Direct partial oxidation of methane over ZSM-5 catalyst: Zn-ZSM-5 catalyst studies

Extended studies on Zn-ZSM-5 catalyst for the production of liquid hydrocarbons in the direct partial oxidation (DPO) of CH₄ with O₂ are reported. Previously, it was reported that metal-containing ZSM-5 catalysts could produce C₅₊ hydrocarbons from pure CH₄/O₂ feeds without feed additives. Zn-ZSM-5 produced the highest C₅₊ yields of the catalysts tested. This work shows that the method of introducing Zn onto the catalyst, ion-exchange versus impregnation, does not significantly alter C₅₊ yields if low Zn content is maintained ( 0.4–0.5 wt%). Liquid hydrocarbon yields in this system doubled after 8 h on stream while overall C₂₊ yields increased by over 300%. Mechanistic implications of these findings are discussed. Finally, processing a natural gas feed over Zn-ZSM-5 gave higher C₅₊ yields over CH₄ feed but these yields were not improved over previously published results using HZSM-5.     

ZSM-5催化剂上的甲醇转化研究

利用固定流化床反应器,考察了甲醇在改性ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上转化过程。实验结果表明:反应温度增加,甲醇转化率上升;乙烯和丙烯碳基选择性随温度增加而增加,且丙烯选择性的增加速率大于乙烯选择性的增加速率;油相产物的碳基选择性随温度增加而降低,而油相中芳烃浓度随温度的增加而增加;芳烃产物主要为C8芳烃,且C6芳烃、C7芳烃、C8芳烃随温度的增加而降低。由于分子筛酸性随温度的增加而变弱,降低了丙烯的氢转移反应速率,故丙烷/丙烯比随温度的增加而降低。     

Catalytic reduction of NOx over Cu/ZSM-5 catalyst

Catalytic decomposition of NO on Cu/ZSM-5 catalyst was carried out in tubular fixed-bed reactor at atmospheric pressure. The influence of temperature and flow rate on the reaction rate was investigated. The kinetic model of reaction was proposed and compared with the literature results. The formation of NO₂ during the catalytic decomposition of NO was also monitored. Therefore, additional experiments were performed aimed at examining the kinetics of NO oxidation under the same reaction conditions. Both kinetic models were used to develop the reactor model and to describe quantitatively the behavior of the overall reaction system. Satisfactory degree of correlation between experimental data and values predicted by reactor model has been achieved.     

甲醇在水蒸汽处理改性ZSM-5分子筛上转化制丙烯

对硅铝物质的量比分别为20、80和220的ZSM-5分子筛进行水蒸汽处理改性,通过使用X射线衍射、吡啶红外吸附、N2吸附和透射电子显微镜等手段研究了水蒸汽改性对ZSM-5分子筛孔道结构的影响,并考察了改性后分子筛在甲醇转化制丙烯反应中的催化性能.结果表明,水蒸汽改性处理导致低硅ZSM-5酸性减弱,并使其出现大量介孔.在...     

Conversion of light paraffins for preparing small olefins over ZSM-5 zeolites

The conversion of C₃-C₉ paraffins to small olefins over ZSM-5 zeolite is investigated. The small olefins are primary products and are usually converted into other more stable secondary products such as aromatics on the ZSM-5 zeolites. Thermally treated HZSM-5, K/HZSM-5 and Ba/HZSM-5 catalysts were developed and favourable oxidative conditions were introduced for the conversion process to maximize selective conversion of light paraffins to small olefins at the relatively low temperature of 873 K. The role of K and Ba is to minimize bimolecular hydrogen transfer reactions and enhance the dehydrogenation activity of the catalysts. Meanwhile, the oxygen in the gas phase is effective to improve the olefin selectivity and yield. C₂-C₄ olefin selectivities of 70.4 and 66.8% have been obtained for propane andn-hexane feed-stocks, respectively, at a temperature of 873 K.     

Influence of the different dechlorination time on catalytic performances of PtSnNa/ZSM-5 catalyst for propane dehydrogenation

Catalytic dehydrogenation of propane has recently received considerable attention because of the increasing demand for propene. Among several catalysts, PtSnNa/ZSM-5 catalyst is one of the most suitable ones. In this study, PtSnNa/ZSM-5 catalysts with different content of chlorine were prepared by changing the time of catalyst dechlorination. The obtained catalysts were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), XRD, nitrogen adsorption, ²⁷Al MAS NMR, NH₃-TPD, H₂ chemisorption and TPR. It was found that with the increase of treatment time, more framework aluminum atoms were removed from tetrahedral positions, leading to the loss of Sn species and the decrease of catalyst acidity. Meantime, the porous properties and the interactions between Pt and Sn of the catalysts changed remarkably, which was disadvantageous to the reaction. Compared with the dechlorinated catalysts, the fresh sample with suitable content of chlorine exhibited the best reaction activity and stability. The average yield of propene was about 30.4% over 45 h for the reaction of propane dehydrogenation at 590 °C. Finally, a model was proposed for the influence of dechlorinated treatment on catalytic properties of PtSnNa/ZSM-5 catalyst for propane dehydrogenation.     

Direct partial oxidation of methane over ZSM-5 catalyst: effects of additives

Previously, it was reported that the direct partial oxidation (DPO) of CH₄ with O₂ over HZSM-5 catalysts produces C₅₊ hydrocarbon liquids when the feed contains a propane or propene additive. This work studies additive effects on C₅₊ production in this system by processing a CH₄/C₃H₈ feed with subsequent removal of the C₃ additive and by processing natural gas feed. Results show C₅₊ production is maintained at constant yields for HZSM-5 catalysts having different zeolitic Al contents after removal of the C₃ additive. Mechanistic implications are discussed. Natural gas DPO consistently produced C₅₊ liquids due to the presence of C₂₊ components in the feed. While C₅₊ yields from natural gas DPO are higher than those observed for CH₄/C₃ feeds, increasing feed O₂ concentration, and thus conversion, deleteriously affected C₅₊ selectivity.     

低成本合成介孔ZSM-5沸石及其负载CoMo催化剂的加氢脱硫活性

以廉价的水玻璃、硫酸铝为原料,以阳离子聚季铵盐为介观尺度模板剂,通过水热合成方法制备了较高结晶度的介孔ZSM-5沸石(MZSM-5)。采用等体积浸渍法制备MZSM-5负载CoMo金属硫化物催化剂(CoMo/MZSM-5),考察了其对4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫活性。与传统的γ-Al2O3负载的CoMo(CoMo/γ-Al2O3)催化剂相比,CoMo/MZSM-5表现出更高的加氢脱硫活性。     

Shape-selective alkylation of benzene with ethylene over a core-shell ZSM-5@MCM-41 composite material

A series of ZSM-5@MCM-41 core-shell composite materials prepared via a multi-cycle-sol-gel coating strategy is investigated as the catalyst for benzene alkylation with ethylene,in which both ethylbenzene and para-diethylbenzene (p-DEB) are aimed as the target products.With multi-cycle-sol-gel coating,the external acid sites on the samples are gradually passivated by the inert MCM-41 shell.As a result,the shape selectivity to p-DEB is greatly enhanced.Nevertheless,the coating of mesoporous MCM-41 shell on ZSM-5 accelerates deactivation of the catalyst only due to the dilution effect of ZSM-5 content in the catalyst at the same space velocity,which is a reason that core-shell ZSM-5@MCM-41 will potentially be a practical catalyst in shape selective alkylation of benzene.In order to enhance the yield ofp-DEB on ZSM-5@MCM-41,the reaction conditions at the fixed bed reactor including temperature,the molar rate of benzene to ethylene and GHSV,are also optimized.     

Conversion of nitric oxide and methane over Pd/ZSM-5 catalysts in the absence of oxygen

We have studied the conversion of nitric oxide and methane on several H- and Na-ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts in the absence of oxygen. Our results suggest that the NO-CH₄ reaction can be explained in terms of a mechanism that starts with a nitric oxide decomposition step followed by the surface reaction of methane with the product oxygen regenerating the active site. We have found that reduced Pd/ZSM-5 catalysts are active for the nitric oxide decomposition reaction but deactivate rapidly due to self-poisoning by product oxygen. By contrast, in the presence of methane these catalysts can exhibit high activity and stability under certain conditions. For instance, when the nitric oxide decomposition and the reaction of methane with the surface oxygen proceed at comparable rates the catalyst is stable but when the methane conversion is lower than that required to remove all the oxygen produced (stoichiometric methane conversion) the catalyst rapidly deactivates. Under some conditions the methane conversion may be higher than the stoichiometric requirement leading to the deposition of carbonaceous species. These carbonaceous deposits can promote the reaction by helping to remove the product oxygen.     

Deactivation of ZSM-5 additives in laboratory for realistic testing

ZSM-5 deactivates differently from Y zeolite. Dealumination of Y zeolite during deactivation causes UCS shrinkage and thereby decline in activity and changes in selectivity. For ZSM-5 instead deactivation removes alumina from the zeolite structure, but in spite of that the zeolite structure does not collapse. Therefore, deactivation causes activity decline due to loss of active alumina sites, but no significant changes in the strength and separation between acid sites. Unlike with FCC catalyst, physical properties of ZSM-5 additive do not change significantly with deactivation and surface area and pore volume measurements cannot be used as indications of additive performance. Yet, since both Y and ZSM-5 are used simultaneously in practice, the information on the relative rates of deactivation between the two zeolites is very important. Therefore, the question remains, what is the best way to deactivate and test ZSM-5 additives in the laboratory to obtain realistic performance, e.g. propylene yield and to obtain proper ranking of various additives. This paper discusses the effect of deactivation conditions as well as performance testing aspects of ZSM-5 additives. It is shown that choice of deactivation conditions has an effect on additive ranking and performance. By choosing the deactivation conditions properly ranking can be made clearer and more realistic additive performance is obtained.     

Methanol-to-gasoline(MTG)conversion over ZSM-5. A temperature programmed surface reaction study

The conversion of methanol to gasoline over zeolite ZSM-5 has been studied by temperature programmed surface reaction (TPSR). The technique is able to monitor the two steps in the process: the dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether and the subsequent conversion of dimethyl ether to hydrocarbons. The activation barriers associated with each step were evaluated from the TPSR profiles and are 25.7 and 46.5 kcal/mol respectively. The methanol desorption profile shows considerable change with the amount of methanol molecules adsorbed per Brønsted site of the zeolite. The energy associated with the desorption process, (CH₃OH)_nH_s+-ZSM5 (CH₃OH)_n–1H⁺-ZSM5+CH₅OH, shows a spectrum of values depending onn.     

静态条件下合成纳米片层ZSM-5分子筛

采用具有双功能导向作用的长碳链双季铵盐作为模板剂,原料配比为n(Na_2O)∶n(Al_2O_3)∶n(SiO_2)∶n(C_(22-6)-6Br_2)∶n(H_2SO_4)∶n(H_2O)=30∶1∶100∶10∶18∶4 000,静态条件下合成有序纳米片层ZSM-5分子筛,并采用XRD、N2吸附-脱附、SEM和TEM等对其进行表征。研究部分晶化条件对合成过程的影响。结果表明,增大填充度至50%,可以提高晶化压强,从而提高分子筛结晶度;随着凝胶碱度的增加,纳米片层分子筛结晶度先增大后降低,多片层有序性也发生同样变化;晶化时间对合成过程的前期影响较大,晶化时间6天,分子筛达到较高结晶度,样品形貌均一,介孔孔径分布集中。     

Enhancement of conversion and selectivity by temperature-swing unsteady-state reaction method in shape-selective methylation of methylnaphthalene with ZSM-5

In order to enhance the conversion of shape-selective methylation of 2-methylnaphthalene with HZSM-5 for producing 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, an important precursor of high performance polyester, effect of reaction method was investigated. It was found that an unsteady-state reaction method with adsorption at a low temperature and subsequent flush at somewhat elevated temperature was very effective for enhancing the conversion drastically. This new reaction method, named low temperature adsorption and flush (LTAF) method, made it possible to increase the conversion up to more than 70% without losing shape-selectivity, whereas, by the conventional steady-state reaction method, the conversion remained at 10-20% level due to restricted diffusion of naphthalene-ring compounds in the HZSM-5 pore which was essential for the shape-selectivity. By LTAF method, the methylation can be performed in the range of temperature lower than that required for steady-state reaction, and the methanol conversion as a side reaction was effectively suppressed.     

Phenylhydrazine rearrangement revisited over modified ZSM-5 catalysts

The rearrangement of phenylhydrazine too- andp-phenylenediamines was carried out over ZSM-5 and its modified catalysts. Sm and V showed the promoting effect. In presence of ammonia flow Ga and Cr modified ZSM-5 catalysts gave good yields ofo- andp-phenylenediamines. The better temperature and WHSV for this reaction are found to be 400°C and 0.25 h^–1 respectively. The SiO₂/Al₂O₃ catalyst showed very low ortho-para selectivity when compared with zeolite catalysts.IICT Communication No. 3372.     

Catalytic conversion of methane to benzene over Mo/ZSM-5

Dehydroaromatization of methane to benzene occurs over a 2 wt% Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst at 700C under non-oxidizing conditions. Following an initial induction period, during which CH₄ reactant reduces the original Mo⁶⁺ ions in the zeolite to Mo₂C and deposition of coke occurs, a benzene selectivity of 70% at a CH₄ conversion of 8–10% could be sustained for more than 16 h. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction measurements indicate that the reduced Mo is highly dispersed in the channels of the zeolite. Initial activation of CH₄ reactant occurs on Mo₂C sites, leading to the formation of C₂H₄ as the primary product. The latter then undergoes subsequent oligomerization reactions on acidic sites of the zeolite to form aromatic products.     

Molybdenum ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts for the conversion of methane to benzene

This paper describes characterization studies of Mo-HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts active for the non-oxidative conversion of methane to benzene. FTIR, and NMR evidence is presented for migration of molybdenum into the zeolite pores during catalyst calcination at high temperatures. Mo K-edge EXAFS confirms that calcination produces highly dispersed oxomolybdenum or molybdate species which are converted to a molybdenum carbide phase under reaction conditions. Factors determining catalyst performance are discussed.     

空气气氛下RuO2/ZSM-5催化醇的部分氧化反应

通过原位反应法制备了RuO₂/ZSM-5催化剂,并用XRD、XPS和TEM对合成的催化剂进行了表征,结果表明,RuO₂主要以20 nm左右的微晶分散在载体中,原位反应引入钌物种,没有改变载体ZSM-5的结构,大部分钌为四价。催化试验表明,在以空气为氧化剂的温和条件下,RuO₂/ZSM-5不仅可有效地催化芳香醇和带烯丙基的醇类（激活醇）氧化生成醛酮,而且对一些非激活醇也有较好的催化效果。     

Hydrodesulfurization over noble metals supported on ZSM-5 zeolites

Pt/HZSM-5 showed high and stable catalytic activity for the hydrodesulfurization of thiophene at 400°C and its catalytic activity was higher than that of commercial CoMo/Al₂O₃ catalyst. Pt/HZSM-5 zeolite was not poisoned by hydrogen sulfide in the hydrodesulfurization of thiophene and hydrocracking of hydrocarbons. The catalytic activity of Pt/HZSM-5 decreased with increase of SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio in HZSM-5. The Brønsted acid site of HZSM-5 and spillover hydrogen formed on Pt particle in Pt/HZSM-5 catalyst play an important role for the hydrodesulfurization of thiophene.     

Olefin conversion over zeolite H-ZSM-5

The conversion of propene, 1-butene and 2-methylpropene over zeolite H-ZSM-5 has been studied in the temperature range 663–773 K. While propene and 1-butene yield similar products, that from 2-methylpropene contains less aromatics, but a greater fraction of xylenes. The time on stream behaviour of the aromatics from this latter olefin demonstrates that the difference in product yield and selectivity is due to pore mouth blockage resulting from the formation of iso-butyl cations on the external zeolite surface.