Simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature using single tilted fibre Bragg grating

Tilted fibre Bragg grating (TFBG) with grating planes tilted at an angle of 3deg corresponding to the fibre axis shows core mode and a large number of cladding-mode resonances in its transmission. Discriminating temperature and strain simultaneously using a single tilted fibre Bragg grating is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. The wavelength shifts of the TFBG in response to temperature and strain are investigated. The results show that the cladding modes and core mode have different strain sensitivities while the temperature sensitivities are equal. So, it is possible to monitor the core-mode resonance and the cladding-mode resonances of the TFBG spectrum, allowing the separation of the temperature and strain induced wavelength shifts.     

基于倾斜光纤光栅的温度不敏感振动传感器

提出了一种基于倾斜光纤光栅与多模光纤相结合的温度不敏感振动传感器,其振动传感头是在倾斜光纤光栅与单模光纤之间加入一小段多模光纤所组成。倾斜光纤光栅的反射光谱有布拉格模和包层模两部分组成,其中多模光纤的作用是将倾斜光纤光栅反射包层模耦合到单模光纤的基模。倾斜光纤光栅包层模对外界振动很敏感,通过传感器的包层模平均输出功率完成对外界振动物理量测量。由于采用强度解调的方式,可以大大降低传感器装置的复杂性。实验表明：当传感器温度从20 ℃上升到70 ℃时,传感器的输出平均光功率均方根误差为0.01 μW,其反射光谱平均输出功率影响很小,故可以避免外界温度对测量结果的影响。     

Linear edge and temperature characteristic of tilted fiber Bragg gratings cladding-mode envelope

In this paper, a system of linear edge filter demodulation based on weakly tilted fiber Bragg gratings in fiber sensor was proposed. The linear edge of the cladding-mode envelope and temperature characteristic between cladding modes and core mode of tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) were experimentally investigated. The results show that falling edge (1505–1535 nm) and rising edge (1545–1565 nm) of the cladding-mode envelope is approximately linear and can be used as an edge filter. Moreover, the temperature characteristics of the core mode and cladding modes are similar to FBG’s. It can dynamically compensate the temperature induced wavelength shift of the FBG and the effect of temperature on the demodulated sensing signals is minimized. The advantages of this simple system are an all-fiber design, quasi static and dynamic operation, high stability and lower cost.     

Pure Bending Characteristic of Tilted Fiber Bragg Grating

a novel structure of the pure macro- bending sensor based on the tilted fiber Bragg grating （TFBG） is proposed. The TFBG located in the half circle with the different diameters is bent at a constant angle with respect to the tilted grating planes. With the variations of the curvature, the core-mode resonance is unchanged and the transmission power of cladding modes detected by the photodiodes varies linearly with curvature, while the ghost mode changes by the form of two-order polynomial. So we can use the transmission power of ghost mode or other cladding modes to detect bending curvature as shape sensor. From a practical point of view, the sensor proposed here is simple, low cost and easy to implement. Moreover, it is possible to make a temperature-insensitive shape sensor due to the same temperature characteristic between the core mode and the cladding modes.     

800 nm FBG sensing interrogation system based on tilted FBG

An 800 nm band fiber Bragg grating sensing interrogation system using tilted FBG as the core wavelength division component is presented. A charge coupled device (CCD) linear array is put on the focal plane of the lens to detect the light. TFBG is used to tap light out of the fiber core to fiber cladding. The sensing wavelength is 795 to 830 nm,with accuracy of 20 pm and scan speed 100 Hz. Using FBG sensor,we achieve the temperature sensitivity of 1.8 ℃ and strain sensitivity of 18 με.     

Characteristics of cladding index modulated fiber gratings for ambient refractive index sensing

Characteristics of cladding index modulated fiber gratings for ambient refractive index sensing is studied in this paper. The modes propagation properties and coupling properties in cladding index modulated FBG are studied based on the classical coupling mode theory while considering interactions among multiple modes and developed on a three-layer step-index fiber geometry. Evolution of cladding mode resonance spectra of cladding index modulated FBG with the decreasing of fiber diameter is simulated and compared with the core grating. Sensing characteristics of cladding modes resonance of cladding index modulated FBG to the variation of ambient refractive index is detailed and emphasized for cladding modes resonances has a much narrower bandwidth. Results show that cladding index modulated fiber grating has better spectrum for ambient refractive index sensing applications under the same sensitivity with core index modulated fiber grating and may be applied to many field including biochemical sensing and environmental monitoring.     

High-sensitivity pressure sensor based on tilt fibre Bragg grating radial load effect

In this paper, a simple and novel optical fibre pressure sensor with tilt fibre Bragg grating is put forward. The radial compression and rebound on tilt fibre Bragg grating (TFBG) cause grating angle and length change, meanwhile, its cladding mode spectra decrease sharply. Some transmission spectrum characteristics, such as amplitude, extinction ratio value, wavelengths of cladding and Bragg modes, are extracted and analyzed. It shows that they are nearly linear with the radial pressure on surface of bare TFBG. Among them, the extinction ratio value with high sensitivity of 0.7 dB/N can keep consistent with pressure. The max amplitudes of some cladding mode resonance are good linear with radial press with sensitivity of 0.18 dB/N. The relation between each mode resonance wavelength shift and radial press on TFBG keeps good linearity with 0.8-pm/N sensitivity. By means of choosing tygon elastic pad material imposed on bare TFBG, the pressure sensitivity with amplitude of 0.21 dB/N and extinction ratio of 0.25 dB/N is obtained in order to use in practical engineering.     

80nm FBG sensing interrogation system based on tilted FBG

An 800 nm band fiber Bragg grating sensing interrogation system using tilted FBG as the core wavelength division component is presented. A charge coupled device （CCD） linear array is put on the focal plane of the lens to detect the light. TFBG is used to tap light out of the fiber core to fiber cladding. The sensing wavelength is 795 to 830 nm, with accuracy of 20 pm and scan speed 100Hz. Using FBG sensor, we achieve the temperature sensitivity of 1.8 ℃ and strain sensitivity of 18 με.     

环境折射率对长周期光纤光栅谐振波长的影响

长周期光纤光栅是近几年出现的新型光纤器件,表现为前向传播的纤芯导模与同向传播的各阶次包层模在特定波长时的模式耦合,因此它在温度、应变、折射率传感方面比普通的光纤光栅有更大的优越性.运用耦合模理论,首先讨论了长周期光纤光栅的谐振波长,并模拟了其透射谱.其次在理论上详细分析了长周期光纤光栅对环境折射率的敏感特性,讨论了环境折射率敏感度因子与包层模次数的关系,并比较了不同环境折射率下的灵敏度.最后模拟了在环境折射率小于光栅包层折射率的情况下,谐振波长随环境折射率变化的规律.     

Temperature and refractive index sensing characteristics of an MZI-based multimode fiber–dispersion compensation fiber–multimode fiber structure

We proposed an optical fiber sensor with simple multimode fiber (MMF)–dispersion compensation fiber (DCF)–multimode fiber structure based on Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) and researched its temperature and refractive index (RI) sensing characteristics. The sensing principle is based on the interference between core and cladding modes of DCF due to the large core diameter mismatch. Spectral analyses demonstrate that the transmission spectrum is mainly formed by the interference between the dominant excited cladding mode and core modes. The experimental results show that the proposed sensor has high temperature sensitivity of 0.118 nm/°C in the range of 20–250 °C and RI sensitivity of 66.32 nm/RIU within the linear sensing range of 1.33–1.39 RIU. Therefore, the characteristics of compact size, low cost, easy fabrication, high sensitivities, and good anti-interference ability make this sensor have extensive application prospects.     

Intermodal interference based refractive index sensor employing elliptical core photonic crystal fiber

A refractive index (RI) sensor based on elliptical core photonic crystal fiber (EC-PCF) has been proposed. The asymmetric elliptical core introduces the polarization-dependent characteristics of the fiber core modes. The performances of intermodal interference between the intrinsic polarization fiber core modes are investigated by contrast in two interferometers based on the Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) and Sagnac interference model. In addition, the RI sensing characteristics of the two interferometers are studied by successively filling the three layers air holes closest to the elliptical core in the cladding. The results show that the M-Z interference between LP01 and LP11 mode in the same polarized direction is featured with the incremental RI sensing sensitivity as the decreasing interference length, and the infilled scope around the elliptical core has a weak correlation with the RI sensing sensitivity. Due to the high birefringence of LP11 mode, the Sagnac interferometer has better RI sensing performance, the maximum RI sensing sensitivity of 12 000 nm/RIU is achieved under the innermost one layer air holes infilled with RI matching liquid of RI=1.39 at the pre-setting EC-PCF length of 12 cm, which is two orders of magnitude higher than the M-Z interferometer with the same fiber length. The series of theoretical optimized analysis would provide guidance for the applications in the field of biochemical sensing.     

基于细芯光纤内嵌马赫曾德尔干涉仪的应变传感器

研究了基于细芯光纤内嵌马赫曾德尔干涉仪的光纤应变传感器,通过将一根细芯光纤熔接在两根单模光纤(SMF)之间,构成了一种光纤内干涉的马赫曾德尔干涉仪。当单模光纤中的光耦合进细芯光纤时,一部分光耦合进细芯光纤纤芯作为芯模传输,另一部分光耦合进细芯光纤包层中激发出包层模沿包层传输,当芯模和包层模再耦合进单模光纤时发生干涉。当应变作用在细芯光纤上时,干涉条纹发生漂移。通过解调干涉条纹对应变的漂移量实现应变测量,在0~2000 με的测量范围下,测得的应变灵敏度为-1.83 pm/με,并且实验结果与理论分析有很好的一致性。该传感器具有体积小、制作简单、灵敏度高等优点。     

Guided Wave Analysis of Hollow Optical Fiber for Mode-Coupling Device Applications

In this paper, optical mode characteristics of hollow optical fibers are thoroughly analyzed using finite element method. The guided modes along the ring core and cladding are identified and their optical properties are investigated. For the core modes, we investigated intensity distribution, higher order mode cutoff, propagation constant, and chromatic dispersion. The mode coupling between the fundamental mode and the excited modes in both core modes and cladding modes are discussed for applications in mode-coupling devices.     

工程应用中不同包层直径光栅的结构选择与参数设计

使一个光纤光栅的两段分别具有不同的包层直径,在正确的应用条件下可解决工程中的应变、温度交叉敏感难题.对不同包层直径光栅在有、无涂覆层两种情况下的应交传感特性进行了深入的力学分析,推导得出了结构实际应变与两段光栅相对波长变化的关系表达式,并数值仿真分析了直径比和长度比对其应交灵敏特性的影响.研究结果有利于指导实际应用时光栅的结构选择和参数设计.此外指出,在实际工程应用中无论采用何种封装形式或复合方式,要从应变、温度的混合信息中提取出结构体的真实应变,必须使不同包层直径光栅满足两端拉伸的受力条件.     

表面膜层参数对长周期光纤光栅特性的影响

采用严格的耦合模理论建立了表面涂覆弱吸收薄膜长周期光纤光栅（LPFG）的理论模型，用微扰法对复数超越特征方程进行了求解。研究发现，对应某一膜厚，存在一折射率范围，有效折射率的变化和谐振波长偏移特别明显；但消光系数对有效折射率和谐振波长的影响则很小。从功率密度分布曲线可看出低阶奇次包层模式与纤芯模式的耦合要强于低阶偶次包层模式与纤芯模式的耦合，消光系数引起的功率损耗较小。薄膜折射率对透射谱的变化（幅度和谐振峰偏移）影响很大；消光系数对谐振峰偏移影响很小，对谐振峰幅度的影响与具体的薄膜折射率有关。结果表明，敏感薄膜折射率和消光系数与传感器的灵敏度高低有直接关系，传感器的结构优化非常必要。     

包层腐蚀机械写制长周期光纤光栅的耦合特性研究

利用周期为600μm的刻槽板,采用单面受压的方式包层对经过HF溶液腐蚀后的单模光纤施加压力,形成机械写制长周期光纤光栅(LPFG).通过测最具有不同包层直径的机械写制LPFG在各种压力下的透射光谱,研究包层直径对纤芯基模与包层模LP12、LP13间耦合特性的影响.实验结果表明,随着包层直径的减小,谐振波长发生红移,耦合...     

Stabilisation of single and multimode fibre-optical microbend sensors

Stability and reproducibility problems in single and multimode fibre-optic microbend strain sensors are found to be due to interference between the core mode and cladding modes in the bend region. Microbend strain sensors are stabilised by preventing the interference effect.     

半腐蚀长周期光纤光栅光谱特性研究

基于长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)包层有效折射率与包层半径的良好相关性,提出一种半腐蚀长周期光纤光栅的新颖设计。将一根长周期光纤光栅分成等长的两部分,用HF酸腐蚀其中的一半区域,此时整根LPFG可看成具有不同谐振波长的两个半长度LPFG的级联。利用传输矩阵方法和三层介质光纤模型的色散方程分析了该种LPFG的光谱特性:随着腐蚀段包层半径的减小,两个分裂峰谐振波长之间距离增大,且模式越高间距越大。同时实现了应变和温度的同步测量,得到应变和温度的传感精度分别为±8.9με和1.4℃。因此半腐蚀LPFG传感器可为解决LPFG交叉敏感问题提供有效方法。     

倾斜长周期光纤光栅薄膜传感器特性研究

为设计高灵敏光纤光栅薄膜传感器,基于耦合模理论研究了表面镀制高折射率敏感薄膜的倾斜长周期光纤光栅（TLPFG）耦合特性和薄膜折射率传感特性。TLPFG能激发高阶（角向序数l1）包层模耦合,高阶包层模耦合系数随倾角增大而增大,80时,高阶包层模耦合系数远小于1阶包层模耦合系数。研究表明,光栅倾角变化不影响包层模耦合谐振波长,但影响光谱透过率。进一步研究了TLPFG在80时1阶5次包层模耦合的光谱透过率对薄膜折射率变化的响应,分析了光栅结构参数（L、、）和薄膜参数（h3,n3）对薄膜折射率响应灵敏度的影响,结果表明,响应灵敏度相比于非倾斜LPFG可提高一个数量级,对薄膜折射率的分辨率可达10-9。     

截面折变非对称型长周期光栅高温应变特性

研究了基于高频CO_2激光脉冲单侧写入的截面折变非对称型长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)高温特性及其在高温环境中的轴向应变特性。理论和实验表明在200～1000℃之间长周期光纤光栅的谐振峰漂移呈线性趋势;同时,在高温环境中其谐振峰随轴向应变也呈线性漂移,且不同谐振峰的温度和应变灵敏度也不同。利用这种新型长周期光纤光栅独特的高温应变特性可用一根光纤光栅实现对高温和应变的同时测量。