化学镀镍铜磷三元合金沉积工艺的研究

为提高化学镀镍的硬度、耐磨及耐蚀性,以拓宽在电子工业中应用,采用在化学镀镍磷合金液中添加适量的铜离子制得镍铜磷三元合金。研究了镍离子与铜离子浓度比、次磷酸钠含量、沉积温度对合金镀层沉积速率的影响,利用Ｓ－５７０扫描电镜和Ｈ－８００透电镀观察了镀层表面形貌和显微组织,通过硝酸腐蚀试验比较了镍磷合金与镍铜镀层的耐蚀性。结果表明,铜的共沉积能明显提高镍磷合金的耐蚀性。     

化学镀镍-铜-磷三元合金工艺的研究

为提高化学镀镍－磷合金镀层的性能及获得多种性能的合金镀层以拓宽其应用范围。在化学镀镍－磷合金液中加入硫酸铜制得镍－铜－磷三元合金。研究了镀液中硫酸镍、次磷酸钠、柠檬酸钠、硫酸铜、稳定剂、光亮剂的含量以及pH值和温度等因素对合金镀层的外观、沉积速度及铜含量的影响。通过5％氯化钠溶液和10％硫酸溶液浸泡试验比较了所得镍－铜－磷合金镀层与镍－磷合金镀层以及前人制得的镍－磷合金镀层的耐蚀性，同时比较了上述镀层的其它性能。结果表明，所得镍－铜－磷合金镀层的耐蚀性、外观、结合力、孔隙率、沉积速度、硬度和耐磨性等性能优于镍－磷合金及前人制得的镍－铜－磷合金镀层。     

镍—钨—磷／聚四氟乙烯复合刷镀工艺及性能研究

研究了镍－钨－磷／聚四氟乙烯电刷镀的工艺,刷镀液相成,研究了热处理条件对镍－钨－磷／聚四氟乙烯复合镀层的硬度及磨损率的影响。确定了复合镀层摩擦学特征最好的热处理温度和复合镀层聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）含量,通过研究发现,复合镀层中添加聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）,能显著降低磨损率,大大提高镀层的耐磨性,论述了采用电刷镀技术使基体材料形成一层具有弥散硬质相及自润滑减摩组分的聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）复合镀层。     

添加聚四氟乙烯对化学沉积复使度层性能的影响

在化学镀Ｃｕ（Ｎｉ）－Ｐ合金镀液中添加碳化硅和聚国烯制得Ｃｕ（Ｎｉ）－Ｐ－ＳｉＣ－ＰＴＥＥ复合镀层。研究了碳化硅、聚四氟乙烯的添加量对镀层沉积速度、硬度、磨损及减摩性能的影响。结果表明：碳化硅和聚四氟乙烯的加入能提高Ｃｕ（Ｎｉ）－Ｐ合金镀层的沉积速度、硬度、耐磨及减摩性。     

化学镀镍—聚四氟乙烯复合镀层

化学镀镍的应用领域,随着其可共沉积诸如碳化硅、陶瓷、金刚石及含氟聚合物等物质而大有扩展.取得这种成绩归结于用了镍磷合金镀层和上述物质微粒不同的性质而又常常是互补的特点.本文叙述了镍一磷合金和聚四氟乙烯(PTFE,或称塑料王)微粒复合共沉积的化学镀覆工艺.该化学工艺使用了一个独特的分散体系,使聚四氟乙烯超微粒可以维持悬浮在溶液中.同时文章概述了共沉积层的特性,研讨在生产中的某些应用.     

镍-钨-碳化硅非晶复合刷镀工艺的研究

为进一步提高非晶态镍－钨合金镀层的硬度,耐磨和耐蚀性能,在镍－钨刷镀液中加入适量碳化硅微粒,共沉积制得含碳化硅26．0－21．3％（质量分数）的非晶态镍－钨－碳化硅复合镀层。利用X射线衍射技术分析了所得镍－钨－碳化硅镀层的结构,研究了镀层中碳化硅含量,热处理温度复合镀层硬度,耐磨性和抗高温氧化性的影响。结果表明：碳化硅的弥散强化作用和热处理能显著提高复合镀层的硬度,耐磨性和抗高温氧化性。     

无电解复合材料镀层的组织与性能研究（Ⅱ）

采用化学镀法制备镍磷合金－碳化硅－氧化铝复合镀层。利用ＳＥＭ,ＴＥＭ,ＸＲＤ等方法研究了复合镀层的组织,结构,性能及其影响因素。试验发现,随碳化硅,氧化铝粒子复合量的增大,镀层晶化倾向增大;镀层硬度随时效处理温度的升高而增大,４００℃时硬度最大,且在相同温度下,复合镀层硬度高于镍磷合金。     

化学复合镀镍-磷-氧化铝工艺研究

为进一步提高化学镀镍磷合金层的性能，在镀液中加入氧化铝粒子制度得镍－磷－氧化铝复合镀层。研究了镀液中各成分及操作条件对镀速的影响，并对镀层的组织结构和性能进行了测试。结果表明，该工艺镀液稳定性好，所得复合镀层的硬度和耐磨性优于镍磷合金镀层。     

（Fe—Ni）—MoS2自润滑复合镀层的制备及性能研究

在酸性氯化物电解液中进行了ＭｏＳ２微粒与铁、镍共沉积的试验，确定了制备（Ｆｅ－Ｎｉ）－ＭｏＳ２复合镀层的最佳工艺参数。对所得到的复合镀层的摩擦磨损特性进行了研究。结果表明：铁镍合金镀层中弥散分布着６．４１ｗｔ％的ＭｏＳ２微粒后，与Ｆｅ－Ｎｉ合金镀层，４５＾＃淬火钢和球墨铸铁相比，其摩擦系数和损率显著降低，镀层的摩擦磨损性能得到改善。     

镍磷铬三元合金电镀

镍磷铬三元合金电镀解长利（六盘水煤矿机械厂，５５３４０２）１前言镍磷合金在汽车、机械、化工等行业有较广泛的应用。而镍磷铬三元合金镀层具有致密性好和孔隙率低等优点，其耐蚀性、耐磨性及硬度都高于Ｎｉ－Ｐ二元合金镀层。对Ｎｉ－Ｐ－Ｃｒ三元合金镀层作Ｘ射线衍...     

Friction and wear characteristics of copper and its compound-filled PTFE composites under oil-lubricated conditions

Four kinds of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-based composites, such as pure PTFE, PTFE + 30(v)%Cu, PTFE + 30(v)%Cu₂O, and PTFE + 30(v)%CuS composite, were prepared. Then the friction and wear properties of the PTFE composites filled with Cu, Cu₂O, or CuS sliding against GCr15-bearing steel under both dry and liquid paraffin-lubricated conditions were studied by using an MHK-500 ring-block wear tester. Finally, the worn surfaces and the transfer films of these PTFE composites formed on the surface of GCr15-bearing steel were investigated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an optical microscope, respectively. Experimental results show that the antiwear properties of these PTFE composites can be greatly improved by filling Cu, Cu₂O, or CuS to PTFE, and the wear of these PTFE composites can be decreased by two orders of magnitude compared to that of pure PTFE under dry friction conditions. Meanwhile, CuS increases the friction coefficient of the PTFE composite, but Cu and Cu₂O reduce the friction coefficients of the PTFE composites. However, the friction and wear properties of Cu, Cu₂O, or CuS-filled PTFE composites can be greatly improved by lubrication with liquid paraffin. The friction coefficients of these PTFE composites can be decreased by one order of magnitude compared to those under dry friction conditions, while the wear of these PTFE composites can be decreased by one to two orders of magnitude. The PTFE + 30(v)%Cu composite exhibits excellent friction and wear-reducing properties under higher loads in liquid paraffin-lubricated conditions, so the PTFE + 30(v)%Cu composite is much more suitable for application under oil-lubricated conditions in practice. Optical microscope investigation of transfer films shows that Cu, Cu₂O, and CuS enhance the adhesion of the transfer films to the surface of GCr15-bearing steel, so they greatly reduce the wear of the PTFE composites. However, the transfer of the PTFE composites onto the surface of GCr15-bearing steel can be greatly reduced by lubrication with liquid paraffin, but the transfer still takes place. SEM examination of worn surfaces shows that the interaction between liquid paraffin and the PTFE composites, especially the absorption of liquid paraffin into the surface layers of the PTFE composites, creates some cracks on the worn surfaces of Cu₂O or CuS-filled PTFE composites, the creation and development of the cracks reduces the load-carrying capacity of the PTFE composites; this leads to the deterioration of the friction and wear properties of the PTFE composites under higher loads in liquid paraffin lubrication. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 70: 1455–1464, 1998     

Ni-P复合镀层摩擦磨损性能的研究

采用化学复合镀在碳钢基体上共沉积（Ni-P）-SiC和（Ni-P）-PTFE两种复合镀层,重点研究了两种复合镀层在相同对磨条件下的摩擦磨损性能及磨损机理表现形式,并与化学镀镍磷层进行对比。结果表明,本实验条件下所制备的（Ni-P）-SiC和（Ni-P）-PTFE两类复合镀层分别具有优异的耐磨和减磨性能,均能对所镀覆基体材料起到良好的保护作用;对磨实验过程中主要出现磨料磨损、粘着磨损和氧化磨损三种磨损方式,而且磨损方式不同,镀层的摩擦磨损性能表现也不尽相同。     

酸性溶液中PTW增强PTFE复合材料的耐蚀性和摩擦磨损性能

分别研究了不同含量钛酸钾晶须(PTW)、碳纤(CF)填充聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)复合材料在硫酸溶液中和干摩擦条件下摩擦学性能以及酸中的耐蚀性能,借助SEM等分析探讨了相关机理。结果表明,酸中纯PTFE耐磨性较干摩擦条件下提高了2个数量级,摩擦系数也只有干摩擦的15.3%。与CF/PTFE相比,PTW/PTFE复合材料在酸中显示更好的耐蚀和耐磨性能。PTW可以进一步提高PTFE酸中耐磨性能、降低摩擦系数。含15%（质量）PTW时复合材料具有最低的磨损率,此时比纯PTFE酸中耐磨性提高13.8倍,是相同含量CF/PTFE耐磨性的3.2倍。由于酸溶液的冷却和润滑作用,复合材料的摩擦系数与干条件相比明显降低。然而,酸溶液阻止了转移膜的形成。不管是干摩擦还是在酸性溶液中,当填料含量超过15%（质量）时,犁削和磨粒磨损是PTFE复合材料的主要磨损机理。     

Modification of Cu‐PE‐PTFE composite coatings on rubber surface by low‐energy electron beam dispersion with glow discharge

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composite coatings doped with copper acetate and polyethylene (PE) were fabricated on rubber substrate by electron beam dispersion technique. The effects of dopant nature and glow discharge treatment on morphology, structural and tribological properties of the coatings were investigated. The results showed that Cu and PE doping change the surface structure of PTFE‐based composite coatings due to the chemical reactions between the dispersion products. Cu‐PE‐PTFE coatings show the columnar and layered growth models without and with discharge treatment. Cu adding decreases the crystallinity, branched degree and unsaturated degree of PE coatings, but increases the branched degree and unsaturated bonds in the PE‐PTFE coatings. Glow discharge enhances the crystallinity and ordering degree of composite coatings. Friction experiments indicated the significant difference of composite coatings in the nature of their destruction during friction. PE‐PTFE coating is characterized of the brittle fracture with clear failure boundaries but Cu‐PE‐PTFE coating shows a rough surface without cracking and delaminating after friction. Cu doping increases the dynamic coefficient of friction of PE and PE‐PTFE composite coatings, but discharge plasma decreases the dynamic coefficient of friction. Cu‐PE‐PTFE composite coating after discharge treatment has the decreased dynamic coefficient of friction and improved wear resistance. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:103–111, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Friction and wear characteristics of PTFE composites filled with metal oxides under lubrication by oil

Four kinds of polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)-based composites, such as pure PTFE, PTFE+30%(v)PbO, PTFE+30%(v)Pb₃O₄, and PTFE+30%(v)Cu₂O composite, were prepared. The friction and wear properties of these metal oxides filled PTFE composites sliding against GCr15 bearing steel in both dry and lubricated conditions were studied by using an MHK-500 ring-block wear tester. Then the worn surfaces of these PTFE composites and the transfer films of these PTFE composites formed on the surface of GCr15 bearing steel were examined by using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and an Optical Microscope, respectively. Experimental results show that the friction and wear properties of these metal oxide-filled PTFE composites can be greatly improved by liquid paraffin lubrication, and the friction coefficients can be decreased by one order of magnitude. Meanwhile, the interactions between liquid paraffin and metal oxide-filled PTFE composites, especially the absorption of liquid paraffin into the surface layers of these PTFE composites, reduce the mechanical strength and the load-carrying capacity of these metal oxide-filled PTFE composites. This leads to the deterioration of the friction and wear properties of these PTFE composites. Investigations of the frictional surfaces show that Pb₃O₄, Cu₂O, and PbO enhance the adhesion of the transfer films to the surface of GCr15-bearing steel, and thus promote the transfer of the PTFE composites onto the surface of GCr15-bearing steel. Therefore, they greatly reduce the wear of the PTFE composites. However, the transfer of these PTFE composites onto the counterfaces can be greatly reduced by lubrication with liquid paraffin. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 85–93, 1997     

硅灰石与石墨对聚四氟乙烯摩擦磨损性能的影响

以针状的硅灰石和鳞片石墨为填料,采用冷压—烧结工艺制备了不同填料含量的聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）复合材料,考察了复合材料的摩擦磨损性能,并利用扫描电子显微镜对磨痕和转移膜进行了分析。结果表明,单独填充硅灰石和石墨时,PTFE的磨损率都会随填料含量的增加而降低,硅灰石的作用要强于石墨;但硅灰石会使PTFE的摩擦因数明显增大,而石墨会使PTFE的摩擦因数降低;2种填料提升PTFE耐磨性的作用机理不同,硅灰石在摩擦过程中会在滑动界面区域上逐渐堆积,起到优先承担载荷的作用;而石墨在摩擦过程中会发生片层的滑移与剥离,有助于转移膜的形成;适量的硅灰石（含量为20 %,质量分数,下同）与石墨（含量为5 %或10 %）复合填充能产生协同效应,使PTFE的磨损率进一步降低,耐磨性比未填充的PTFE提高200倍。     

Friction and wear behaviors of several polymers under oil-lubricated conditions

The friction and wear properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyimide (PI), and polyamide 66 (PA66) sliding against GCr15 bearing steel under both dry and oil-lubricated conditions were studied by using an MHK-500 ring-block wear tester (Timken wear tester), and then Stribeck's curves of PTFE, PI, and PA66 under lubrication of the oil were given out. The worn surfaces of these polymers and the transfer films formed on the counterfaces were examined by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an optical microscope, respectively. Experimental results show that the friction and wear-reducing properties of PTFE, PI, and PA66 can be greatly improved by lubrication with liquid paraffin, and the friction coefficients can be decreased by 1 order of magnitude compared to those in dry friction condition. Under lubrication of liquid paraffin, the friction coefficients of PTFE, PI, and PA66 decrease with the increase of load, but the wear increases with the increase of load. The variations of friction coefficients with load for PTFE, PI, and PA66 under lubrication of liquid paraffin can be described properly by the Stribeck's curves, as given out in this article. Under higher loads and sliding speeds in liquid paraffin lubrication, the friction and wear reducing properties of PA66 are the best, and those of PTFE are the worst; therefore, PA66 is also very suitable for applications in oil-lubricated conditions. Meanwhile, SEM and optical microscope investigations show that the wear and transfer of PTFE, PI, and PA66 can be greatly reduced by lubrication of liquid paraffin, but they still take place. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 68: 2175–2182, 1998     

Tribological behaviors of polytetrafluoroethylene composites under dry sliding and seawater lubrication

The composites of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filled with expanded graphite (EG), poly(p‐oxybenzoyl) (POB), and basalt fiber (BF) were prepared by heating compression and sintering molding. The tribological behavior of PTFE composites was investigated with a pin‐on‐disk tester under dry conditions and seawater lubrication. The worn surface of PTFE composites and the transfer film on the counterface were observed with a scanning electron microscope. The results indicated that the incorporation of EG and POB improved the hardness of PTFE composites, and addition of BF led to greater load‐carrying capacity. Compared to pure PTFE, the coefficients of friction of PTFE composites slightly increased, but the wear rates were significantly reduced (the wear rate of composite with 3% EG being only 10.38% of pure PTFE). In addition, all the composites exhibited a lower coefficient of friction (decreases of about 0.03–0.07) but more serious wear under seawater lubrication than under dry sliding. The wear mechanism changed from serious abrasive wear of pure PTFE to slight adhesion wear of PTFE composites under both conditions. A transfer film was obviously found on the counterface in seawater, but it was not observed under dry conditions. Among all the materials tested, the PTFE‐based composite containing 20% POB (mass fraction), 2% EG, and 3% BF exhibited the best comprehensive performance. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2523–2531, 2013     

不同介质中聚四氟乙烯复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

分别在碱液、水、油和干摩擦条件下考察了碳纤维和玻璃纤维填充聚四氟乙烯复合材料的摩擦磨损性能。利用SEM观察了不同介质中磨损面和对摩面的形貌,并探讨了其磨损机理。结果表明,不同介质中摩擦系数的大小关系是μ干>μ水或油>μ碱,磨损率是W水>W干>W碱或油。水、碱和油都不同程度地阻止了转移膜的形成。碱液和油具有很好的冷却与润滑作用,摩擦系数低,磨损小;然而水分子降低了填料和基体的界面粘接强度,造成犁削和磨粒磨损加重。