新型海上风电支撑结构设计与分析

为解决海上风电基础结构存在的材料强度利用率低、应力集中等问题,提出一种新型桁架式海上风电支撑结构.建立设计水深为10m的三维有限元模型,利用ANSYS有限元分析软件首先进行结构模态分析,得出固有频率值,以确定结构不会与风机的工作频率耦合发生共振.对包括风机运转载荷在内的6种不同工况进行静力和动力分析,得到静力分析结果和单元的时程曲线,与传统的单柱式进行比较,结果表明:新型海上风电支撑结构动力分析结果与静力相比,顶部最大位移增大0.002m,最大yon Mises应力增大2.3MPa,低于相同刚度单柱式结构的0.026m、25.7MPa,具有良好的动力性能.     

基于VC-综合赋权法的海上风电APF配置优化方法研究

大容量海上风电机组的接入改变了传统电力系统结构,给电网带来了谐波等问题,影响了电能质量。为抑制海上风电机组产生的低次谐波,文章首先建立了海上风电机组并网电流的低次谐波理论模型;然后,在仿真软件ETAP上搭建海上风电机组仿真模型,验证不同出力情况下风电场的输出谐波特性;最后,基于风电场输出谐波特性,提出变异系数（Variation Coefficient,VC）综合赋权法对风电场有源滤波器（APF）进行优化配置,提升了风电场谐波的治理效果。基于实际算例验证了所提方法的有效性。     

欧洲海上风电的发展

介绍了欧洲海上风电的开发阶段、海上风电技术发展的里程碑;从海上风资源评估、风电机组、海上风电场设计和并网等方面论述了海上风电的主要技术特点;比较了海上和陆上风电的成本结构,并根据已建成的海上风电项目的投资成本数据,分析了海上风电的经济性.     

5 MW双馈风电机组低电压穿越的仿真分析

针对海上风力发电机组安全可靠运行要求的发展趋势,本文在阐述双馈风电机组控制原理的基础上,建立了双馈发电机及其变流器的控制模型。其次,在分析电力系统对并网风电机组低电压穿越原理基础上,比较分析了双馈风电机组低电压穿越的各种控制技术方案。最后,结合海上用5.0 MW双馈风力发电机组电气参数,对2种典型低电压穿越的转子电路保护措施进行了仿真比较。分析结果表明,采用二极管整流桥加IGBT和保护电阻构成斩波器的措施具有较好的暂态控制效果。     

全钢型负压筒式海上风电机组基础结构的监测参数预报

针对东海海域首个配备监测系统的全钢型负压筒式海上风电机组进行数值模拟研究。首先对海洋环境载荷进行分析，分别建立全钢型负压筒基础模型和主体钢结构模型，采用叠加法计算风电机组的倾角变形；并对不同工况下负压筒和结构的监测量进行数值模拟，最终分析所有测点监测参数的变化范围，从而确定实时监测报警系统参数阈值，并进行报警分析，可为海上风电机组的运维安全提供参考。     

考虑时间窗约束的海上风电机组运维方案优化

降低运维成本是保障海上风电经济效益的关键,运维方案优化对降低海上风电机组运维成本和提高发电量起着双重作用。根据风电机组零部件的可靠度模型,计算出每台风电机组最佳维修时机对应的时间窗,考虑提前维修和故障后维修的经济损失,建立包含时间窗约束的海上风电机组运维方案优化模型,然后设计基于参数优化的改进遗传算法计算出最优运维方案。最后采用某海上风电场内风电机组运维案例验证模型和算法,结果表明考虑时间窗约束的运维方案可大幅度提高海上风电的经济效益,改进遗传算法比传统遗传算法具有更强的寻优能力。     

发电机故障时海上风电机组动态特性分析

以海上风电机组为研究对象,建立了风电机组模型,以湍流风和随机波浪作为输入条件,考虑重力载荷、空气动力载荷、惯性力载荷和波浪力载荷的影响,基于FAST软件仿真发电机故障时风电机组的运行过程,并研究了发电机故障时变桨速率对风电机组载荷的影响规律.结果表明:故障对风电机组叶片危害严重,发生故障时受惯性力增大的影响叶根处轴向力发生突变,叶根处受力最大;采用主动控制变桨-顺桨对叶片进行卸载,变桨速率对叶尖位移有重要影响.     

我国潮间带风电发展概况

虽然我国第一台海上风电机组并非安装在潮间带地区,但在经历了5年左右的发展后,潮间带风电项目在我国海上风电项目中占据了主流地位。因此,若想对我国海上风电发展有一个清晰的认识,对潮间带风电的了解显得非常重要。     

海上风电防腐蚀研究现状与前景

近年来,海上风电技术在全世界范围内迅速发展,作为能源系统去碳化和实现零排放的关键技术之一,海上风电的地位日趋重要。我国的海上风能资源丰富,但风电机组在高盐雾、高湿度、长日照、微生物附着等苛刻的海洋环境中长期运行时,面临着严峻的腐蚀挑战。本文从风电机组组成的角度出发,综述了目前行业内对风电机组各部位的腐蚀防护研究情况,并提出了未来海上风电防腐蚀研究的展望。     

基于超级电容的海上风电机组电动变桨系统设计

变桨系统是海上风电机组的核心部件,对机组安全运行具有十分重要的作用。液压变桨系统存在漏油等问题,蓄电池电动变桨系统存在电池的低温性能差、使用寿命短等问题。文章探讨了使用超级电容作为后备电源的电动变桨系统的设计,并对蓄电池与超级电容进行了比较分析。用超级电容作为海上风电机组电动变桨系统的后备电源,可充分发挥超级电容耐低温、寿命长的特性,提高风机安全性和运行效率,降低海上风电机组的维护成本。通过分析变桨系统力矩,对超级电容电动变桨系统的选择进行了理论计算和推导,并进行了实际测试,为海上风电机组电动变桨系统后备电源的设计提供了有效方法。     

基于精确桩土模型的桁架式大型海上风力机地震动力学响应分析

为更精确研究桁架式大型海上风力机在地震载荷作用下的结构动力学响应,建立桩土模型,描述土体物理性质与桩-土间的相互作用,以桁架式支撑结构的美国可再生能源实验室(NREL)5 MW海上风力机为研究对象,建立有限元模型并分析在湍流风与地震联合作用下的动力学响应.结果 表明:相较于湍流风,地震作用对桁架式海上风力机动力学响应的...     

一种考虑海上风电支撑结构非零初始条件的动力响应计算方法

提出一种能够考虑海上风电支撑结构非零初始条件的动力响应计算方法。该方法创新之处在于将波浪等环境荷载用一系列极值及留数替代,从而可在Laplace域与非零初始条件影响项进行合并。分别采用海上风电单桩式和导管架式支撑结构进行验证。结果表明:除起始短暂时刻外,所提出新方法与传统时域方法计算结果基本一致。     

筒间距对四筒导管架基础在砂土中承载特性的影响

导管架吸力筒基础是近年来兴起的一种新型的海上风电基础,目前对其承载特性的研究相对较少。针对四筒导管架海上风力机基础,通过建立不同筒间距的四筒导管架基础有限元模型,研究了筒间距对导管架基础在砂土中极限承载力的影响。研究发现：导管架基础的竖向承载力受筒间距变化的影响不大,而极限水平、抗弯以及抗扭承载力随筒间距的增大而呈现明显的增加趋势。     

Feasibility study of offshore wind turbine substructures for southwest offshore wind farm project in Korea

Korea has huge potential for offshore wind energy and the first Korean offshore wind farm has been initiated off the southwest coast. With increasing water depth, different substructures of the offshore wind turbine, such as the jacket and multipile, are the increasing focus of attention because they appear to be cost-effective. However, these substructures are still in the early stages of development in the offshore wind industry. The aim of the present study was to design a suitable substructure, such as a jacket or multipile, to support a 5 MW wind turbine in 33 m deep water for the Korean Southwest Offshore Wind Farm. This study also aimed to compare the dynamic responses of different substructures including the monopile, jacket and multipile and evaluate their feasibility. We therefore performed an eigenanalysis and a coupled aero-hydro-servo-elastic simulation under deterministic and stochastic conditions in the environmental conditions in Korea. The results showed that the designed jacket and multipile substructures, together with the modified monopile, were well located at soft–stiff intervals, where most modern utility-scale wind turbine support structures are designed. The dynamic responses of the different substructures showed that of the three substructures, the performance of the jacket was very good. In addition, considering the simple configuration of the multipile, which results in lower manufacturing cost, this substructure can provide another possible solution for Korean’s first offshore wind farm. This study provides knowledge that can be applied for the deployment of large-scale offshore wind turbines in intermediate water depths in Korea.     

Service reliability of offshore wind turbines

A probabilistic formulation is proposed to assess the performance of the support structure of offshore wind turbines based on their probability and expected time of exceeding specified drift thresholds. To this end, novel probabilistic models are developed to predict the mean and standard deviation of the drift ratio response of wind turbine support structures operating under day-to-day loads as a function of the wind turbine geometry and material properties, and loading conditions. The proposed models are assessed using a database of virtual experiments generated using detailed three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear finite element (FE) models of a set of representative wind turbine configurations. The developed models are then used in a random vibration formulation to estimate the probability and expected time of exceeding specified drift thresholds. As an example, the probability and expected time of exceeding specified drift thresholds are estimated for a typical offshore wind turbine at different wind speeds. A comparison is made between the results obtained based on the proposed models, those obtained using simulators commonly used in practice and detailed 3D nonlinear FE analyses.     

Accurate and efficient modeling of complex offshore wind turbine support structures using augmented superelements

Traditionally, wind turbine dynamics are analyzed using computationally efficient but geometrically coarse aeroelastic models. With ever larger offshore turbines being installed in deeper waters, the wind industry is gradually moving toward more complex foundation types such as jackets and tripods. Even the simplest models of such structures have many more degrees of freedom (DoFs) than the complete wind turbine model, leading to excessive computation times. To cope with this, we can employ reduced ‘superelement’ modeling of the support structure. However, since these structures are subjected to hydrodynamic loading at a large portion of their DoFs, traditional reduction methods fail to properly describe the response to this excitation. In this paper, we therefore propose to combine superelement modeling with the concept of modal truncation augmentation, which consists in extending the reduction basis by adding ‘residual vectors’. Furthermore, we use principal component analysis to find the predominant hydrodynamic loading on the support structure. A case study is performed on a reference wind turbine model on a jacket structure, revealing both the need for coupled dynamic analysis and the shortcomings of traditional superelement models for offshore support structures. Most importantly, this case study shows that the proposed augmented superelement approach allows to create very compact yet accurate models of the complex support structure, thereby enabling efficient integrated simulation of offshore wind turbines.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海上风力发电机组基础的选择

介绍了海上风力发电的发展现状,结合海上采油平台形式,对海上风电机组采用的基础定义、基础类型及其选择进行了介绍。     

桩土相互作用模拟方法对海上风机整体结构模态分析的影响

鉴于海上风机整体结构自身的频率较低使基础设计往往受其整体频率的控制,以江苏省海上某风电场工程为例,选取m法、p-y曲线法及DP模型实体有限元方法3种桩土相互作用模拟方法,分析了不同方法对海上风机整体结构模态分析产生的影响。结果表明,3种方法计算的频率相差较小,结果可靠。     

Scenario analysis for techno‐economic model development of U.S. offshore wind support structures

Challenging bathymetry and soil conditions of future US offshore wind power plants might promote the use of multimember, fixed‐bottom structures (or ‘jackets’) in place of monopiles. Support structures affect costs associated with the balance of system and operation and maintenance. Understanding the link between these costs and the main environmental design drivers is crucial in the quest for a lower levelized cost of energy, and it is the main rationale for this work. Actual cost and engineering data are still scarce; hence, we evaluated a simplified engineering approach to tie key site and turbine parameters (e.g. water depth, wave height, tower‐head mass, hub height and generator rating) to the overall support weight. A jacket‐and‐tower sizing tool, part of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's system engineering software suite, was utilized to achieve mass‐optimized support structures for 81 different configurations. This tool set provides preliminary sizing of all jacket components. Results showed reasonable agreement with the available industry data, and that the jacket mass is mainly driven by water depth, but hub height and tower‐head mass become more influential at greater turbine ratings. A larger sensitivity of the structural mass to wave height and target eigenfrequency was observed for the deepest water conditions (>40 m). Thus, techno‐economic analyses using this model should be based on accurate estimates of actual metocean conditions and turbine parameters especially for deep waters. The relationships derived from this study will inform National Renewable Energy Laboratory's offshore balance of system cost model, and they will be used to evaluate the impact of changes in technology on offshore wind lower levelized cost of energy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simplified fatigue load assessment in offshore wind turbine structural analysis

The estimation of fatigue lifetime for an offshore wind turbine support structure requires a large number of time‐domain simulations. It is an important question whether it is possible to reduce the number of load cases while retaining a high level of accuracy of the results. We present a novel method for simplified fatigue load assessments based on statistical regression models that estimate fatigue damage during power production. The main idea is to predict the total fatigue damage only and not also the individual damage values for each load case. We demonstrate the method for a jacket‐type support structure. Reducing the number of simulated load cases from 21 to 3, the total fatigue damage estimate exhibited a maximum error of about 6% compared with the complete assessment. As a consequence, a significant amount of simulation time can be saved, in the order of a factor of seven. This quick fatigue assessment is especially interesting in the application of structural optimization, with a large number of iterations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.