基于SYSWELD的T型接头GMAW焊接热过程模拟及其应用

综合考虑GMAW熔滴过渡带入熔池的热焓量、余高以及相变潜热等因素,基于SYSWELD建立了T型接头GMAW焊接传热三维数学模型,并通过系列焊接工艺试验确定了焊接线能量对双椭球热源参数的影响规律。通过计算,获得了不同焊接热输入条件下JB800钢T型接头的焊缝几何参数,得到了焊接工艺条件对焊接热循环及其主要参数的影响规律。基于热过程模拟结果,借助JB800钢SH-CCT图,实现了对CGHAZ区组织、硬度预测和控制。另外,还进行了JB800钢T型接头焊接工艺试验,通过测试焊缝几何尺寸和热循环,并与计算结果比较,验证了模型的可靠性。     

双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW高效焊接工艺

在介绍了双丝旁路耦合电弧熔化极气体保护焊(双丝旁路耦合电弧(Double-electrode gas metal arc welding,DE-GMAW))高效焊接工艺原理的基础之上,采用双闭环反馈解耦智能控制系统,进行双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW高速焊接工艺试验,测量双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW母材热输入,分析双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW高效焊接工艺机理,并对双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW高效焊接工艺方法进行改进,进一步研究混合气体保护下的双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW及其熔滴过渡行为,且开发出单电源双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW。研究表明:采用双闭环反馈解耦智能控制系统使双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW焊接过程稳定性更好、精确度更高且响应速度更快;旁路分流是实现高效焊接的同时降低母材热输入的关键;采用混合气体保护下的双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW能进一步提高焊接过程稳定性,单电源双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW能形成良好的焊缝成形,且设备成本低。     

基于模糊C均值聚类的模糊RBF神经网络预测焊接接头力学性能建模

针对焊接过程的高度非线性,多种因素的复杂交互作用,难以预测焊接接头力学性能的问题和常用反馈(Back propagation,BP)神经网络的不足,利用模糊C均值(Fuzzy C-means,FCM)聚类算法和伪逆法相结合,建立焊接接头力学性能模糊径向基(Radial basis function,RBF)神经网络预测模型。以TC4钛合金惰性气体钨极保护焊(Tungsten inert gas arc welding,TIG焊)焊接工艺参数(焊接电流、焊接速度和氩气流量)作为模型的输入参数,以焊后力学性能(抗拉强度、抗弯强度、伸长率、焊缝硬度和热影响区硬度)作为模型的输出参数。利用27组试验数据对所建模型进行学习训练,用另外9组试验数据进行仿真。结果表明,利用该方法所建模型具有结构稳定、训练速度快、适应性强、鲁棒性好、预测精度高的特点,能够预测焊接接头力学性能。通过数学解析,用函数形式表达焊接工艺参数与接头力学性能之间的规律,可以优化焊接工艺参数,为调控焊接接头的质量提供依据。     

GMAW焊接过程监测Kohonen神经网络系统

实时测量熔化极气体保护焊（ＧＭＡＷ）焊接过程中的电参数，研制自组织特征映射神经网络（Ｋｏｈｏｎｅｎ神经网络），直接依据不同焊接工艺条件下焊接电压的概率密度分布曲线（ＰＤＤ）以及短路过渡时间的频数分布曲线（ＣＦＤ），自动识别出焊接过程中的各种干扰信号。     

焊接发尘率测量装置及测控系统的研究

针对熔化极气体保护焊(GMAW)焊接发尘率的测量准确性问题,对焊接发尘率测量过程中涉及的信号检测和控制装置进行了研究,研发了一种焊接发尘率测量装置的测控系统,实现了对GMAW焊接过程中焊接电流、焊接电压和焊接速度等焊接工艺参数的准确测量或控制。通过对该测量系统的检测和控制过程的分析,设计了运动控制系统、抽滤系统和数据采集系统,建立了系统的控制时序;在LabVIEW平台上实现了对测量过程的实时监控,并完成了对检测数据的自动化采集、分析和存储。研究结果表明:该系统能够实现焊接工艺参数测量和控制的功能,测量精度和测量准确性均能满足设计要求。     

2mm厚1000 MPa级双相钢板电阻点焊工艺参数的优化

对2 mm厚国产汽车用1000MPa级双相钢板进行了不同工艺条件的电阻点焊,对各点焊接头显微组织、力学性能以及断口形貌等进行了分析,在此基础上优化了工艺参数。结果表明:在试验条件下,最佳点焊工艺参数为焊接电流12 kA,焊接时间12周波(0.24s),焊接压力3.5 kN;此条件下焊接接头的断裂方式以韧性断裂为主。     

GMAW电弧声的参数化模型及应用

以焊接质量在线监控为目的,针对短路过渡气体保护焊(GMAW)电弧声信号进行了时域和频域特征分析,提出电弧声道的概念,建立其参数化等效电气模型。利用线性预测(LPC)模型参数构造径向基函数(RBF)神经网络输入样本空间,对焊接保护气流量不足进行了在线模式识别。研究认为：电弧声呈现振铃形信号,主要发生于短路结束再引弧时刻,大部分能量分布在10 kHz以下频带。电弧声源于电弧能量变化,电弧及其周边的物理和几何形态形成分布参数的声道系统。电弧声是声源和声道共同作用的结果,其频谱主要取决于声道的作用。声道可用时变系数的数字滤波器等效,LPC是其参数化模型的一个估计,在焊接质量在线监控方面具有应用价值。     

焊接电流影响GMAW双丝焊电弧等离子体的数值模拟研究

基于电磁学理论和流体力学理论,建立熔化极气体保护焊(Gas metal arc welding,GMAW)双丝焊焊接电弧等离子体三维数学模型,利用流体力学软件Fluent对其进行求解。重点研究焊接电流对GMAW双丝焊电弧等离子体行为的影响规律,获得了电弧温度、电流密度、热通量、磁场分布等结果。研究发现,随着焊接电流的变化,电弧等离子体形状变化显著。随着焊接电流的增大,电弧最高温度和电弧偏转角随之增大,电流密度和工件表面热通量由双峰分布转变为单峰分布,并且热通量峰值随焊接电流的增大而增大。此外,随着焊接电流的增大,磁感应强度和磁场力随之最大,磁场分布由独立两个磁场向耦合磁场转变。为有效、定量地证明模拟结果准确性,开展焊接试验,利用高速摄像监测电弧行为,利用光谱测温测量电弧温度。结果表明模拟结果同试验结果吻合良好,研究结果为合理选择GMAW双丝焊焊接电流参数提供理论依据。     

GMAW自动焊熔透影响因素分析及多元回归预测

GMAW自动打底焊易出现未焊透及焊漏现象,成为焊接自动化的瓶颈问题。以焊缝背面熔宽作为表征熔透状态的参考信息,探究对打底焊接质量影响较大的焊接电流、焊接速度、坡口间隙及坡口角度4个焊接工艺参数对背面熔宽的影响规律。开展GMAW打底焊接试验研究,分析背面熔宽随上述焊接参数的变化趋势。试验结果及分析表明:随着焊接电流的增大,背面熔宽呈上升趋势,熔透状态由"未熔透"过渡到"过熔透";随着焊接速度的增大,背面熔宽呈下降趋势,熔透状态由"过熔透"过渡到"未熔透";背面熔宽随着坡口间隙与坡口角度的增大而增大,过小的坡口间隙与角度易产生"未熔透"。鉴于背面熔宽随4个焊接工艺参数增加而单调增加或单调减少,采用多元线性回归方法建立4个参数与焊缝背面熔宽的数学模型,该模型通过了回归模型的拟合优度检验、整体检验及回归系数检验。通过GMAW试验对数学模型进行了验证,结果表明建立的回归模型数学表达式能够对焊缝背面熔宽尺寸进行较为准确的预测,为GMAW自动打底焊参数调节提供指导。     

GMAW焊接熔滴长大和脱离动态过程的数学分析

考虑GMAW焊接过程中熔滴过渡的主要特点,利用“质量-弹簧”理论建立了熔滴过渡的数学模型,对连续电流条件下GMAW焊接熔滴过渡过程进行了动态力学分析。定量分析了熔滴过渡形式、振荡速度等对熔滴过渡行为的影响,预测出了不同焊接电流条件下的熔滴脱离尺寸和过渡频率。结果表明,在同一焊接电流条件下, 上一个熔滴的脱离会影响到下一个熔滴在焊丝末端的振荡,并影响熔滴的尺寸和过渡周期:熔滴尺寸和过渡频率的理论计算值与试验数据基本吻合。     

Welding polarity effects on weld spatters and bead geometry of hyperbaric dry GMAW

Welding polarity has influence on welding stability to some extent, but the specific relationship between welding polarity and weld quality has not been found, especially under the hyperbaric environment. Based on a hyperbaric dry welding experiment system, gas metal arc welding(GMAW) experiments with direct current electrode positive(DCEP) and direct current electrode negative(DCEN) operations are carried out under the ambient pressures of 0.1 MPa, 0.4 MPa, 0.7 MPa and 1.0 MPa to find the influence rule of different welding polarities on welding spatters and weld bead geometry. The effects of welding polarities on the weld bead geometry such as the reinforcement, the weld width and the penetration are discussed. The experimental results show that the welding spatters gradually grow in quantity and size for GMAW with DCEP, while GMAW with DCEN can produce fewer spatters comparatively with the increase of the ambient pressure. Compared with DCEP, the welding current and arc voltage waveforms for DCEN is more stable and the distribution of welding current probability density for DCEN is more concentrated under the hyperbaric environment. When the ambient pressure is increased from 0.1 MPa to 1.0 MPa, the effects of welding polarities on the reinforcement, the weld width and the penetration are as follows: an increase of 0.8 mm for the weld reinforcement is produced by GMAW with DCEN and 1.3 mm by GMAW with DCEP, a decrease of 7.2 mm for the weld width is produced by DCEN and 6.1 mm by DCEP; and an increase of 3.9 mm for the penetration is produced by DCEN and 1.9 mm by DCEP. The proposed research indicates that the desirable stability in the welding procedure can be achieved by GMAW with DCEN operation under the hyperbaric environment.     

基于能量最小原理的熔化极气体保护电弧焊短路过渡液桥形状动态模型

基于能量最小原理,建立了熔化极气体保护电弧焊(Gas metal arc welding,OMAW)短路过渡液桥形状动态变化的模型.在一定的假设条件下,以电磁力、表面张力、重力共同作用下的液桥某体积元上具有的能量(势能)最小,建立 GMAW 短路过渡液桥形状动态变化的模型,结合焊接回路的动态模型,对液桥形状动态变化进行仿真计算,并在此基础上进一步进行模型的试验验证和模型的误差分析.研究结果表明,建立的GMAW短路过渡液桥形状模型所描述的液桥轮廓动态变化趋势与试验结果比较吻合,实际焊接过程中的液桥形状还受到磁偏吹、焊接运动过程、熔池作用、保护气体流动等的影响,这些影响是造成液桥形状模型误差的主要因素.     

Adaptive volumetric heat source models for laser beam and laser + pulsed GMAW hybrid welding processes

Laser + pulsed gas metal arc welding (GMAW) hybrid welding process is an attractive joining technology in industry due to its synergy of the two processes. It is of great significance to conduct fundamental investigations involving mathematical modeling and understanding of the hybrid welding process. In this study, an adaptive heat source model is first developed for laser beam welding. Through combining the ray-tracing method with the keyhole profile determination technique based on the local energy balance, the keyhole shape and size are calculated and correlated to the distribution parameters of the volumetric heat source model. Then, thermal action characteristics in laser + pulsed GMAW hybrid welding are considered from viewpoint of macro-heat transfer, and a combined volumetric heat source model for hybrid welding is developed to take consideration of heat input from laser, pulsed gas metal arc, and overheated droplets. Numerical analysis of thermal conduction in hybrid welding is conducted. The shape and size of fusion zone and weld dimension in the quasi-steady state are calculated for various hybrid welding conditions, which have a fair agreement with the experimental results.     

Effect of welding processes on tensile properties of AA6061 aluminium alloy joints

The present investigation is aimed at to study the effect of welding processes such as GTAW, GMAW and FSW on mechanical properties of AA6061 aluminium alloy. The preferred welding processes of these alloys are frequently gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) due to their comparatively easier applicability and better economy. In this alloy, the weld fusion zones typically exhibit coarse columnar grains because of the prevailing thermal conditions during weld metal solidification. This often causes inferior weld mechanical properties and poor resistance to hot cracking. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid phase welding technique developed primarily for welding metals and alloys that heretofore had been difficult to weld using more traditional fusion techniques. Rolled plates of 6 mm thickness have been used as the base material for preparing single pass butt welded joints. The filler metal used for joining the plates is AA4043 (Al-5Si (wt%)) grade aluminium alloy. In the present work, tensile properties, micro hardness, microstructure and fracture surface morphology of the GMAW, GTAW and FSW joints have been evaluated, and the results are compared. From this investigation, it is found that FSW joints of AA6061 aluminium alloy showed superior mechanical properties compared with GTAW and GMAW joints, and this is mainly due to the formation of very fine, equiaxed microstructure in the weld zone.     

Groove-center detection in gas metal arc welding using a template-matching method

To achieve welding automation, the center of the groove needs to be detected accurately during welding. We developed a method based on template-matching to detect the groove center during gas metal arc welding (GMAW). To avoid the negative influence of the strong GMAW arc light, a high-dynamic-range camera was used to capture details of the welding arc, molten pool, and the V-groove simultaneously in a single image. Two image-processing and object-detection algorithms were developed to detect the center of the welding pool and the groove based on template matching. The experimental results of the latter algorithm were more accurate for identifying the position of the groove center. However, interference in the welding process caused the template-matching method to fail under certain conditions. Therefore, the two detection algorithms were combined to improve the detection accuracy. After filtration of the detected welding-pool center, the groove-center detection algorithm based on template matching results in higher accuracy.     

基于旁路耦合电弧的铝钢MIG熔钎焊研究

实现铝钢良好连接的关键是有效控制焊接热输入,尽量降低中间层铝铁金属间化合物的厚度,一般认为中间层金属间化合物厚度小于10μm时铝钢接头质量良好。提出旁路耦合电弧熔钎焊方法,通过调节旁路电弧电流的大小来控制焊接热输入。在优化控制系统和工艺参数的基础上采用脉冲旁路耦合电弧焊方法将铝镁合金ER5356堆焊到304不锈钢板上,获得结合良好的焊缝。对焊接接头进行扫描电镜(Scanning electron microscope,SEM)、能量色散光谱仪(Energy dispersive spectrometry,EDS)分析,结果表明:铝与不锈钢焊接接头中间层金属间化合物平均厚度约为8μm,小于10μm的临界厚度;脉冲旁路耦合电弧焊方法能够实现铝钢的连接,是一种新型低成本低热输入电弧焊方法。     

Impacts of external longitudinal magnetic field on arc plasma and droplet during short-circuit GMAW

In gas metal arc welding, electromagnetic force, plasma stream force, gravity, and surface tension are the most important factors that affect metal transfer and spatter generation rate. In this paper, different kinds of external electromagnetic fields were introduced to gas metal arc welding (GMAW). The photos of arc plasma and droplet and electric signals covering welding current and arc voltage were acquired synchronously by an analysis and evaluation system based on LabView for GMAW. It was confirmed that the metal transfer frequency was improved, and spatter generation rate was diminished under controls of external electromagnetic fields. The influencing rules of external electromagnetic fields on electromagnetic force, the gravity, the plasma stream force, and surface tension were studied by three physical models, and the mechanism of external electromagnetic fields was revealed. This paper is for the purpose of discussing these factors and will make a profit for the application of electromagnetic coupling control to short-circuit GMAW.     

Weldability of Copper-bearing Aging Steel

The weldability of copper-bearing aging steel is evaluated using calculated cracking susceptibility index Pcm,oblique Y-groove cracking test,heat-affected zone (HAZ) maximum hardness measurement,submerged arc welding (SAW) test and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) test.The results show that this copper-bearing aging steel has low hardenability and cold cracking susceptibility.SAW test of 40 mm thick plate with WS03 wire matched by CHF101 flux reveals that the welded joints obtain high strength and good impact toughness at low temperature.The HAZ has no hardening but there exists a slightly softening phenomenon.Thus,line energy should be limited or controlled strictly to avoid softening behavior in HAZ during SAW.GMAW tests of 12mm and 24mm thick plates using WER70NH wire show that the tensile strength of joints reaches 720MPa,higher than the stipulated strength requirement of base metal.The average impact energy at-40℃ in the welded joints is more than 140J exceeding minimum stipulated requirement by a wide margin.There are no hardening and softening behaviors in the heat-affected zones of GMAW.All weld metals exhibit acicular ferrite (AF) plus small amount of proeutectoid ferrite (PF) structure,of which the former can significantly improve impact toughness of weld metal.The predominant microstructure in coarse grain HAZ is bainite.