可达性叠加效应与空间发展潜力研究——剖析香港轨道站域居住空间集聚形态

基于轨道系统与城市街道网络的可达性叠加效应,研究轨道站域空间发展潜力是高密度城市空间集聚形态的后续研究,是对城市集聚形态的成因和潜在动力的剖析。以空间句法的可达性评价工具为量化手段,采用K-means聚类方法,根据10km出行半径的街道网络可达性将69个港铁站分为4组,通过比较港铁系统置入城市道路网络前后的可达性,量化港铁站域的可达性提升幅度。以居住单元密度为基本研究对象,采用各区域及站点所在的选区居住单元密度之间的比值,描述港铁站核心区(200m半径)和站域(500m半径)的集聚程度,最终得出不同城市区域典型站点案例的可达性提升幅度与居住空间集聚程度的平均值。结合空间形态和发展过程分析8个不同区位港铁站域,发现轨道系统可达性叠加效应带来的发展潜力的体现程度与城市发展程度,与轨道建设时机、城市更新措施等有直接关系。解析轨道站域居住空间的集聚形态与轨道可达性之间的关系,将有利于推进我国大城市轨道站周边空间容量和形态的研究,通过引导形成集聚形态而强化轨道系统的综合效益。     

Social integration and shared living space: Psychiatric impairment among single men

This study examines the relationship between psychiatric impairment of single men in the new resource towns of north‐western Australia, and the type of dwelling occupied by these men. The data fail to provide any evidence that dwelling type directly or indirectly influences psychiatric impairment in this context. The analysis suggests that impairment may be positively influenced by stresses generated by sharing dwelling space. However, it also suggests that the sharing of internal dwelling space is a more important influence on such stress than the extent of social interaction that different dwelling types impose as a result of shared external dwelling space. A statistically significant relationship did emerge between perceived adequacy of social integration and stresses generated by sharing dwelling space. This suggests that the philosophy of providing accommodation for singles that facilitates contact with others, needs to be carefully considered in certain contexts. Where there are a variety of alternative forms of social contact, it may be that those who have most difficulty establishing an adequate social network will also have most difficulty with coping with sharing dwelling space.     

近代汉口社会转型下的住居形态研究——以街区肌理与界面为例

城市历史街区肌理往往通过其空间界面形态得到某种反映；而影响街区肌理及其界面形态的重要因素，即转型下的社会形态与之有着密切的联系，是街区空间肌理产生、界面形态形成、场所识别的内在隐含动因，故而对近代汉口住居街区肌理与界面的物质历时形态进行考察，以1890~1930年代的汉口社会发展时期为时间切片，通过对当时的市政建设、管理、以及住居开发模式等相关因素的文献与案例分析，试图解析特定的社会发展阶段对历史街区空间肌理模式及其界面的作用与影响，这对于当下同样处于急剧社会转型历史进程中的城市住居规划与建设、历史街区复兴与更新，以及探索地域社会形态与住居形式的互适性等人居环境创新思维的构建，均有一定的启示意义。     

“多适性”住宅

住宅不仅要适应各种各样的居住活动,还必须是一个稳定的居住空间。住宅的多适性和空间组织与商业或工业建筑的有所不同,主要是指各个房间所承载的居住活动之间的相互转换。多功能厅中的多适性可以通过将不同大小的空间分隔成不同功能的空间来实现,例如化妆间或休息间;而住宅中的多适性主要依赖于各个房间的组合关系,也就是空间构成。任何一套住宅的空间都可以转化成形态图示。形态图示中,如果多个房间都必须通过其他房间,比如起居室才能到达,那么这套住宅就难以适应不同的居住形式。相反,如果各个房间都有多种到达方式,那么住宅空间的适应性就比较高。围绕这一主题,通过对不同程度的多适性住宅进行分析,探讨多适性住宅的一些基本设计原理。     

Sensing multiple semantics of urban space from crowdsourcing positioning data

Urban spaces have multiple functions, and the main functions of these space change with human activities during a day; thus, there are dynamic semantics of spaces in a city. Knowing the dynamic semantics of urban spaces, which are implied in spatiotemporal patterns of human activities, can help urban planners and managers understand how a city performs over time and space. The very large amount of multidimensional user-generated data makes it possible to disclose the spatiotemporal patterns of human activities from multiple perspectives. In this paper, using Beijing as a case study, we extract the dynamic semantics of urban spaces through the spatiotemporal patterns of human activities discovered from crowdsourced positioning data. A high-order decomposition method, tensor factorization, is used to explore the crowdsourced positioning data. The decomposition results reveal five hourly patterns, four daily patterns and six spatial patterns of urban dynamics in Beijing, showing that urban dynamics in Beijing vary noticeably over different hours, days and space. The human activities implicated by hourly and daily patterns are inferred through empirical knowledge, and the activity semantics of spatial patterns are further disclosed by using the interaction relations among three dimensions stored in the core tensor. The k-means clustering method is executed to aggregate similar spatial units into one group. Five clusters of regions with similar activity semantics are discovered, the function semantics of clusters are clarified with point of interest (POI) data.     

Private and public green spaces: meaningful but different settings

There is an increased demand for more dwelling space in Western countries. In the Netherlands, this is expressed as an overwhelming preference for a single-family dwelling with a garden. In contrast to these consumer preferences, governments pursue a compact-city agenda, which implies high-density and mixed-use cities. This gap between consumer preference and government policy has led many policy makers, planners and developers to design dwelling concepts for urban areas in which the private domestic garden is substituted by public green space. In this paper we investigate whether this substitution makes sense or not by comparing the meanings people attach to both concepts. Our results clearly show that unique combinations of functions and meanings are attached to the domestic garden and public green space. Key aspects of public green space are its contribution to the livability of the dwelling environment and to the experience of nature. A key feature of the domestic garden is that it is considered as an outdoor extension of the dwelling that affords casual leisure. So, public and private green spaces are not just simple substitutes for each other.     

蔡氏古民居的居住方式及其再利用研究

大量具有历史价值的民居建筑,因其空间形式与现代生活方式、生活需求存在的矛盾长期得不到解决,而日渐衰败。因此,包括测绘调研、居住方式研究在内的民居建筑保护与再利用是当下急需开展的重要课题。本文将蔡氏古民居建筑群中六栋大厝作为研究对象,对其分户方法、单元关系、单元构成等使用现状进行记录,并以行为学的研究方式,对现代生活与文化背景下,民居建筑的空间特质--层级化、生活化、复合化等给予了全面的解读。这种研究方法为日后保护性设计及再利用方案的针对性和有效性,提供了客观依据。     

多层高效空间住宅结构的抗震研究

多层高效空间住宅打破同高度住宅的划分手段 ,创造了高效实用、灵活多样的居住空间体系 ;但一般的抗震措施及验算方法不能满足。现提出了满足多层高效空间住宅的抗震措施 ;并讨论了该结构的抗震验算方法。     

家庭结构与多代居住空间关联性 ——以广州保障房套型研究为例

为适应家有老人的两代或三代家庭多样化的居住需求,研究探索广州保障房套型设计的可持续路径。依据广州近年保障房的实际租配户型特征,探讨不同家庭结构住户的多样性居住需求,并从家庭结构与套型关联性的角度评价广州典型保障房套型在功能布局、尺度等方面的适应性。在总结实践经验的基础上,基于住宅模块化的设计理念,构建小面积保障房套型定制模块的适应性空间系列。研究初步探索了小面积套型模块与多代居住需求相适应的设计策略。     

作品·存在·空间：海德格尔与建筑现象学

文章从“作品”、“存在”、“空间”三个方面讨论了从海德格尔那里可能引申出来的建筑思想。在“作品”主题下,海德格尔思考的是如何建立“天地之争”意义上的存在者之真理,而在“存在”主题下,海氏揭示了“建筑”、“栖居”与“存在”之间种本源性的内在联系;在“空司”、司题上,海氏批评了现代哲学和科学的技术物理空间观,指出人居空间乃是基于“存在”和“栖居”的有意味的多样空闻。     

The Meaning of Home and Its Implications on Alternative Tenures: A Malaysian Perspective

The discourse on the meaning of home is largely centred on the Western experiences and perspectives, producing insights into the economic and psycho-social aspects of home, with less attention on the Eastern context. This paper explores the emotive meaning of home from the perspective of Malaysia, a nation of homeowners. Gurney’s view of home as an emotional “warehouse” framed this inquiry, supporting the notion of feelings associated with the dwelling being created, deposited and drawn by its occupants. This paper represents part of a larger housing study into an alternative housing tenure for Malaysia that argues that the sense of home can be independent of housing tenure. This paper reports the meaning of home as derived from 10 diarists who have been actively involved in creating the “home” and were therefore capable to describe the process of emotional appropriation of their lived space. Findings suggested that the process of assigning meaning to home was dependent on diarists’ feelings, perceptions, attachments and relations regarding their lived space. Diarists mainly associated their emotive construction of home with family-centred activities and space, which took place in both the micro-sense (within the dwelling) and the macro-sense (the neighbourhood).     

住宅建设项目投资风险的模糊分析

根据住宅建设中的诸多风险因素，建立了基于互补性优先关系方法的住宅建筑项目投资风险的多级模糊优化决策模型，从而降低了确定优属度和权重的主观性因素。同时采用二级模糊优化决策方法，针对具体住宅建设项目的投资风险进行了分析与测评。     

居住小区的环境设计

随着科技的进步和社会的发展，人们的物质生活得到了极大的提高，在居住小区的设计中，不但要合理解决居住空间的有无问题，还需要赋予居住空间更多的人文关怀，提升健康因素，满足人们的精神需求，优化邻里间的关系，创造良好的人居环境。     

基于空间图解及基础转译的山居空间 模式探析

"山居玖式"以"行望居游"分类山居的方式引发了"将身体运动与山居空间建立转译关系"的思考。基于此启发及园林调研,将"行望居游"的山居方式与典型的山居基本空间建立转译关系,并以空间图解的方法解析归纳出螺旋式、取景式、山房式、回环式、山梯式、并联式、穿越式、点景式8种典型的复合山居空间模式,旨在以"空间"视角深化对园林的认识,并提供园林设计的相关参考。     

LOFT与住宅套型空间设计的思考

城市中LOFT户型的出现已屡见不鲜,但是对它的研究还有待深入。该文主要通过分析LOFT建筑的形式特点,结合近几年出现的LOFT户型的典型实例,探讨其在住宅套型空间设计方面的影响与新思路。     

Urban and rural housing characteristics of Poland

The low availability of housing has increased in Poland since the 1960s, while other socialist nations of eastern Europe reduced their housing shortages. Housing is important irrespective of the economic system of the country, whether socialist or non-socialist. In a socialist economy housing is heavily subsidized to meet the minimal requirements for all the people. Although the expressed policy of a socialist country is to minimize the differences between the rural and urban areas, there are still basic socio-economic differences between rural and urban housing stock in Poland. This study found that there were distinct differences between rural and urban dwelling units in their age, condition, uses and composition. In rural areas more single-family units of a sub-standard nature, belonging to the building period of the 1980s, were usually found as opposed to multi-family dwelling units of a deficient nature, reconstructed and/or built during the post-World War II period in the urban areas. Further, it was found that dwelling units in rural areas use asbestos as roofing material, popular due to its low cost, and despite the hazard it poses to health.     

对三代家人同居型住宅的设计探索

依据三代家人同居（三代居）型家庭的现状和发展趋势,该文分析了当前的住宅户型用来做三代居型住宅时的弊端,对适用的户型做出了展望,并设计出相应的三代居型住宅通过对三代居型家庭的家庭成员结构和居住模式的模拟,验证了该户型的实用性。     

Spatial adaptability and flexibility as parameters of user satisfaction for quality housing

Residential satisfaction on dwelling space is the function of three groups of variables. These are user characteristics, physical attributes of a space, and beliefs and perception of the user about the experienced space. This article intends to focus on the evaluation of the ‘dwelling space’ in terms of residential satisfaction of the occupants. Level of residential satisfaction gradually decreases by the time with the changing spatial needs of occupants. Users achieve satisfaction by changing the physical characteristics of their environments to create more adaptable and flexible spaces. Adaptability and flexibility are quality characteristics of a space. In this study, they are studied in terms of size, space organization, and changes and alterations on physical attributes. This study presents the results of a comparative analysis of four 2-bedroom type apartment units, having different plan organizations and physical attributes. Factors of spatial satisfaction due to size and physical characteristics of dwelling spaces after alterations were investigated. Comparisons were made to find out the potential plan types for future alterations for residential satisfaction. This study is based on the data of a comprehensive post-occupancy evaluation of 16–20 year old housing settlement in Istanbul, Ataköy.     

环境心理学在室内设计中的应用与研究

分析了室内环境中人的心理与行为,从室内环境的功能、空间、色彩、装饰风格等探讨了室内设计与人的心理关系,指出室内设计与人的心理间是相互制约、相互影响的,人与环境是具有内在联系的,不可分割的有机体。     

社会问题的空间视角——以城市低收入流动人口的居住为例

城市化的发展,低收入流动人口的居住问题已经成为当前中国加速城市化进程中的一个突出问题.聚焦于物质形态空间,在对低收入流动人口这一弱势群体的居住类型、聚居形态、居住品质进行调查分析的基础上,结合国外解决流动人口居住问题的相关经验,从建筑、社区、城市三个层面探讨适合低收入流动人口居住的相关策略,从而使社会问题空间化,探寻解决这一社会问题的新思路.