Hydrologically Based Environmental Flow Methods Applied to Rivers in the Maritime Provinces (Canada)

The demand for water withdrawal continues to increase worldwide. These water withdrawals from rivers can affect fish habitat and aquatic life. As such, environmental flow assessment methods are used in order to protect rivers against excessive water withdrawals. The concept of environmental flow relates to the quantity of water required in rivers to sustain an acceptable level of living conditions for aquatic biota at various phases of their development. For many agencies, environmental flow methods are essential in environmental impact assessments and in the protection of important fisheries resources. The present study deals with the evaluation of hydrologically based environmental flow methods within the Maritime Province of Canada. In total, six hydrologically based environmental flow methods were compared using data from 52 hydrometric stations across the region. Some methods provided adequate environmental flow protection (e.g. 25% mean annual flow and Q₅₀ flow duration method); however, other methods did not provide adequate flow protection (e.g. Q₉₀ flow duration method and 7Q10 and 7Q2 low‐flow frequency). The 70% Q₅₀ method provided adequate flow protection only under good baseflow conditions and should be applied with extreme caution. The present study shows the importance of the hydrologic flow regime, particularly as it pertains to the baseflow component, as a significant determinant in the level of instream flow protection. © 2014 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. River Research and Applications © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

AN APPROACH IN MODELING TWO-DIMENSIONAL PARTIALLY CAVITATING FLOW

1. INTRODUCTIONCavitation is a phenomenon that widely occurs in liquids. When the flow leads to the local pressure below the saturation vapor pressure of water (the fluid medium, in our research), usually incipient cavitation firstly occurs on the solid b…     

Application of the ‘natural flow paradigm’ in a New Zealand context

The natural flow paradigm (NFP) emphasizes the need to partially or fully maintain or restore the range of natural intra‐ and interannual variation of hydrologic regimes to protect native biodiversity and the evolutionary potential of aquatic, riparian and wetland ecosystems. Based on our studies of natural and managed flow regimes in New Zealand, we do not believe that all components of the natural flow regime are necessary to achieve the objectives of the NFP, either partially or fully, because many aquatic species have very flexible niches and life‐history requirements (i.e. there is ‘ecological redundancy’). Obviously, maintaining the natural flow regime will maintain the hydrologic and hydraulic conditions necessary for sustaining natural ecosystems. However, if there is adequate knowledge of what ‘values’ need to be maintained in a waterway, and the aspects of the flow regime that are required to maintain those values are also known, then regimes can be designed that target these requirements and thus optimize conditions for the ‘values’. We believe that an assessment of ecosystem requirements using information on river processes together with habitat requirements and life‐history strategies of biota can achieve the best balance between resource use and sustaining ecosystem function and value, and show examples where changes to natural flow regimes have maintained, or even improved, instream values in some New Zealand rivers. We caution that simple flow‐based rules, such as those that might be developed under the NFP, could be unnecessarily restrictive on multiple use of water in New Zealand while, at the same time, preclude the opportunity for enhancement of key ecosystem values in many waterways. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

台阶式溢流坝中小流量流态改善方式研究

台阶式溢流坝有显著的掺气效果和消能效果,目前在中小型工程中广泛应用。但是台阶式溢流坝在小流量浅水深的工况下,坝面上流态较差,呈现跌流或者过渡流态,容易形成水翅和水流跃离现象。为了解决上述问题,本文结合某工程通过水工模型试验研究对台阶起始端的体型进行优化,结果表明优化方案能够很好地改善较小流量时的过渡流态。     

中小型泄水工程利用附着混合流消能问题的探讨

本文介绍了混合流的概念，结合某一中型水库的试验，观测了混合流在抬高尾水时的下游流态。流速分布的变化规律以及对消能效果的影响。从而说明了低水头泄洪建筑物利用挑流消能有更多的可能性。     

均匀来流中振动圆柱尾迹涡结构的数值研究

本文从涡量流函数形式的N-S方程出发,对于不同的振动频率、振幅,首次数值研究了均匀来流中沿任意方向(参见图1,0°相似文献   

无旋流研究

本文将变分法和流网相结合,从理论上证明了无旋流条件下流量达到极大值,并总结出流量达到极大值时,下游流动的两种表现形式:临界流和均速流。文中给出了下游流动分别为临界流和均速流两种情况下的7个实例。在无旋流条件下,应用本文的结果可以进行如下两种情况的计算:(1)利用求极大值来求流量;(2)当流量已知时,如果下游流动为临界流,则可求水深及流速;如下游流动为均速流,则可求流速等。     

ON THE CALCULATION OF FLOW OVER AND THROUGH A ROCK-FILL DAM

1.INTRODUCTIONInthedesignofanovertoppedrock--filldam,oneofthemajortasksistodecidethesizeofthedownstreamprotection.Theovertoppedrock--filldamismadeofporousmedia,thereforethewaterwillpenetrateintothedamfromtheupperfaceandemergeoutofitfromthelowerpart,whileitflowsoverthedam.Hence,theprotectionissubjectedtotheactionofboththeoverflowandtheseepageflow,andneitherofthemcanbenegligible.Inthiscase,theflowfieldconsistsoftwoparts:theopenflowandtheseepageflow,whichhavedifferentproperties.Infact,forthe…     

直槽流动失稳过程数值模拟的可视化

本文利用计算机可视化的方法对直槽流动的数值模拟结果进行了处理，得到了若干组显示涡量场和涡管运动变化的计算机动画，通过对这些直观的动画进行分析，发现了直槽流动失稳的一些现象，对于流动稳定性的研究具有一定的参考价值。     

低含沙水流运动特性综述

本文着重综述了清水水流、挟沙水流的流速分布动特性、能量间分配关系等流动现象的内部规律，并系统分析比较了它们的异同，文中还兼论了卡门常数。     

内、外边界定压条件下地层压力的解

本文在内、外边界定压的条件下得到了平面单向流和平面径向流两种渗流形式在拉氏空间的解析解，利用Stehfest数值反演方法给出了地层各点的压力分布曲线，由这些曲线可以清楚地看到流体的流动由不稳态流向稳态流过渡以及最后达到稳态流的过程。本文给出的压力解可用于准确预测油井(或水井)由开井达到稳定生产所需要的最小时间，同时也是对油藏渗流力学基础理论的一个有意义的补充。     

流量法测量文丘里管流量系数的误差研究

主要探讨在文丘里管测量流量系数实验中流量系数取值过程中的误差,借用能量方程,推导出了考虑水头损失时流量系数的理论公式,通过实验比较分析了不同阻力系数下计算得出的流量系数的误差大小,提出了在Re＜105对一种简化流量系数取值过程的计算方法,并验证了其可靠性.另外通过比较在同一水流环境下两次不同流量计算得到的流量系数,分析了流量测量引起的误差对于流量系数取值的影响.     

坡面流阻力研究进展

主要从坡面流流态对坡面流阻力的影响、坡面流阻力与雷诺数的关系、降雨对坡面流阻力的影响、坡面流阻力公式4个方面对前人关于坡面流阻力的研究成果进行了总结。结果表明:坡面流流态的不确定性导致了坡面流阻力变化更为复杂;坡面流阻力与雷诺数之间并无良好单一的相关关系;降雨对坡面流阻力有很大的影响作用但具体影响机理并未有明确的结论;坡面流阻力公式表征仍用明渠水流概念及表达方式,并且3个阻力系数n、f、C哪个更适合表征坡面流阻力尚无统一的结论。进而对目前存在的问题进行了分析,对今后的发展进行了展望,认为需在研究方法和实验设备及量测技术方面有所突破,才可以更好的对坡面流阻力进行全面系统的研究。     

管流与明渠层流的总流机械能方程及机械能损失计算

管流与明渠流同属流体力学中的内流,其总流机械能方程在水力学中称为总流能量方程。现有水力学中的总流能量方程是以理想不可压缩液体的伯努利方程为基础得到的,无法得到总流机械能损失的表达式。该文作者曾直接从黏性不可压缩流体运动的控制方程出发分别得到了管流及明渠流的总流机械能方程,解决了以上问题。考虑到层流条件下明渠流自由表面的变形特点,该文在前述工作基础上,将管流及明渠流在层流条件下的总流机械能方程进行了统一,同时还分别计算了管流(圆管、不同长短半轴比的椭圆管、不同宽高比的矩形管和不同内外径比圆环管)及明渠流(不同宽深比的矩形明渠)在层流条件下的总流机械能损失系数。结果表明:在同一雷诺数条件下,圆管层流的总流机械能损失系数比椭圆管层流、矩形管层流、圆环管层流及较大宽深比的矩形明渠层流的机械能损失系数要小。     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE VORTEX STRUCTURES IN THE WAKE OF AN OSCILLATING CIRCULAR CYLINDER IN A UNIFORM FLOW

ＮＵＭＥＲＩＣＡＬＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＴＨＥＶＯＲＴＥＸＳＴＲＵＣＴＵＲＥＳＩＮＴＨＥＷＡＫＥＯＦＡＮＯＳＣＩＬＬＡＴＩＮＧＣＩＲＣＵＬＡＲＣＹＬＩＮＤＥＲＩＮＡＵＮＩＦＯＲＭＦＬＯＷＬｕＸｉ－ｙｕｎ；ＴｏｎｇＢｉｎｇ－ｇａｎｇ；ＺｈｕａｎｇＬｉ－ｘｉａｎ...     

APPLICATION OF MILES－HOWARD THEOREM TO STUDY THE INSTABILITY OF ATMOSPHERIC GRAVITY WAVES ON A HETEROGENEOUS ORTHOGONAL SHEAR FLOW

ＡＰＰＬＩＣＡＴＩＯＮ　ＯＦ　ＭＩＬＥＳ－ＨＯＷＡＲＤ　ＴＨＥＯＲＥＭ　ＴＯ　ＳＴＵＤＹ　ＴＨＥ　ＩＮＳＴＡＢＩＬＩＴＹ　ＯＦ　ＡＴＭＯＳＰＨＥＲＩＣ　ＧＲＡＶＩＴＹ　ＷＡＶＥＳ　ＯＮ　Ａ　ＨＥＴＥＲＯＧＥＮＥＯＵＳ　ＯＲＴＨＯＧＯＮＡＬ　ＳＨＥＡＲ...     

流速仪流量测验方法探讨

为提高他什店站径流量统计成果精度,减小由于流量测次分布不够,而使得流量资料整编时所推算出的径流量存在一定的误差。通过对比分析,选择一种既降低单次测流的工作量并缩短测流时间、同时所测流量的测验误差符合规范规定的流速仪流量测验方法,用这种方法增加每日流量测验的次数,尽可能达到能反映流量日变化的过程,提高用连实测流量过程线法进行流量资料整编的精度,进一步提高径流量统计成果的精度。     

INVESTIGATION ON THE SPLASH LENGTH OF THE AERATED JET

Atomized flow forms as an aerated jet from high dams impacts against the downstream water surface at high speed. Of all the regions of atomized flow the splash region is in the center of storm rainfall, which might cause certain damage to the hydropower stations and thence more attention should be paid. In this paper the impact of the water drop at the outer edge of the aerated jet against the downstream water surface was analyzed, and the motion of the splash water drop was investigated. Furthermore, a new formula for the calculation of the splash length was suggested, which is in good agreement with the data of model tests and prototype observation.     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON SOUND SPEED PROPAGATING THROUGH HIGH SPEED AERATED FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL

An experiment concerning the sound propaga-tion in aerated open channel flow was designed and conductedin a variable slope chute. The acquisition of sound data wasdone by the hydro-phones installed into the bottom wall of thechute. The data were analyzed and processed by the tape re-corder and a 3562A analyzer. The primary experimetal resultsindicated that the sound speed in aerated flow is varied with the air concentration and highly lower than each of the soundspeed in pure water or air. As released by the derived theoryformula, the minimum sound of 24m/s in aerated flow hap-pened when the air concentration achieved to 50%. This resultshows that the compressibility of high speed aerated flowshould be considered when the air concentration is near to50%. A criterion of compressibility of high speed aerated flowwas also giv. En in this paper.