液传质的新型传质设备,可广泛用于废水、废气处理等环境工程中。为了改进水力喷射空气旋流器结构,提高其气液传质性能,本文通过废水氨氮吹脱实验研究了进气口轴向位置以及底部挡板的设置对气液传质性能的影响。实验结果表明,进气位置与底部挡板对水力喷射空气旋流器的气液传质性能存在影响。在相同工作条件下,气相进口沿轴向下移对WSA内气液传质性能作用较小,但能够使其气相压降降低约为10%。在WSA主筒体底部液封区域设置挡板,能够强化WSA底部气液两相的混合,进而提高低液相循环流量下WSA内的气液传质性能,且随进气速度的增加,其效果越显著,研究结果可为设计传质性能良好的WSA提供设计依据。     

水力喷射空气旋流器分离空间结构对气液传质性能的影响

水力喷射空气旋流器(WSA)是一种利用液体射流在气体旋流场中雾化强化气液传质的新型传质设备, 可广泛用于废水、废气处理等环境工程过程中。为了优化水力喷射空气旋流器的分离空间结构, 本文通过废水氨氮吹脱实验对柱锥结合形WSA和柱形WSA分别进行了气液传质性能研究。研究结果表明, 分离空间结构对水力喷射空气旋流器的气液传质性能存在影响。在相同工作条件下, 与柱形WSA相比, 柱锥结合形WSA具有更好的气液传质性能和略高的气相压降, 后者吹脱氨的体积传质系数提高了约8%, 主要原因在于柱锥结合形WSA内部具有更好的射旋流耦合雾化作用和离心超重力强化传质的综合效果, 使得两相比传质面积增大, 传质效率增高。研究结果可为设计传质性能良好的WSA提供设计依据。     

水力喷射空气旋流器中射流流型及其对传质面积和气相压降的影响

为了进一步提高水力喷射空气旋流器(WSA)的传质效率以及认识射旋流体系的气液传质机理,对WSA中的射流流型进行了系统的观察研究,绘制出了不同进口气速下射流流型图。以CO2-NaOH化学吸收体系测定了相应射流流型下的有效比相界面积a。结果表明,在低射流流速(≤4.42 m·s-1)下,液相射流随着进口气速增大,主要存在稳态射流、变形旋线射流、破碎旋线射流、雾化旋线射流、贴壁雾化旋线射流5种流型;在高射流流速(≥6.19 m·s-1)下,射流主要出现稳态射流、破碎旋线射流以及雾化旋线射流3种流型。a值与流型有关,雾化旋线射流下的a值大于其他流型下的对应值。低流速下的贴壁雾化,不利于气液两相充分接触,对应a值较小。a值与射流流速有一定关系,随着射流速度的增大而略有增大,且随着射流流速增大至8.84 m·s-1以上,增大的幅度变大。     

水力喷射空气旋流器中射流流型及其对传质面积和气相压降的影响

为了进一步提高水力喷射空气旋流器（WSA）的传质效率以及认识射旋流体系的气液传质机理,对WSA中的射流流型进行了系统的观察研究,绘制出了不同进口气速下射流流型图。以CO₂-NaOH化学吸收体系测定了相应射流流型下的有效比相界面积a。结果表明,在低射流流速（≤4.42 m·s^-1）下,液相射流随着进口气速增大,主要存在稳态射流、变形旋线射流、破碎旋线射流、雾化旋线射流、贴壁雾化旋线射流5种流型;在高射流流速（≥6.19 m·s^-1）下,射流主要出现稳态射流、破碎旋线射流以及雾化旋线射流3种流型。a值与流型有关,雾化旋线射流下的a值大于其他流型下的对应值。低流速下的贴壁雾化,不利于气液两相充分接触,对应a值较小。a值与射流流速有一定关系,随着射流速度的增大而略有增大,且随着射流流速增大至8.84 m·s^-1以上,增大的幅度变大。     

撞击式泡沫洗涤器流场数值模拟

采用k-ω湍流模型和拉格朗日两相流模型模拟了撞击式泡沫洗涤器内气液逆流接触的两相流场,通过分析中心截面的气相速度分布,可将气液两相相互作用区分为回流区、泡沫区和壁面环流区3个区域;探索用液相浓度分布来定量表征泡沫区即有效传质区的范围;考察了5种工况下洗涤器压降的模拟结果,并与试验结果相对比吻合较好(相对误差小于10%),验证了模拟的可靠性。     

喷射型环流反应器中气含率和液速的分布

喷射型环流反应器拥有良好的固体悬浮、液相混合与气液传质性能。在表观气速0.065-0.105 m?s-1的半间歇操作条件下,实验测量了喷射型环流反应器内的气含率以及液速的空间分布。在实验的基础上对反应器进行了三维瞬态的CFD模拟,并且用耦合群平衡模型(PBM)来模拟系统内气泡的聚并破碎行为。喷嘴的高速射流产生一定比例的大气泡驱动液体循环,使循环液速成倍增加。大气泡浮升过程中逐渐破碎成小气泡,导致提升管内的气含率随着轴向塔高增高而增大,降液管中也有类似的分布。实验和模拟都表明,喷射型环流反应器内由于喷嘴的使用导致了分布器影响区的明显延长,不存在流动充分发展的区域。     

水力喷射空气旋流器吹脱处理挥发性有机物废水

采用超重力气液传质设备水力喷射空气旋流器(WSA)对乙苯模拟的VOC废水进行吹脱处理,考察了废水初始浓度、进口气速、射流流速、废水温度等因素对处理过程传质效率的影响。结果表明,进口气速越大、废水温度越高,VOC吹脱去除传质效率越高;射流流速加大,VOC的吹脱处理效率先增大后保持不变;废水初始浓度对VOC的吹脱去除效率影响较小。初始浓度为45 mg/L的VOC废水,采用WSA吹脱处理3 min后,VOC的去除率可高达99%以上,气液传质效率是曝气柱等传统设备的2倍以上。     

原料射流对提升管内压降特性的影响

通过大型冷模实验，采集了不同原料射流形式的提升管内总压降及预提升段、进料混合及充分发展段压降的动态数据，对比了斜向上射流和斜向下射流存在时提升管内各区域的压降特征，分析了不同操作条件的影响。结果表明，相同操作条件下，射流与多相流逆流接触提升管总压降及各部分压降大于射流与多相流并流接触提升管总压降及各部分压降。其他操作条件一定时，不同射流与多相流接触方式提升管总压降及各部分压降均随预提升气速增大而减小，随颗粒循环强度增加而增大。当射流速度增大时，射流与多相流并流接触提升管内总压降及各部分压降变化不明显；射流与多相流逆流接触提升管内预提升段压降有所增大，进料混合及充分发展段压降、提升管总压降显著增加。结合传统提升管压降模型及因次分析，建立了射流与多相流并流和射流与多相流逆流接触两种形式提升管内的进料混合及充分发展区压降模型，可供工程设计参考。     

液体中可压缩气体射流的瞬态特性

针对水下超声速气体射流实验装置,分别采用高速摄影对水下超声速气体射流的形态及发展过程进行了可视化观察分析,采用VOF方法建立了二维轴对称两相数值计算流模型,对实验工况进行数值模拟,得到详细的水下超声速射流流场结构。两者结合得以研究水下气体超声速射流的形态及发展过程。研究结果表明:超声速水下射流流场明显包含射流区、过渡区和羽流区3个不同特征区域,射流区内气相的胀鼓和回击现象导致了严重的振荡流模式。气液界面不稳定性引起射流局部颈缩,从而引起颈缩上游气相截面的扩张、收缩甚至断流。可观测的小幅度的颈缩导致上游的胀鼓现象;稍大幅度的颈缩导致上游的回击现象;大幅度的颈缩甚至导致射流中断,并在随后重建射流。     

水力喷射空气旋流器的气相压降特性

Water-sparged aerocyclone(WSA)is a new type of gas-liquid mass transfer equipment with high efficiency.The gas phase pressure drop characteristics in WSA was investigated in this study.With the increase of inlet gas velocity(u_g), the liquid jet presents three patterns: steady-state jet, deformed spiral jet and atomized spiral jet, and the pressure drop curves in WSA can be divided into three different regions, i.e., low pressure drop, abruptly increased pressure drop and high pressure drop.In the low pressure drop region, the liquid holdup in outlet gas(ε_L)is almost zero, and the gas pressure drop in WSA(Δp)increases with u_g.In the second region,ε_L develops from zero and Δp increases abruptly.In the high pressure drop region, ε_L and Δp increase with u_g. The mechanism of the three pressure drop regions is discussed.A non-dimensional empirical model is developed for the regions with low and high pressure drop, which correlates the Euler number with the gas Reynolds number based on the available experimental data and can be well used to predict the pressure drop in WSA.     

Spray and mixing characteristics of liquid jet in a tubular gas–liquid atomization mixer

For the design and optimization of a tubular gas–liquid atomization mixer,the atomization and mixing characteristics of liquid jet breakup in the limited tube space is a key problem.In this study,the primary breakup process of liquid jet column was analyzed by high-speed camera,then the droplet size and velocity distribution of atomized droplets were measured by Phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA).The hydrodynamic characteristics of gas flow in tubular gas–liquid atomization mixer were analyzed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation.The results indicate that the liquid flow rate has little effect on the atomization droplet size and atomization pressure drop,and the gas flow rate is the main influence parameter.Under all experimental gas flow conditions,the liquid jet column undergoes a primary breakup process,forming larger liquid blocks and droplets.When the gas flow rate (Q_g) is less than 127 m~3·h~(-1),the secondary breakup of large liquid blocks and droplets does not occur in venturi throat region.The Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of droplets measured at the outlet is more than 140μm,and the distribution is uneven.When Q_g127 m~3·h~(-1),the large liquid blocks and droplets have secondary breakup process at the throat region.The SMD of droplets measured at the outlet is less than 140μm,and the distribution is uniform.When 127Q_g162 m~3·h~(-1),the secondary breakup mode of droplets is bag breakup or pouch breakup.When 181Q_g216 m~3·h~(-1),the secondary breakup mode of droplets is shear breakup or catastrophic breakup.In order to ensure efficient atomization and mixing,the throat gas velocity of the tubular atomization mixer should be designed to be about 51 m·s~(-1)under the lowest operating flow rate.The pressure drop of the tubular atomization mixer increases linearly with the square of gas velocity,and the resistance coefficient is about 2.55 in single-phase flow condition and 2.73 in gas–liquid atomization condition.     

液体射流在同向气流中的破裂

液体射流的破裂是雾化的一个重要组成部分,为深入理解该破裂过程,文中使用数码相机对液体射流在同向气流作用下的破裂过程进行了实验研究。通过观察和分析发现,随着Weber数的增大,破裂过程可依次划分成3种模式:轴对称、非轴对称和细丝模式,其中非对称模式下还包含一个特殊的袋状或者膜状破裂子模式,并分别给出了各个模式下破裂长度和未扰动长度对与Weber数、Reynolds数的关联式。     

水力喷射-空气旋流器用于湿法烟气脱硫及其传质机理

在一种新型高效的气液传质设备--水力喷射-空气旋流器(WSA)中,以Ca(OH)₂料浆为吸收剂进行了模拟烟气湿法脱硫的实验研究。结果表明:脱硫率随进口气速增加而增加;随液体喷射速度增加先增加,增加到一定程度后几乎不变;随烟气中SO₂的进口浓度增加而减小,存在一适宜的Ca(OH)₂浓度和回流比。在气体流量24～72 m³·h^-1、循环液体量0.4～0.8 m³·h^-1、料浆中Ca(OH)₂浓度7500 g·m^-3时,对SO₂浓度为1891～6373 mg·m^-3的烟气进行湿法脱硫,脱硫率达88.9%～97.7%,且WSA的旋流气体和喷射液体在湿法脱硫中具有自清洁能力,未发现内部结垢和喷孔堵塞现象。总体积传质系数K_Ga、有效相界面积a均随进口气速u_G增大而增大,而总传质系数K_G随u_G增加变化较小;当液体喷射速度 u_L≤0.26 m·s^-1时,K_Ga和K_G随u_L增加快速增大,之后增加缓慢,而a随u_L几乎线性增加,K_Ga和K_G随吸收剂中Ca(OH)₂浓度c_L增加有一最大值。结合实验数据拟合得到了相关的经验公式,这些关联式能较好地预测WSA的湿法脱硫传质性能。气体旋流场强度对总体积传质系数K_Ga和有效相界面积a起支配作用,脱硫传质过程同时受气膜和液膜阻力控制,但以液膜控制为主。     

Energy Budget in Atomization

An equation of mechanical energy balance in a liquid jet atomizing in an ambient gas is derived. The time rate of change of kinetic energy of the fluctuating disturbance in a given volume of the jet is shown to be equal to the sum of four types of works done per unit time on the jet and the energy dissipation rate through the agent of viscosity. The four types of works involved are the work by the surface tension, the work by the pressure fluctuation in the ambient gas, the work done by the fluctuating pressure in the jet, and the work by the viscous stress. Numerical results obtained for a wide range of relevant parameters are used to show that the surface tension work is negative in jet atomization. This is contrary to the situation in the breakup of an ink jet for which the surface tension work is positive, and thus the breakup is due to capillary pinching. It is shown that the work by fluctuating gas pressure is responsible for the atomization process, since the pressure work term is the dominant positive term in the energy budget of the jet atomization.     

Analysis of Liquid Jet Breakup in One‐ and Two‐Phase Flows

The phenomenon of breakup of a jet into drops has been applied mainly to separation technologies in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and metallurgical industries. The paper deals with the experimental analysis directed at the breakup of polymer solutions flowing through an orifice nozzle. The analysis of the breakup and atomization of a liquid jet by a high‐speed gas jet is presented. Additionally, non‐Newtonian effects on the breakup of the liquid jet into drops were studied using the microphotography method. In the experiments, various aqueous solutions of polyacrylamide were used. The polymer solutions studied were power‐law fluids. Analysis of the photographs of the jet breakup showed that the length of the jets depends on the liquid and gas flow rates and on the concentration of the polymer used. High‐molecular‐weight polymers added to a solvent lead to changes in the rheological properties of the liquid and the breakup length of the jet.     

Accurate level set method for simulations of liquid atomization☆

Computational fluid dynamics is an efficient numerical approach for spray atomization study, but it is chal enging to accurately capture the gas–liquid interface. In this work, an accurate conservative level set method is intro-duced to accurately track the gas–liquid interfaces in liquid atomization. To validate the capability of this method, binary drop collision and drop impacting on liquid film are investigated. The results are in good agreement with experiment observations. In addition, primary atomization (swirling sheet atomization) is studied using this method. To the swirling sheet atomization, it is found that Rayleigh–Taylor instability in the azimuthal direction causes the primary breakup of liquid sheet and complex vortex structures are clustered around the rim of the liq-uid sheet. The effects of central gas velocity and liquid–gas density ratio on atomization are also investigated. This work lays a solid foundation for further studying the mechanism of spray atomization.