激光冲击TC4钛合金残余应力热松弛数值模拟研究

为了研究高温对激光冲击TC4钛合金残余应力的影响,采用PROCUDO200激光喷丸系统对TC4试样进行强化处理,采用XL-640型应力仪测量了保温550℃前后激光冲击TC4钛合金表层残余应力。采用ABAQUS软件,基于Johnson-Cook本构方程和双曲正弦Arrhenius-type方程,创建了可预测保温前后激光冲击TC4残余应力场的有限元模型。研究表明：在550℃下,随着保温时间的延长,表面残余压应力不断减小;当保温时间超过30 min后,表面残余压应力的减小幅度降低;保温60 min后,激光冲击TC4表面残余应力的测量值和模拟值基本一致,说明该有限元模型能准确预测残余应力热松弛规律,残余应力的热松弛可能与保温期间塑性变形层的热回复过程和动态再结晶有关。     

钛合金拉伸高速铣削试验研究

通过对钛合金TC4在拉伸状态下的铣削试验,重点研究了高速铣削对钛合金TC4(Ti6A14V)表面残余应力和表面粗糙度的影响,得到了在不同切削参数下钛合金TC4表面残余应力和表面粗糙度的实验数据.实验结果表明,拉伸装夹基本不影响表面粗糙度,但可以大大提高加工表面残余压应力并增大残余压应力层的厚度,为开展钛合金拉伸高速铣削加工提供了依据.     

工艺参数对TC4钛合金喷丸强化影响的仿真分析

利用有限元法针对TC4钛合金的喷丸强化过程,建立了数值模型。首先,运用Abaqus建立的TC4钛合金喷丸强化的有限元模型,分别计算喷丸速度分别为40、60、80、100 m/s的模型,结果表明：当喷丸速度逐渐增大的过程中,表面残余应力,最大残余压应力和残余压应力层厚度都逐渐增大;其次,建立的TC4钛合金喷丸强化的有限元模型,分别计算了垂直入射、入射角为10°和入射角为20°的模型,结果表明：随着入射角的增大,靶材的表面粗糙度并没有显著变化,但对残余压应力的影响不可忽视,主要体现在最大残余应力由607.3 MPa逐渐减小为504.4 MPa,降幅20.4%,残余压应力层的厚度由158.5μm降低到145.2μm,降幅8.4%。入射角度控制在0～10°之间最合适时可以使得喷丸强化效果最优。     

TC4钛合金条形零件铣削加工表面残余应力测试与分析

航空钛合金零件在铣削加工时表面会产生残余应力层,不仅影响零件的尺寸精度,还严重影响零件的疲劳性能。因此,研究航空钛合金零件铣削加工表面的残余应力分布与变化十分必要。以TC4钛合金条形零件为研究对象,采用化铣剥层法,测试并分析不同铣削用量条件下已加工表面残余应力的分布与变化规律。研究结果表明,TC4钛合金条形零件已加工表面层的残余应力沿层深方向逐渐由压应力变为拉应力;随着切削速度和每齿进给量的提高,残余应力值均相应降低;而随着径向切深的增大,残余压应力值则相应增加。     

预应力切削钛合金的有限元分析

为揭示预应力切削对钛合金Ti6Al4V加工表面残余应力的调整机理,探讨切削时锯齿形切屑的形成过程,基于预应力切削原理建立了钛合金的预应力切削有限元模型,模拟了0、280 MPa和560 MPa这3种预应力下的锯齿形切屑形成过程以及已加工表面的残余应力分布。结果表明:采用预应力切削方法可以调整钛合金已加工表面的残余应力状态;预应力对锯齿形切屑的形成过程和切屑特征无明显影响;在材料弹性极限内施加越大的预应力,表面层残余压应力效果越显著,次表层最大残余压应力值越高,残余压应力层分布也越深。     

TC18航空钛合金机械研磨处理疲劳特性实验研究

介绍了对TC18航空钛合金表面进行不同时间的机械研磨处理的情况,并利用X射线衍射技术对机械研磨处理前后试样表面残余应力状态进行测定;分析了不同研磨时间处理后试样中残余应力分布对航空钛合金试样疲劳强度的影响。实验研究表明,机械研磨处理在TC18钛合金试样表面产生了高幅值残余压应力,它能有效地抑制疲劳裂纹的扩展,在一定时间范围内,随着研磨时间的增加,疲劳强度逐渐改善。     

喷丸工艺对17CrNi2Mo钢喷丸层残余应力分布及残余奥氏体含量的影响

采用不同的喷丸工艺对渗碳淬火17CrNi2Mo钢进行表面强化处理,研究了喷丸工艺对喷丸层残余应力分布及残余奥氏体含量的影响。结果表明:喷丸能在17CrNi2Mo钢表层产生残余压应力,且残余压应力随层深增加而先增加后减小;增大喷丸强度,喷丸层的表面残余压应力、最大残余压应力及其影响层深均增大;增加喷丸次数可增大表面残余压应力和最大残余压应力;喷丸能降低喷丸层的残余奥氏体含量,喷丸强度或喷丸次数越大,残余奥氏体含量越低;残余奥氏体含量随层深增大而增加。     

激光冲击强化对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头疲劳性能的影响

对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头进行激光冲击强化,对比强化前后焊接接头的疲劳寿命,在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下观察断口疲劳断裂特征,并从焊接接头的显微硬度、微观组织、残余应力分布等方面综合分析激光冲击强化对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头的强化机理。试验结果表明：未强化和强化试样均在焊缝咬边处萌生疲劳裂纹,强化试样疲劳寿命是未强化试样疲劳寿命的3.77~9.15倍,强化试样焊缝咬边处马氏体细化,显微硬度提高,焊缝表面呈残余压应力分布,焊缝咬边处残余压应力达-564.37±9.85MPa。晶粒细化和高幅值残余压应力综合作用下抑制了焊缝咬边处疲劳裂纹的萌生,且增大了裂纹扩展阻力,从而提高了焊接接头疲劳性能。     

激光冲击钛合金板料的有限元模拟

激光冲击强化技术（LSP）是一种新型的表面处理技术,它利用激光冲击波作用靶材表面而产生残余压应力场.通过有限元软件模拟（FEM）可以分析激光冲击强化处理后靶材的残余压应力场分布,分析材料表面和深度方向的残余应力场的分布情况.先分析了材料的本构模型、激光冲击波的峰值压力的计算、有限元单元类型的选取、边界条件的处理等条件;再通过有限元软件ABAQUS对激光冲击TC4钛合金板料进行了数值模拟,分析了残余应力场的分布特点.     

水射流喷丸强化残余应力场的有限元模拟

针对水射流的高湍动特性与受喷靶体材料复杂的弹塑性形变行为,提供一种水射流喷丸强化残余应力场的有限元分析方法.基于准静态压力分布和非线性轴对称面分布载荷,采用多线性各向同性强化的Mises率不相关弹塑性模型,应用Prandtl-Reuss塑性增量理论及增量初应力法,利用线性斜坡载荷加载制度,运用ANSYS有限元软件模拟不同压力作用下水射流喷丸在2A11铝合金材料表层产生的残余应力场,获得残余应力场的分布规律及残余应力沿层深和径向的变化规律,指出残余应力沿层深分为残余压应力区和残余拉应力区,沿径向分为第Ⅰ残余压应力区、残余拉应力区和第Ⅱ残余压应力区,得到表面残余压应力、表层最大残余压应力、残余压应力层深度随着喷丸压力的增加而增大.为验证有限元模拟的正确性,对喷丸表面残余压应力进行试验验证,结果表明,有限元法计算的表面残余压应力值与试验数据近似吻合.     

喷丸与激光喷丸强化高强度钢对比试验

为了考察和对比喷丸(SP)和激光喷丸(LSP)2种表面强化技术对金属零件的强化效果,以30CrMnSiNi2A钢为试样,进行喷丸和激光喷丸强化处理试验。试验结果显示,2种强化试样的残余压应力和硬度都有较大的提高。分别测定了喷丸强化和激光喷丸强化试样在同一应力水平下的疲劳寿命,并运用扫描电镜分析了两者的疲劳断口。试验结果表明,激光喷丸强化试样中值疲劳寿命是喷丸强化试样的1.11~2.75倍,激光喷丸强化比喷丸强化在提高金属零件表面性能方面的效果更佳。     

Effects on mechanical properties in electron beam welding of TC4 alloy by laser shock processing

The surface of TC4 titanium alloy welding line by electron beam welding (EBW) was processed by high power Q-switched and repetition-rate Nd: glass laser. Effects of laser power and spot diameter on residual stress and microhardness of the TC4 alloy welding line by laser shock processing (LSP) have been analyzed. Results show that residual stresses almost do not change as laser power is 45.9 J, spot diameter is ϕ9 mm; While laser power is 45.9 J, spot diameter less than ϕ3 mm, the distribution of residual stress in welding line occurs obvious variation, which residual stress increase obviously with spot diameter decrease. When power density is bigger than 1.8 × 10¹⁰ W/cm², residual stresses of electron beam welding line occur change by LSP, which improve obviously residual stress distribution; while laser power is bigger than 1.2 × 10¹⁰ W/cm², the surface micro-hardness of electron beam welding line occurs change by LSP, which improve obviously micro-hardness distribution. Mechanical properties of TC4 titanium alloy welding line will be improved by LSP, which provides experimental foundation for further controlling the distributions of residual stress and micro-hardness during laser shock processing. __________ Translated from Journal of Jiangsu University (Natural Science), 2006, 27(3): 207–210 [译自: 江苏大学学报 (自然科学版)]     

Optimization of peened-surface laser shock conditions by method of finite element and technique of design of experiments

This paper presents a numerical simulation of the laser shock peening (LSP) process using the finite element method. The majority of controlling parameters of the LSP process have been taken into account. The LSP loading has been characterized by the use of a repetitive time Gaussian increment pressure applied uniformly at a circular impacted zone. The utilized model of the treated material behaviour law is the Johnson-Cook’s visco-elastic-plastic coupled with damage. The proposed model leads to determine the LSP surface modifications: (i) the in-depth residual stresses, (ii) the induced plastic strains and (iii) the superficial damage. These modifications can be significantly induced in few cases, particularly when the operating conditions are not well optimized. An application is carried out on the laser peened titanium aero-engine super alloy Ti-6Al-4V. A satisfactory correlation between the computed and experimental results is observed. Also, it is noted that the computed superficial damage values increase with the growth of the maximal peak pressure of the laser spot, which are physically consistent. Otherwise, in order to optimize the laser peening operating conditions, a design of experiments is established. It allows having surface-response relationships between the operating parameters and the three announced induced effects.     

Analysis of Fretting Fatigue of Cavitation Shotless Peened Ti–6Al–4V

Fretting fatigue behavior of cavitation shotless peened titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V coupons was investigated using finite element method and a critical plane-based multi-axial fatigue parameter. Cavitation shotless peening (CSP)-induced compressive residual stress, which was larger at the contact surface than its counterpart from the shot peening (SP). However, compressive residual stress decreased more sharply with distance from the contact surface in CSP than in SP. Analysis using a critical plane-based multi-axial fatigue parameter demonstrated that the crack initiation would occur inside the cavitation shotless peened specimen which matched with the experimental observations. On the other hand, crack initiation would occur on the contact surface in the shot peened specimen which again was in agreement with experiments. The analysis also showed that the crack propagation part of the total fretting fatigue life was longer in the shot peened specimen than in the cavitation shotless peened specimen while the crack initiation part was almost equal from both peening methods. Therefore, CSP could not improve the fretting fatigue life/strength as much as the SP did but it improved relative to the un-peened specimen.     

DD3镍基单晶高温合金喷丸层残余应力的X射线衍射分析

对DD3镍基单晶高温合金表面进行喷丸处理,利用X射线衍射方法研究了喷丸层中残余应力沿层深的分布。结果表明:喷丸层中存在的残余压应力在层深为10μm处达到最大值,且随着层深的增加而降低;喷丸表层单晶组分中的残余压应力与多晶组分中的基本接近,次表层中两者存在较大差别,随着材料层深的增加二者的差别更加明显,单晶组分中的残余压应力水平更高,分布深度更大。     

Effects of simulation parameters on residual stresses for laser shock peening finite element analysis

By using finite element analysis, we proposed an applicable finite element method of laser shock peening (LSP) and discussed various parameters, such as solution time, stability limit, dynamic yield stress, peak pressure, pressure pulse duration, laser spot size, and multiple LSP. The effects of parameters related to the finite element simulation of the LSP process on the residual stresses of 35CD4 30HRC steel alloy are discussed. Parametric sensitivity analyses were performed to establish the optimum processing variables of the LSP process. In addition, we evaluated the effects of initial residual stress, such as welding-induced residual stress field.     

FEM of residual stress and surface displacement of a single shot in high repetition laser shock peening on biodegradable magnesium implant

Laser shock peening (LSP) is one of the prominent surface processing techniques to improve the mechanical characteristics by inducing compressive residual stress on the specimen surface. Generally, LSP is performed using high energy, low repetition pulsed laser. Recently, High repetition laser shock peening (HRLSP) on biodegradable magnesium alloys has been reported. Increased speed and reduced operating costs are the key highlights of HRLSP. This work is aimed towards understanding of the residual stress profile beneath the specimen surface, where a Finite element method (FEM) has been proposed to show the ability of a tightly focussed nanosecond laser pulse for peening magnesium. The depth of maximum compressive residual stress of 48 MPa at 28 mm beneath surface was the result of the simulation. Also the Von Misses stress was analytically found to be 31.5 MPa, which is similar to the value from FEM at 30 MPa. Furthermore, the plastic displacement of FEM at 4.02 µm compares reasonably well with the experimental result at 3.698 µm, thereby validating the Finite element model. If increase in CRS can be created by single shot of laser pulse, it can be concluded that the same can be done beneath the entire magnesium surface using appropriate scanning protocols.

     

Wear and friction of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy treated by laser shock processing

Laser shock processing (LSP) is becoming an important surface treatment to induce a compressive residual stress field, which improves fatigue and fracture properties of components. In this work, we examine the effect of laser shock processing on the wear and friction behavior of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy. Wear rate and friction coefficient evolution are investigated for different process parameters of LSP. Roll-on-flat tribometer is used with different loading conditions. Hardness and residual stresses are assessed as well. It is observed that wear rate decreases as pulse density increases; this is explained in light of residual stress distribution.