Finite Element Analysis of Delamination Behaviors of Composite Laminates under Hygrothermal Environment Using Virtual Crack Closure Technique

Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention - This research aims to study the delamination behaviors of T700/8911 composite laminates under hygrothermal environment. For two mixed-mode I/II...     

复合材料层合板非线性系统随机振动的样条有限元分析

工程结构中的复合材料的几何参数往往具有随机性质,如何研究随机参数非线性系统的随机响应及统计特性,对结构的可靠性设计和优化设计有着非常重要的意义。应用摄动法、随机中心差分法和线化和校正法,建立了复合材料非线性系统的振动方程和计算模型,采用样条有限元法研究了复合材料层合板具有随机参数的非线性系统在确定性荷载下的随机响应,数值算例说明了本算法的正确性。     

Numerical Modeling of Combined Matrix Cracking and Delamination in Composite Laminates Using Cohesive Elements

Sub-laminate damage in the form of matrix cracking and delamination was simulated by using interface cohesive elements in the finite element (FE) software ABAQUS. Interface cohesive elements were inserted parallel to the fiber orientation in the transverse ply with equal spacing (matrix cracking) and between the interfaces (delamination). Matrix cracking initiation in the cohesive elements was based on stress traction separation laws and propagated under mixed-mode loading. We expanded the work of Shi et al. (Appl. Compos. Mater. 21, 57–70 2014) to include delamination and simulated additional [45/?45/0/90]_s and [0₂/90_n]_s {n?=?1,2,3} CFRP laminates and a [0/90₃]_s GFRP laminate. Delamination damage was quantified numerically in terms of damage dissipative energy. We observed that transverse matrix cracks can propagate to the ply interface and initiate delamination. We also observed for [0/90_n/0] laminates that as the number of 90° ply increases past n?=?2, the crack density decreases. The predicted crack density evolution compared well with experimental results and the equivalent constraint model (ECM) theory. Empirical relationships were established between crack density and applied stress by linear curve fitting. The reduction of laminate elastic modulus due to cracking was also computed numerically and it is in accordance with reported experimental measurements.     

复合材料层压板单面贴补修理建模分析研究

胶接修理技术是一种优质、高效、低成本的结构修理技术.针对复合材料层板的胶接贴补修理进行计算模拟分析,并与实验结果相对比.采用ABAQUS有限元软件对层压板的损伤板和单面贴补修理板进行有限元建模,分析修补前后的应力分布情况,计算出失效强度与完好板进行对比,得出修补后的强度恢复率.     

Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Rubber Composite Shells

A finite-element solution for rubber composite shells is presented. Sandwich laminates with a rubber core have also been studied. Incompressibility of a rubber matrix and complexity of composite shells bring forth the need for a sound numerical model to describe the behavior of such engineering materials. The developed model was applied to a degenerate shell element within the limits of the first- and third-order shear deformation theories. The model allows to predict with a sufficient accuracy the nonlinear behavior of sandwich shells with composite skins and rubber cores and composite shells with a rubber matrix.     

Failure Analysis of Bolted Joints in Cross-ply Composite Laminates Using Cohesive Zone Elements

A strength prediction method is presented for double-lap single fastener bolted joints of cross-ply carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite laminates using cohesive zone elements (CZEs). Three-dimensional finite element models were developed and CZEs were inserted into subcritical damage planes identified from X-ray radiographs. The method makes a compromise between the experimental correlation factors (dependant on lay-up, stacking sequence and joint geometry) and three material properties (fracture energy, interlaminar strength and nonlinear shear stress-strain response). Strength of the joints was determined from the predicted load-displacement curves considering sub-laminate and plylevel scaling effects. The predictions are in a reasonable agreement with the experimental data.     

Interface Cohesive Elements to Model Matrix Crack Evolution in Composite Laminates

In this paper, the transverse matrix (resin) cracking developed in multidirectional composite laminates loaded in tension was numerically investigated by a finite element (FE) model implemented in the commercially available software Abaqus/Explicit 6.10. A theoretical solution using the equivalent constraint model (ECM) of the damaged laminate developed by Soutis et al. was employed to describe matrix cracking evolution and compared to the proposed numerical approach. In the numerical model, interface cohesive elements were inserted between neighbouring finite elements that run parallel to fibre orientation in each lamina to simulate matrix cracking with the assumption of equally spaced cracks (based on experimental measurements and observations). The stress based traction-separation law was introduced to simulate initiation of matrix cracking and propagation under mixed-mode loading. The numerically predicted crack density was found to depend on the mesh size of the model and the material fracture parameters defined for the cohesive elements. Numerical predictions of matrix crack density as a function of applied stress are in a good agreement to experimentally measured and theoretically (ECM) obtained values, but some further refinement will be required in near future work.     

Buckling and Delamination Growth Analysis of Composite Laminates Containing Embedded Delaminations

The objective of this work is to study the post buckling behavior of composite laminates, containing embedded delamination, under uniaxial compression loading. For this purpose, delamination initiation and propagation is modeled using the softening behavior of interface elements. The full layer-wise plate theory is also employed for approximating the displacement field of laminates and the interface elements are considered as a numerical layer between any two adjacent layers which delamination is expected to propagate. A finite element program was developed and the geometric non-linearity in the von karman sense is incorporated to the strain/displacement relations, to obtain the buckling behavior. It will be shown that, the buckling load, delamination growth process and buckling mode of the composite plates depends on the size of delamination and stacking sequence of the laminates.     

基于统计分析技术的有限元模型修正研究

采用统计学的方差分析和回归分析技术研究模型修正的有关问题,主要包括基于方差分析的参数筛选、基于回归分析的响应面拟合和利用响应面进行模型修正三个方面。目前工程上采用的基于灵敏度分析的参数挑选方法根据参数在某设计点处的灵敏度进行挑选,而基于方差分析的参数筛选是从全局的角度,在整个设计空间上挑选对特征量有显著影响的设计参数。基于响应面的修正方法,首先在参数的整个设计空间范围内利用回归分析技术,以显式的响应面模型逼近特征量与设计参数间复杂的隐式函数关系,然后在其基础上进行迭代修正。提出的方法不但可以应用于线性、低频等现有的模型修正方法适用的范围,而且易于推广到非线性、冲击等现有修正方法较少涉及的领域。此外,现有的方法由于每次迭代都需要调用有限元分析软件进行计算,在缺少软件接口的情况下,较难实现工程应用。这种方法只在准备样本数据时需要进行有限元分析,修正过程中无需调用,因而利于工程应用。GARTEUR飞机模型有限元模型的修正结果验证了方法的有效性     

A Cohesive Zone Approach for Fatigue-Driven Delamination Analysis in Composite Materials

A new model for prediction of fatigue-driven delamination in laminated composites is proposed using cohesive interface elements. The presented model provides a link between cohesive elements damage evolution rate and crack growth rate of Paris law. This is beneficial since no additional material parameters are required and the well-known Paris law constants are used. The link between the cohesive zone method and fracture mechanics is achieved without use of effective length which has led to more accurate results. The problem of unknown failure path in calculation of the energy release rate is solved by imposing a condition on the damage model which leads to completely vertical failure path. A global measure of energy release rate is used for the whole cohesive zone which is computationally more efficient compared to previous similar models. The performance of the proposed model is investigated by simulation of well-known delamination tests and comparison against experimental data of the literature.     

Calculations of Buckle-Driven Delamination Using Cohesive Elements

Plane strain, elastic calculations of buckle-driven thin film delamination from compliant substrates using finite element models are considered. The interfacial properties between the film and the substrate are modeled using cohesive elements with a tractionseparation law formulated in terms of a potential. The model yielded the geometry of the buckles given the properties of the film and the substrate, the interfacial toughness and the value of the compressive equi-biaxial stress. Results for the relation between the buckle width and the interfacial toughness were very close to similar results by Yu and Hutchinson (2002), thus giving confidence that the cohesive element approach presented can be used in applications where buckle-driven delamination of thin films is an issue.     

FE Stress Analysis of Thick Composite Laminates with a Hole in Bending

In this work, the stress analysis of isotropic and ortotropic laminae both with a hole and without a hole and laminated both with a hole and without a hole composite plates have been examined using the finite element method. In order to solve the problem, a computer program has been written by using characteristics of eight-node isoparametric plane element. The calculations have been tested on various composite and steel materials by this program. The results have been shown in diagrams and tables and compared with literature. It was observed that the stress distributions in the plate with a hole was totally different from the plate without a hole. The analyses have showed that, the elastic stresses have been gradually reduced as moving from the first layer to the second.     

含分层损伤缝合复合材料层板的剩余压缩强度

基于渐进损伤方法,研究了含单脱层缝合复合材料层板在压缩载荷下的剩余强度。通过商用软件ABAQUS建立了含单脱层缝合复合材料层板剩余压缩强度计算模型,考虑了子层屈曲和分层扩展对剩余强度的影响。通过UMAT子程序实现了层板失效、层间失效和缝线失效的模拟。通过嵌入式杆单元结构模拟了缝线桥联作用及失效。采用Hashin准则及刚度折减法对纤维拉压、基体拉压失效进行了模拟。通过渐进损伤分析,揭示了缝合情况下含单脱层复合材料层板的失效机理,讨论了缝合参数对剩余压缩强度的影响。所预测的破坏模式和剩余强度结果与实验能较好地吻合。分析表明缝合可以明显提高含分层损伤复合材料层板的子层屈曲载荷,抑制分层扩展,并提高层板的剩余压缩强度。     

A Nonlinear Generalized Thermoelasticity Model of Temperature-Dependent Materials Using Finite Element Method

In this article, a general finite element method (FEM) is proposed to analyze transient phenomena in a thermoelastic model in the context of the theory of generalized thermoelasticity with one relaxation time. The exact solution of the nonlinear model of the thermal shock problem of a generalized thermoelastic half-space of temperature-dependent materials exists only for very special and simple initial- and boundary problems. In view of calculating general problems, a numerical solution technique is to be used. For this reason, the FEM is chosen. The results for the temperature increment, the stress components, and the displacement component are illustrated graphically with some comparisons.     

Finite Element Analysis of Delamination inWoven Composites under Quasi-Static Indentation

Delamination initiation and propagation in plain woven laminates and 3D orthogonal woven composites during short beam shear (SBS) test were analyzed using finite element (FE) analyses. Two kinds of 3D woven composites, containing single z-yarns and double z-yarns, were considered. The FE models were guided by experimental observations from SBS tests for the same material systems. A series of mechanisms including creation and evolution of matrix cracks and delaminations were modeled discretely. The force-displacement curves obtained from the FE simulations were compared with those from experiments. Further parametric studies were conducted to investigate the effects of z-yarns and interlaminar fracture toughness on delamination in woven composites. The results from the FE simulations revealed that z-yarns in 3D woven composites can play a major role in impeding propagation of interlaminar cracks. On the other hand 2D plain woven laminates without any z-reinforcement demonstrated higher interlaminar fracture toughness due to undulation in yarns. 3D woven composites with double yarns showed better damage tolerance than single yarn 3D woven composites and their behavior was very similar to composite laminates with high interlaminar fracture toughness.     

Performance of Two Distinct Cohesive Layer Models for Tracking Composite Delamination

Two distinct cohesive layer models are developed for numerical simulation of delamination growth in composite layered specimens tested under static loading. One of these designated as the UMAT (user supplied material) model has a small, but finite thickness and the other designated as the UEL (user element) model has zero initial thickness. Crack growth in double cantilever beam specimens as well as in two test configurations of a composite plate carrying some discontinuities subjected to lateral load are studied using the models. It turns out that UEL model, though slightly more involved, is able to predict both crack initiation and large crack growth with sufficient accuracy. The UMAT model too consistently predicts crack initiation, but is unable to predict the crack growth accurately. It gives consistently higher loads for given crack extensions and predicts that the crack growth shuts off prematurely. Careful examination of the stresses in the cohesive layer of the UMAT model, in the upstream of the crack tip indicates that a ‘neck’ develops due to compressive stresses at some distance from the crack tip. Apparently it is the formation of this neck that ‘locks’ the crack from growing and is the cause of the inaccurate results given by the model.     

An Experimental Method for Dynamic Delamination Analysis of Composite Materials by Impact Bending

An improved experimental method for characterizing dynamic delamination growth in composite structures has been developed and verified using high speed photography and explicit finite element simulation. The method is based on a three-point bending device. End notch flexure carbon fiber composite beam specimens were subjected to both quasi-static and impact rates of Mode II loading. The experimental results showed no significant strain rate dependency of the delamination fracture toughness. This important result complements the scarce and conflicting data available in the literature, and serves as a reference for calibration of numerical modeling strategies.     

Finite Element Model of Laminated Shells of Composite Materials

Strength of Materials - Finite element models of fiber-reinforced polymer composite elements as a characteristic part of layered structures are considered in order to adapt them to the developed...