基于有限元法的抗性消声器声学性能分析

本文是针对不同结构常用摩托车抗性消声器做了有限元分析。在保持其它结构参数不变的情况下，分析了单节扩张腔消声器扩张腔的长度、直径以及进出口插入管对其声学性能的影响。首先建立单节扩张腔消声器的数学模型，然后采用有限元法对所建立的Helmholz方程进行求解。结果表明，插入管可以有效的改善单节扩张腔存在通过频率的缺点，且当进口插入管长度为1／2，出口插入管长度为1／4时消声量达到最大。分析结果为在短时间内选出最佳的消声器结构及相应的最佳尺寸参数提供了依据，而不必做大量的消声器加工和试验测试工作。     

插入管消声器传声损失数值计算方法对比及参数分析

通过对比消声器传声损失的3种计算方法,发现基于三维数值计算的三点法是消声器性能预测的简便方法.在消声器扩张室直径和长度不变的情况下,分别采用三维有限元法和边界元法,对插入管长度变化的扩张式消声器声学特性进行了计算和分析.结果表明:有限元法和边界元法的计算结果都和试验值吻合良好,采用有限元法能节省大量计算时间,不过处理复杂结构消声器的有限元网格模型需要的劳动强度和时间要大些.消声器消声域的数量随插入管长度的增大而增多,而消声峰值频率降低,为消声器的设计优化提供了依据.     

基于有限元法的抗性消声器声学性能分析

本文是针对不同结构常用摩托车抗性消声器做了有限元分析。在保持其它结构参数不变的情况下,分析了单节扩张腔消声器扩张腔的长度、直径以及进出口插入管对其声学性能的影响。首先建立单节扩张腔消声器的数学模型,然后采用有限元法对所建立的Helmholz方程进行求解。结果表明,插入管可以有效的改善单节扩张腔存在通过频率的缺点,且当进口插入管长度为l/2,出口插入管长度为l/4时消声量达到最大。分析结果为在短时间内选出最佳的消声器结构及相应的最佳尺寸参数提供了依据,而不必做大量的消声器加工和试验测试工作。     

抗性消声结构声腔模态对其消声特性的影响研究

为分析抗性消声结构声腔模态对消声器消声性能的影响,以典型3种抗性消声结构为对象,基于有限元法计算了其传声损失及扩张腔室的声模态,分析了扩张腔室声模态和进出口管位置对传声损失的影响规律。研究结果表明:扩张腔室的声模态和进出口管布置对抗性消声结构传声损失的影响非常显著。只有在极低的低频范围内,抗性消声结构的传声损失与基于一维平面波理论模型的传声损失结果才相吻合,进出口管布置位置对传声损失的影响才较小。消声器的进出口管布置位置对腔室的高阶声模态抑制和激发有重要影响,将进出口管布置在扩张腔室声模态节点区域能显著改善消声器中高频消声性能。对某汽车消声器进行改进设计,改进后平均传声损失提高了15.8dB。     

结构参数对抗性消声器消声性能的影响分析

通过对不同的模型仿真研究,分析消声器的扩张比、内插管长度、共鸣腔、扩张腔的个数等因素对消声器传递损失的影响.经COMSOL仿真分析表明,结构参数对消声器消声性能的影响明显.优化消声器的结构参数可以有效增加消声器的传递损失,为消声器的改进与设计提供有效参考.     

有三维势流时消声器声学特性预测的有限元法

将有限元法应用于预测有三维势流时管道和消声器的声学特性,推导了三维势流中声传播问题的有限元法计算公式,给出了管道和消声器声学特性的计算方法和数值实施过程.与传统的声学有限元法相比,新方法考虑了声学控制方程中气流马赫数二阶小量的影响,因此适用于求解具有较高马赫数亚音速流中的声传播问题.使用三维有限元法首先计算了管道的四极参数,并与一维解析解比较验证了新方法的正确性和精度,然后使用三维有限元法计算双级膨胀腔消声器的传递损失.数值计算结果表明:随着气流马赫数的增加,消声器传递损失曲线向低频方向移动,因而改变了各频率下的消声量.为了精确预测消声器的声学特性,三维势流对管道和消声器内声传播的影响应该加以考虑.     

抗性消声器声学性能的有限元分析

本文应用有限元法对抗性消声器内部声场进行了有限元分析。建立了抗性消声器声场有限元分析模型,通过加载、求解以及后处理等对消声器内部声场进行计算分析,获得消声器内部声压级和压力分布情况。通过分析结果可以直观地获取消声器进出管的长度、内插管的长度和直径大小以及穿孔板孔径大小对消声器传递损失和消声性能影响,为消声器的优化设计提供可靠的依据。     

重型燃气轮机进气系统性能研究

针对某款重型燃气轮机进气系统辐射噪声超标问题,采用声学有限元法和计算流体力学方法对系统部件进行声学和流场计算,得出插入损失和压力损失,并与进气系统指标要求进行比较发现,进气系统噪声指标与限值余量较小,且压力损失远低于限值。在分析的基础上,选取片式消声器为研究对象,研究不同结构参数和形式对进气系统声学性能和空气动力学性能的影响。结果表明：片式消声器的厚度和数量对进气系统性能有明显的影响,当增加片式消声器厚度和数量时,压力损失略有增加,插入损失增大,进气口声压级减小;通过添加侧支共振器,进气口总声压级降低了3.1 dB(A),可以有效增大进气系统低频插入损失。     

基于CFD的半主动排气消声器消声性能研究

低速气流时,分别进行了半主动消声器的消声性能理论计算和三维有限元法数值计算.计算结果表明:阀门关闭,半主动消声器能很好地进行低频消声,尤其能进行发动机基频为43Hz及其3倍频的消声.高速气流时,消声器的内部流场分析表明:阀门打开,增大了流通面积,降低了气流速度,压力损失减少了约6倍,从而有效降低了喷气噪声和湍流噪声.     

基于GT-Power软件的抗性消声器性能分析

应用GT-Power软件及其Muffler模块建立了简单扩张式抗性消声器模型,在模型的基础上对抗性消声器的结构和消声性能进行了模拟仿真分析,明确了消声器的扩张比、偏置、插入管、穿孔管、穿孔板等结构因素对抗性消声器消声性能的影响关系,有利于消声器的优化设计,便于消声器性能的进一步分析.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法,这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.