国粮院粮食加工领域近30年发展与展望

时值《粮油食品科技》创刊30周年之际，记录总结国家粮食和物资储备局科学研究院（以下简称“国粮院”）近30年在粮食加工领域的发展情况，并进行了展望，以期为国粮院下一步升级发展提供参考。全文共分四部分：一是总结回顾自上世纪90年代以来我国粮食加工领域的发展情况。二是概述了近30年来国粮院在粮食加工领域的重要成果及其对推动该领域发展的贡献，从政策建议、科技创新及标准引领等方面，推动了二十世纪九十年代我国粮食加工链条从初级加工向粮食食品加工的延伸，“十五”、“十一五”期间为提升我国粮食食品供给保障能力提供了支撑，通过从杂粮到全谷物的健康谷物食品研究布局，从“十一五”至今，专注于营养健康谷物食品加工领域，有力推动了我国粮食加工行业转型升级。三是在保障国家粮食安全与人民生命健康大背景下，分析了新时代我国粮食加工领域发展面临的挑战与机遇。四是结合我国重要战略布局，进一步展望国粮院在粮食加工领域未来发展中的重点工作与使命，作为我国唯一的国家级粮食行业公益性科研机构，国粮院将进一步加强我国全谷物领域的科技创新、标准体系建设、科普引领及全民推广等方面的工作，助力健康中国建设和加工环节的节粮减损，推动我国粮食产业高质量发展。     

我国全谷物食品加工的发展现状与前景

粮食加工的精细化造成了谷物中大量维生素、矿物质及化学元素的损失,长期食用精米白面带来的慢性病迅速上升,已成为世界范围内影响医疗与健康的社会问题。选择食用全谷物食品是全民膳食结构的健康回归。概述了全谷物食品在我国的发展、研究、推广情况,对我国全谷物食品的发展前景及面临的主要技术问题进行了探讨。     

我国全谷物食品发展的必要性与挑战

针对我国动物性食物与脂肪摄入量增加,谷类食物的摄入逐渐减少,而粮食加工精度越来越高,B族维生素等微量营养素的缺乏日益严重的情况以及心血管疾病、2型糖尿病、肠胃癌症等非传染性慢性疾病高发对社会经济发展带来的威胁,系统地综述分析与探讨了发达国家全谷物食品发展情况、我国粮食消费的特点、我国发展全谷物的重要意义、面临的问题及发展思路。     

大力发展杂粮产业和全谷物食品推进粮食供给侧结构性改革

发展优质杂粮产业是我国在"十三五"乃至更长时期粮食供给侧结构性改革的重要举措之一,可为大力发展"全谷物健康食品"提供优质原料。发展全谷物食品产业是我国粮食行业落实中央建设"健康中国"伟大发展战略的重要组成部分,"全谷物食品"已是全球粮食加工和食品工业的发展方向,它的意义不仅在于促进国民健康,同时具有保证粮食安全、资源节约利用和环境保护等多方面的战略意义。论述了当前我国以杂粮、杂豆为主体的全谷物食品的发展势态,我国许多食品企业和大专院校、研究院所对全谷物食品进行大量研究和开发,在不断创新的基础上取得了良好业绩和许多宝贵经验,对解决粮食供给侧结构性改革,增加粮食生产效益,增加农民收入,确保粮食安全具有重大意义。     

营养导向的全谷物产业思考

全谷物产业近年来在国内外飞速发展,全谷物食品也因营养丰富及其对居民膳食平衡健康的明显改善作用而逐渐得到了社会广泛认可。本文先后介绍了世界全球全谷物产业的发展态势和国内全谷物产业的发展现状,简要分析了全谷物食品在加工推广中面临的问题,从营养和健康的角度,为全谷物产业发展以及产品推广提出了提升谷物原料营养品质、注重加工过程营养保全、膳食注重食物和营养搭配、开展全谷物营养教育等对策建议,助力保障粮食安全和实现健康中国。     

全谷物中生理活性物质的研究进展与展望

谷物中不仅含有碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、矿物元素、维生素等大量及微量营养素,还含有酚类、类胡萝卜素、生育酚、木酚素、阿拉伯木聚糖、β-葡聚糖、甾醇和植酸等生理活性组分。在全球化的全谷物运动大背景下,深入研究我国主要谷物中生理活性物质及其生物有效性,开发高品质的全谷物食品,从而通过增加全民全谷物食品的摄入量,增进人体健康,成为我国粮食加工领域的新课题。本文主要综述谷物中生理活性组分的研究进展与展望。     

全谷物食品的国内外发展现状与趋势

从20世纪80年代以来,发达国家对全谷食品的营养与健康进行了大量深入的研究。近年来的研究表明,全谷物食品中的各种营养素构成的“营养素包”可能产生协同增效作用,从而比单个分离的营养素更加有利于人体健康,增加全谷食品的消费可以降低心血管疾病、糖尿病及某些癌症等慢性疾病的危险。本文系统综述了全谷食品的定义、全球研究态势、市场开发与消费现状及发展面临的挑战等,以期引起我国科技界、政府、工业界、消费者对全谷物食品的关注,及对我国全谷食品发展潜力的思考。     

黑龙江省全谷物产业发展建议

通过黑龙江省首次居民膳食营养与健康状况调查发现,黑龙江省全谷物(糙米、全麦粉和杂粮)生产量较少,居民全谷物摄入量也相对较少,成人慢性疾病患病率较高。食用全谷物是防治慢性疾病的有效手段之一,黑龙江省资源、环境、人力、科技、政策等各方面条件都十分利于全谷物产业的发展。本文对全谷物的概念进行了概要性介绍,对黑龙江省发展全谷物产业的机遇和优势进行了分析,并从宏观和微观上提出了发展建议。     

我国军用主食品发展现状、问题和建议

军用食品是保障部队官兵战斗力的基础后勤物资,科学摄入主食产品是我军健康膳食的重要基础。首先对我国军粮主食产业发展现状进行概述,分析了我国军用主食产业存在成品粮加工精度高,官兵主食摄入量不足,健康谷物摄入比例不足和缺乏必要科普宣传等问题,并就我军军用主食品发展提出一些思考与建议：加强健康谷物科学膳食理念宣传,改善官兵膳食结构,提倡军粮适度加工,提高主食品中全谷物占比,借此达到增强官兵体质和战斗力及降低慢性疾病发病率的目的;加大军民协同科技攻关创新力度,推动粮食产业军民融合发展,以期为解决部队后勤保障问题,促进驻地粮企良性发展和助力粮食产业转型升级提供参考。     

资讯

早餐全谷物,营养优升级 作为全球营养健康领域的先锋——雀巢公司宣布,“雀巢脆谷乐”等谷物早餐产品全面升级为全谷物产品。为提高消费者每天第一餐的营养价值,雀巢与中国营养学会通力合作,鼓励谷物食物的摄入,并利用雀巢的研发机构,研制出“全谷物”营养早餐,确保消费者摄取到更均衡的营养成分,为消费者提供更为优质和健康美味的早餐。同时,雀巢谷物早餐已经采用全新的全谷物标识,帮助消费者做出更健康的早餐选择。     

The Impact of Milling and Thermal Processing on Phenolic Compounds in Cereal Grains

Consumption of wholegrain foods has been recommended for healthy diets. The beneficial health properties of wholegrain products have been associated with the presence of higher amounts of dietary fiber and antioxidants and lower calories as compared to their respective refined ones. Phenolic compounds are mainly attributed to antioxidant properties of wholegrain foods. This review article provides a single comprehensive source that describes effects of milling and thermal processing on phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties in cereals. In general, milling and pearling processes affect the distribution of phenolic, compounds and thus antioxidant properties vary among the milling fractions. Thermal processes such as baking and extrusion could cause negative or positive effects on phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of the end product subject to grain type and processing conditions. Thus factors that enhance health benefits of wholegrain cereal products have been discussed.     

未来粮油食品科技的发展与挑战

粮油安全保障已成为国家战略,对维持社会稳定、带动乡村振兴、推动我国国民经济快速、健康发展具有举足轻重的作用。随着全球人口的急剧增加及食品工业的持续发展,人民对于粮油产品的消费需求日趋多样化、健康化、低碳化。但在我国,粮油产业发展正因粮油加工资源有限、绿色加工技术较差、适度加工手段匮乏、营养因子机理不明、危害风险控制困难等问题掣肘。随着生命科学、信息技术和材料技术的发展,以食品组学、合成生物学、营养学和材料学等为基石的未来粮油食品科学与技术有望从技术层面应对上述挑战。概述了粮油食品产业在国民经济中的地位与作用,归纳了粮油食品产业的发展状况、趋势与市场情况,介绍了我国粮油食品科学与技术面临的挑战,以此为基础,展望未来粮油食品科学与技术的发展趋势,包括油脂加工适度化、粮食生产绿色化、安全控制智能化和营养供给精准化等。     

发芽、发酵对谷物营养和功能活性成分的影响及其应用研究进展

谷物是我国传统膳食的主食,是人体能量的最经济、最重要的来源。然而近年来,我国居民谷物消费量逐年下降。此外,谷物食品存在消化吸收效率不高,部分谷物含有抗营养因子等缺陷,同时产品缺乏创新,限制了谷物类产品的消费和推广。已有研究证实,发芽和发酵作用可影响谷物营养及功能活性成分的变化,而且可以增强谷物在人体内的消化吸收率,降低部分人群的过敏反应,并且可以改善谷物的风味,有效提升谷物的营养及使用价值。本文主要分析了发芽和发酵作用对谷物营养及功能活性成分的影响,并对谷物类加工的国内外研究进展进行了归纳,对谷物类食品加工未来的研究和发展方向进行了展望。旨在为发芽和发酵在谷物加工中的应用提供理论参考。     

Implications of recent research on microstructure modifications,through heat-related processing and trait alteration to bio-functions,molecular thermal stability and mobility,metabolic characteristics and nutrition in cool-climate cereal grains and other types of seeds with advanced molecular techniques

ABSTRACT

The cutting-edge synchrotron radiation based and globar-sourced vibrational infrared microspectroscopy have recently been developed. These novel techniques are able to reveal structure features at cellular and molecular levels with the tested tissues being intact. However, to date, the advanced techniques are unfamiliar or unknown to food and feed scientists and have not been used to study the molecular structure changes in cool-climate cereal grain seeds and other types of bio-oil and bioenergy seeds. This article aims to provide some recent research in cool-climate cereal grains and other types of seeds on molecular structures and metabolic characteristics of carbohydrate and protein, and implication of microstructure modification through heat-related processing and trait alteration to bio-functions, molecular thermal stability and mobility, and nutrition with advanced molecular techniques- synchrotron radiation based and globar-sourced vibrational infrared microspectroscopy in the areas of (1) Inherent microstructure of cereal grain seeds; (2) The nutritional values of cereal grains; (3) Impact and modification of heat-related processing to cereal grain; (4) Conventional nutrition evaluation methodology; (5) Synchrotron radiation-based and globar-sourced vibrational (micro)-spectroscopy for molecular structure study and molecular thermal stability and mobility, and (6) Recent molecular spectroscopic technique applications in research on raw, traits altered and processed cool-climate cereal grains and other types of seeds. The information described in this article gives better insights of research progress and update in cool-climate cereal grains and other seeds with advanced molecular techniques.     

Sensory characteristics of wholegrain and bran-rich cereal foods – A review

BackgroundWholegrain foods are known to be health-beneficial but their sensory characteristics may be a limiting factor for consumption. The scientific literature of factors influencing sensory quality of wholegrain foods is rather scarce.Scope and approachMany cereals like rye, oats, barley and sorghum are actually used mainly as wholegrain, whereas for wheat the situation is the opposite. This review deals with factors that differentiate the sensory properties of wholegrain and bran-rich foods from those of refined cereal foods.Key findings and conclusionsWholegrain and bran contain flavour-active compounds, flavour precursors and resistant cell wall structures causing changes in flavour and texture during processing. In wholegrain foods, different chemical constituents contribute to bitterness. Increased knowledge on flavour formation has led to the possibility to not only measure but actually also design the flavour. Structure and texture are also important determinants underlying eating quality and stability of cereal foods. Hitherto established means of modulating sensory quality and thus improving acceptability of wholegrain foods are presented.     

易煮全谷物糙米加工技术研究进展

全谷物糙米蒸煮时间长、不易熟化、适口性和消化性较差,且储藏周期短,限制了糙米粒食的消费与推广.为改善全谷物糙米蒸煮特性和满足消费者对全谷物糙米健康属性的追求,利用先进的加工技术提升其食用品质、营养功能性和储藏稳定性已成为当今全谷物糙米的研究重点.阐述了全谷物糙米的成分组成及结构特点,分析了影响全谷物糙米蒸煮品质的主要因素;重点介绍了近年国内外采用的生物和物理加工技术以及新型非热加工技术在全谷物糙米加工中的应用,并阐明其工作原理及作用特点,指出了各种加工技术存在的优缺点;对未来糙米粒食的研究方向进行了展望.本研究旨在为创制高品质、高营养、高生物利用度的易煮全谷物糙米产品提供参考.     

谷物在我国运动营养食品中的应用

运动员、健身爱好者等在运动过程中常常会消耗大量的体能, 需要摄入运动营养食品以恢复身体机能。谷物是大米、小麦、小米、大豆等及其他杂粮的总称, 营养丰富。一些谷物还含有某些具有保健作用的特殊成分或活性物质, 这些成分在运动营养食品加工的应用方面具有较大潜力。本文对谷物的种类、营养价值、保健功效进行了介绍, 并综述了谷物在我国运动营养食品中的应用现状, 为促进谷物运动营养食品产业的发展提供重要的参考依据。     

Superheated steam processing of cereals and cereal products: A review

The concept of superheated steam (SS) was proposed over a century ago and has been widely studied as a drying method. SS processing of cereals and cereal products has been extensively studied in recent years for its advantages of higher drying rates above the inversion temperature, oxygen-free environment, energy conservation, and environmental protection. This review provides a brief introduction to the history, principles, and classification of SS. The applications of SS processing in the drying, enzymatic inactivation, sterilization, mycotoxin degradation, roasting, and cooking of cereals and cereal products are summarized and discussed. Moreover, the effects of SS processing on the physicochemical properties of cereals and the qualities of cereal foods are reviewed and discussed. The applications of SS for cereal processing and its effects on cereal properties have been extensively studied; however, issues such as the browning of cereal foods, thermal damage of starch, protein denaturation, and nutrition loss have not been comprehensively studied. Therefore, further studies are required to better understand the mechanism of the quality changes caused by SS processing and to expand the fields of application of SS in the cereal processing industry. This review enhances the understanding of SS processing and presents theoretical suggestions for promoting SS processing to improve the safety and quality of cereals and cereal products.     

燕麦全粉工业化加工技术研究

传统的燕麦制粉一般产生30％～35％的燕麦麸副产品,大多用作饲料.为了有效利用燕麦资源,研究了不同燕麦原料的主要品质指标和淀粉糊化特征,选择定莜7号等3个品种进行燕麦全粉加工;通过加工工艺优化,确定微波功率为4.8 kW、微波速度1.2 m/min、微波温度(120±5)℃,挤压控制3段温度170℃-150℃-60℃、...