A corrugation geometry based model for efficiency of structured distillation packing

Although the structured packing is a well established gas–liquid contacting device, the understanding of its function is insufficient and often leads to poor exploitation of the available phase separating potential. This is a consequence of a rather superficial approach to modelling the packing performance through the years resulting in a lack of information on the nature and extent of interaction between counter-currently flowing gas and liquid phases and the micro and macro geometry of a rather ordered structure with a pronounced flow discontinuity at the transition among packing elements. This paper addresses the relation between the fluid-dynamics imposed by packing geometry and the mass transfer efficiency, and introduces a performance prediction method which does not require packing specific constants to describe mass transfer coefficients of phases.     

泡沫陶瓷环形填料的流体力学和传质性能

填料是化工气液传质设备中的核心组成部分,其作用主要是为气液或液液两相提供充分的接触面,强化两相间的传质或传热过程．填料的结构和性能对填料塔的技术经济指标具有决定性的影响．陶瓷填料具有耐腐蚀、价格低廉、润湿性与热稳定性好等特点．但其加工性能差,只能做成简单形状,与其他材质的填料相比,比表面积和空隙率都比较小,流动阻力大,传质性能较差,使其应用受到了一定的限制．     

Liquid-solid mass transfer in a rotating packed bed reactor with structured foam packing

A rotating packed bed (RPB) reactor has substantially potential for the process intensification of heterogeneous catalytic reactions. However, the scarce knowledge of the liquid–solid mass transfer in the RPB reactor is a barrier for its design and scale-up. In this work, the liquid–solid mass transfer in a RPB reactor installed with structured foam packing was experimentally studied using copper dissolution by potassium dichromate. Effects of rotational speed, liquid and gas volumetric flow rate on the liquid–solid mass transfer coefficient (k_LS) have been investigated. The correlation for predicting k_LS was proposed, and the deviation between the experimental and predicted values was within ± 12%. The liquid–solid volumetric mass transfer coefficient (k_LSa_LS) ranged from 0.04–0.14 1⁻¹, which was approximately 5 times larger than that in the packed bed reactor. This work lays the foundation for modeling of the RPB reactor packed with structured foam packing for heterogeneous catalytic reaction.     

CO oxidation over structured carriers: A comparison of ceramic foams, honeycombs and beads

This work aims an experimental comparison of different packings on the basis of their pressure drop, mass and heat transfer properties. Ceramic foams, beads and a honeycomb monolith were used as carriers in the oxidation of carbon monoxide. The carriers were coated with active Pt/SnO₂. The CO oxidation rate was measured in the regime of external diffusion control at superficial gas velocities between 1 and 10 m/s. The volumetric rate coefficients and the pressure drop of packings with similar geometric surface area decreased in the sequence particles > foams > honeycomb. The magnitude of the temperature gradient along the catalytic bed decreased as going from honeycomb over larger particles to foams and small particles. Foams were superior over particle beds from the viewpoint of combined high mass transfer and low-pressure drop. The main advantage of foams as compared to honeycomb resided in the radial mixing enabling a better heat transfer to the reactor walls.     

两级泡沫镍填料旋转填充床压降及精馏研究

在两级逆流式旋转填充床(TSCC-RPB)的基础上,采用简单结构的整体泡沫镍填料替代其相对复杂的动静环结构填料,从而构建新型两级整体泡沫镍填料旋转填充床(TSNF-RPB)。采用空气-水体系,研究了TSNF-RPB的压降特性,并以甲醇-水为工作体系,对TSNF-RPB进行了连续精馏实验研究。结果表明:虽然TSNF-RPB的湿床压降比TSCC-RPB高出了20%—30%,但TSNF-RPB的分离效率提高了20%,且TSNF-RPB结构简单、安装方便,更利于工业推广应用。     

泡沫碳化硅波纹规整填料的流体力学及传质性能

将碳化硅陶瓷材料用于精馏过程,将该材料与波纹板类填料形状相结合开发出泡沫碳化硅波纹规整填料和光滑碳化硅波纹规整填料.对2种填料进行了流体力学性能与传质性能的测试,研究了泡沫结构对规整填料性能的影响.在直径100mm的有机玻璃塔中使用空气-水体系对填料进行干填料压降、湿填料压降、泛点气速、持液量等流体力学性能测试;在直径100mm的常压玻璃塔中,使用环己烷-正庚烷标准物系进行全回流操作,对填料进行传质性能测试.实验结果表明,在填料外形相同的情况下,与光滑填料相比,泡沫填料的干、湿填料压降较高,泛点气速相当,持液量增大,传质效率显著提高.     

Mass transfer and hydrodynamic characteristics of new carbon carbon packing: Application to CO2 post-combustion capture

A novel structured packing, the 4D packing, has been characterized in terms of hydrodynamics, effective area and gas side mass transfer coefficient. The increase of the 4D opening fraction allows to reduce pressure drop and to get a better capacity than Mellapak 500Y and 750Y, for which the geometric areas are similar. The 50% open 4D packing, 4D-50%, leads to effective areas which are higher than Mellapak 500Y ones, and doubled compared with MellapakPlus 252Y ones. Effective areas for the 4D do not decrease when the opening fraction increases from 30 to 50%, this indicates that a non-negligible amount of droplets is generated at 50%. Gas side mass transfer coefficient had been measured with an original experimental method: water evaporation. Corresponding results seem to be in agreement with the literature, and with the fact that a large amount of droplets is generated. Correlations are proposed for both effective area and gas side mass transfer coefficient for the 4D-50%.The 4D-50% packing could be very interesting for post-combustion CO₂ capture since it generates low pressure drop and a very high interfacial area. This will be further confirmed by an economic study for which the absorber plant will be designed with a rate based model.     

S型规整填料的流体力学与传质性能

通过对4种不同比表面积S型金属丝网波纹填料进行冷模实验,研究分析了S型填料的流体力学和传质性能,并把其性能与同比表面积的金属丝网波纹填料进行了对比。研究表明,S型填料具有较小的塔压降,当F =1.2 (m/s)·(kg/m³)^0.5时,S800的干塔压降比CY800降低了40.02%;当F =1.2 (m/s)·(kg/m³)^0.5、L=25.46 m³/(m²·h)时,S800的湿塔压降较CY800降低了78.18%。S型与CY型填料相比具有较大的液泛气速,S800的液泛气速较CY800增加了22.22%以上;另外,S型填料具有较高的传质效率,S800型填料的理论级数每米最高可达到20块/m,当L=25.46 m³/(m₂·h),F≤1.5 (m/s)·(kg/m³)^0.5时,S800的理论级数较CY800提高了12.33%以上,传质效率较传统填料有很大程度的提高。S型填料的流体力学和传质性能均较好,能同时满足高通量、低压降、高效率等生产要求,有很好的应用前景。     

Experimental and numerical study of mass transfer efficiency in new wire gauze with high capacity structured packing

ABSTRACT

Experimental and numerical studies were conducted on the mass transfer efficiency of new wire gauze structured packing. For serving this purpose, various operational conditions were studied to assess the optimal parameters such as HETP of PACK-2100 in the distillation column. The results indicate that the HETP values are enhanced in comparison to conventional ones. In addition, the HETP slowly increases from 4 to 6 cm as mass flow rates of air and liquid flow are increased. The numerical simulations were also performed to describe the performance of the PACK-2100. The Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase approach is applied to calculate the value of HETP and pressure drop. The computational results confirmed that our experimental results. The average relative error between CFD predictions and the experimental data for the prediction of mass transfer efficiency is 20.45%.     

Mass transfer performance of structured packings in a CO2 absorption tower

This paper studies the mass transfer performance of structured packings in the absorption of CO2 from air with aqueous NaOH solution. The Eight structured packings tested are sheet metal ones with corrugations of different geometry parameters. Effective mass transfer area and overall gas phase mass transfer coefficient have been measured in an absorption column of 200 mm diameter under the conditions of gas F-factor in 0.38–1.52 Pa0.5 and aqueous NaOH solution concentration of 0.10–0.15 kmol·m?3. The effects of gas/liquid phase flow rates and packing geometry parameters are also investigated. The results show that the effective mass transfer area changes not only with packing geometry parameters and liquid load, but also with gas F-factor. A new effective mass transfer area correlation on the gas F-factor and the liquid load was proposed, which is found to fit experiment data very well.     

泡沫陶瓷填料旋转填充床微观混合性能

采用碘化物-碘酸盐平行竞争反应为工作体系,以离集指数（X_S）表征微观混合性能,实验考察了物料体积流量、H⁺浓度、旋转填充床转速、物料体积流量比等对两种不同孔径的新型整体泡沫陶瓷填料旋转填充床的微观混合性能的影响。结果表明,孔径较小的泡沫陶瓷填料更利于微观混合;H⁺浓度、进料体积流量比的增加会导致X_S增加;而旋转填充床转速、进料流量的增大都可使X_S下降。在实验研究的基础上,利用团聚模型计算泡沫陶瓷填料旋转填充床微观混合时间（t_m）,得到t_m范围为0.385～8.55 ms。与传统不锈钢丝网填料对比,泡沫陶瓷填料t_m最小值（0.385 ms）低于不锈钢丝网填料的t_m最小值（1.6 ms）,表明泡沫陶瓷填料的微观混合性能优于传统不锈钢丝网填料。     

改性塑料规整填料的流体力学和传质性能研究

主要研究了不同比表面积和开孔率塑料规整填料表面处理前后的流体力学和传质性能。结果表明：经过表面改性后,传质性能可提高约20%～35%,开孔填料经表面改性后阻力不会增加,并且在低喷淋密度时传质效率提高显著。     

表面改性塑料填料流体力学及传质性能研究

采用新的塑料波纹填料改性方法,有效改善填料成膜性,与同等条件下商业填料进行对比。采用氧解析实验,在直径190 mm的有机玻璃塔内,液相喷淋密度10—36 m3/(m2·h),F因子0.2—3(m/s)·(kg/m3)0.5的实验条件下测定了改性填料及商用填料的流体力学及传质性能。实验结果表明:当液体喷淋密度为10,24,36 m3/(m2·h)时,在相同的F因子下,改性填料的液相传质单元高度Ho L较商用填料分别降低了29.50%,23.00%以及23.95%,同时改性后压降也相应为商用填料的85.37%,89.71%和88.35%。表明该改性方法在低喷淋密度下对塑料填料性能提升显著。此外,对实验填料的Ho L、压降进行了关联,采用狭通道液膜波动理论对填料塔内部液泛进行了探讨,为塑料填料的工业应用提供了设计基础。     

Effect of a severe form of initial gas maldistribution on pressure drop of a structured packing bed

The results of an experimental study devoted to establishing the relation between a severe form of initial gas distribution, as created by a chordal blockage set-up used in a recent FRI study, and the hydraulics of a structured packing bed are presented. Both dry and wet bed experiments were conducted with air/water system under ambient conditions, using a 1.4 m i.d. Plexiglas column in conjunction with Montz-pak B1-250 packing bed of the approximately same length, employing liquid loads corresponding to that from the FRI study. From dry and wet experiments it appeared that chordal blanking of 30% of cross-sectional area at gas inlet can influence the pressure drop significantly, particularly that in the lower part of the bed.     

Modeling of dry pressure drop for fully developed gas flow in structured packing using CFD simulations

Dry pressure drop in columns equipped with structured packings is considered to involve two components: drag force due to the direction changes near the column walls and in the transition region between two packing layers rotated to each other by 90°, and friction force between the different gas flows inside the crossing triangular channels and with the packing solid walls. It is believed that in a packed bed with compact sheet density and large packing surface area (above 250 m²/m³), the major contribution of the pressure drop is generated by the friction component.In this paper, a model is proposed to determine the dry pressure drop friction component. The gas is assumed to establish a fully developed turbulent flow inside the structured packing channels. The structured packing geometry consists of a combination of periodic elements. It is shown that the reproduction of one periodic element aerodynamics leads to determine the gas distribution and pressure drop inside the packed bed. Therefore, modeling the dry pressure drop through one periodic element is a meaningful representation of the dry pressure drop over the packing.CFD simulations are carried out on periodic elements using different turbulence models: RNG k−ε, realizable k−ε, and SST k−ω. The best results that agree with the experimental data in the literature are obtained with the SST k−ω model. The CFD model proposed is used to study the impact of packing geometry variations on the dry pressure drop and to bring up a correlation for the pressure drop with respect to changes of packing geometry: channel height dimension, channel opening angle, and corrugation angle.     

Vapour- and liquid-side volumetric mass transfer coefficients measured in distillation column. Comparison with data calculated from absorption correlations

Volumetric mass transfer coefficients in liquid and vapour phases in distillation column were measured by the method consisting of a fitting of the concentration profile of liquid phase along the column obtained by the integration of a differential model to the experimental one. The mathematical model of distillation process includes mass and energy balances and the heat and mass transfer equations. The film model flux expressions with the convective transport contributions have been considered in the transfer equations. Vapour and liquid phases are supposed to be at their saturated temperatures along the column. Effect of changes of phase flows and physical properties of phases on the mass transfer coefficients along the column and non-ideal thermodynamic behaviour of the liquid phase have been taken into account. The concentration profiles of liquid phase are measured in the binary distillation of the ethanol-water and methanol-ethanol systems at total reflux on metal Pall Rings and Intalox saddles 25 mm in the column with diameter of 150 mm. The distillation mass transfer coefficients obtained by the fitting procedure are compared with those calculated from absorption data using Onda's, Billet's and Linek's correlations. The distillation heat transfer coefficients calculated from the model assuming saturated temperatures in both phases are compared with those calculated from the Chilton-Colburn and penetration model analogy between mass and heat transfer. The results have confirmed an agreement neither between distillation and from absorption correlations calculated mass transfer coefficients nor between analogy and from enthalpy balance calculated heat transfer coefficients. Also the concentration profiles obtained by the integration of the differential model of the distillation column using the coefficients from absorption correlation have differed from the experimental profiles considerably.     

Gas and liquid phase mass transfer within KATAPAK-S structures studied using CFD simulations

The gas phase mass transfer in the empty channels, and the liquid phase mass transfer within the catalyst-packed channels, of the criss-crossing sandwich structures of KATAPAK-S have been studied using computational fluid dynamics. Due to the “upheaval” caused by the flow splitting at the cross-overs, the mass transfer coefficient is significantly larger than that for fully developed flow in a single tube.     

Liquid-phase mass transfer within KATAPAK-S structures studied using computational fluid dynamics simulations

The liquid-phase mass transfer within the catalyst-packed criss-crossing sandwich structures of KATAPAK-S has been studied with the use of computational fluid dynamics. Due to the “upheaval” caused by the flow splitting at the crossovers, the mass transfer coefficient is about 40% times larger than for fully developed laminar flow in a single, packed tube.     

塑料异型矩鞍填料的流体力学及传质性能研究

在内径300 mm塔中,以空气-氨-水为物系,对开发出的一种新型塑料散装填料———异型矩鞍填料的流体力学及传质性能进行了研究。获得了该填料的几何特性、流体力学性能及传质性能数据,并通过对实验数据的回归分析,得出了填料层压降Δp/Z、泛点填料因子F及气相总传质单元高度HOG的关联式。研究结果表明,塑料异型矩鞍填料具有通量大、压降低、气液分布均匀及传质性能优良等优点。     

并流旋转床压降与传质特性的研究

利用水-空气系统对并流旋转床的气相压降进行了研究,并与逆流旋转床气相压降进行了对比。研究结果表明：并流较逆流旋转床的气相压降低;并流旋转床的气相压降随气体流量的增大而增大,随液体流量的增大而减小,随转速的增大明显降低;而逆流旋转床的气相压降随转速的增大明显升高。利用水吸收SO2的实验对并流旋转床的传质特性进行了研究。研究结果表明：并流旋转床填料层内各点的体积传质系数随着气体流量、液体流量和转速的增大而增大;填料层半径由70mm增大至90mm时,并流旋转床的体积传质系数迅速增大,而后并流旋转床的体积传质系数随半径的增大而减小。对并流和逆流旋转床填料层内体积传质系数进行了对比。结果表明：填料层半径由70mm增大至130mm时,并流旋转床的体积传质系数较逆流时大;当半径大于130mm后,逆流旋转床的体积传质系数大于并流旋转床的体积传质系数,且随半径增大而增大。根据研究结果,提出了降低系统压降的设想,即并流与逆流旋转床串联操作。