污泥双回流-厌氧/好氧/缺氧强化内源反硝化深度脱氮

目前,如何经济有效地实现低C/N生活污水深度脱氮仍是污水处理厂面临的一个重大挑战。理论上后置反硝化可以实现深度脱氮效果,但往往由于缺乏外碳源难以同时满足经济高效脱氮。本研究建立的新型污泥双回流-厌氧/好氧/缺氧(AOA)工艺有利于富集培养以Candidatus Competibacter为主的反硝化聚糖菌(DGAOs),能够开发与利用内碳源脱氮。该系统长期处理低C/N (3.2)实际城市生活污水,TIN去除率达91.81%,出水TIN浓度为4.36 mg·L^-1。此外,提高第二污泥回流量增加了缺氧区的MLSS同时提升了比内源反硝化速率,是深度氮去除的主要原因。随着去除效果的提升,充分的厌氧环境使得内碳源贮存量升高,脱氮效果呈现正向循环。二沉池底部产生的额外碳源随第二回流引入系统进一步强化脱氮。本研究阐明了污泥双回流-AOA系统节碳脱氮的原理与关键,为低C/N城市污水的脱氮效率提供了一种可行性。     

不同类型VFA对反硝化同步脱氮除磷的影响

为探究不同类型VFA(乙酸和丙酸)对反硝化同步脱氮除磷的影响,采用厌氧/缺氧富集驯化反硝化同步脱氮除磷微生物(DPAO),利用电子扫描显微镜(SEM)观察富集后微生物特征,并通过批次实验考察2种污泥的厌氧碳吸收、磷释放和缺氧硝酸盐消耗、磷吸收情况。结果表明:以乙酸和丙酸为VFA富集DPAO是可行的;乙酸系统中DPAO以短杆菌为主,而丙酸系统中DPAO以球菌为主,反映了DAPO的多样性特征;乙酸系统中,厌氧碳利用效率0.14 mg/mg(COD)和释磷速率3.5 mg/(g·h)(MLSS)、缺氧氮利用效率0.9 mg/mg(N)和吸磷速率2.3 mg/(g·h)(MLSS),明显高于丙酸系统中的相应参数值0.10 mg/mg(COD),2.7 mg/(g·h)(MLSS),0.7 mg/mg(N),1.7 mg/(g·h)(MLSS);乙酸系统呈现出典型的反硝化同步脱氮除磷特征,而丙酸系统除反硝化同步脱氮除磷外,还存在异氧菌的反硝化脱氮行为。     

脱氮副球菌YF1目的反硝化特性研究

从活性污泥中分离出1株反硝化细菌,16SrDNA序列分析表明该菌株为脱氮副球菌属(Paracoccus),研究其在好氧、厌氧条件下的脱氮特性并进行优化.结果表明,在碳源为葡萄糖,碳氮量比为20、温度30℃、pH为7.5、接种量体积分数1.5%、微量元素投加体积分数0.02%的最优降解条件下,该菌对初始质量浓度为100.0 mg·L-1的硝酸盐在30h内的降解率在好氧条件下为95.3%,厌氧条件下为96.3%,并且都没有亚硝酸盐的积累,具有良好的脱氮特性.     

低温低C/N比污水微氧生物脱氮性能研究

为探究低温条件下溶解氧（DO）质量浓度对微氧生物脱氮反应器启动和运行的影响,采用外曝气回流上升流式微氧污泥处理系统,将低C/N比模拟城市污水泵入反应器进行处理,实验各阶段微调DO浓度并测定主要出水水质指标。结果表明,反应器对TOC、IC、NH⁺₄-N和TN去除率分别为62.32%、60.02%、91.56%、64.09%,在低温、低DO、低C/N比的条件下处理效果良好。菌群结构分析表明,驯化污泥存在促进颗粒化菌,好氧氨氧化、厌氧氨氧化、自养反硝化、异养反硝化和好氧反硝化可协同脱氮,在低温、低C/N比下富集节能高效脱氮菌群。     

悬浮填料床同步硝化反硝化脱氮试验研究

在好氧条件下,向反应器中装填悬浮填料进行脱氮试验,考察生物膜法对氨氮和总氮的去除效果.结果表明：DO为3.0 mg.L-1时,氨氮平均去除率达到89.52％、总氮平均去除率达到29.46％.在好氧条件下,生物膜脱氮效果明显,硝酸盐氮的积累使反硝化过程成为脱氮的制约因素之一.     

耐低温异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及脱氮特性

作为新型脱氮工艺的异养硝化-好氧反硝化目前已受到研究者的广泛关注,但由于低温条件下微生物活性低导致脱氮效果差,为攻克低温条件下微生物生长缓慢、脱氮效率低的难点,本研究从呼和浩特污水厂及天然湿地沉积物分离得到6株具有异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力的细菌。其中菌株TY1在8℃下对单一氮源氨氮（106 mg/L）、硝酸盐氮（70 mg/L）和亚硝酸盐氮（35 mg/L）的去除率分别为97.47%、81.85%、97.51%,最大去除速率分别为5.61、3.75、2.74 mg/（L·h）;菌株TY1对混合氮源氨氮（50 mg/L）和硝酸盐氮（50 mg/L）的去除率分别为99.25%、43.63%;对混合氮源氨氮（50 mg/L）和亚硝酸盐氮（50 mg/L）的去除率分别为91.60%、29.38%。证明菌株TY1具有低温高效脱氮特性,经鉴定为Acinetobacter calcoaceticus,其在废水脱氮处理过程中具有良好的潜在应用价值。     

好氧微生物颗粒污泥脱氨机理

好氧颗粒污泥应用于生物脱氮,机理为如下几种.第一种为常规硝化-反硝化途径.第二种为亚硝化-反硝化途径,颗粒污泥的外部为好氧的硝化区,通过适当的控制,使硝化过程停留在亚硝化阶段,直接进入内层进行反硝化.第三种为硝化-厌氧氨氧化途径,通过外层的硝化和内层的厌氧氨氧化作用实现脱氮.第四种为硝化-反硝化聚磷方式,颗粒污泥内部在反硝化的同时聚磷,实现好氧颗粒污泥同步脱氮除磷.第五种脱氮的途径为好氧反硝化.在不同的条件下,某一种脱氮的途径可能占主导地位.     

好氧微生物颗粒污泥脱氮机理

好氧颗粒污泥应用于生物脱氮，机理为如下几种。第一种为常规硝化-反硝化途径。第二种为亚硝化-反硝化途径，颗粒污泥的外部为好氧的硝化区．通过适当的控制．使硝化过程停留在亚硝化阶段．直接进入内层进行反硝化。第三种为硝化-厌氧氨氧化途径．通过外层的硝化和内层的厌氧氨氧化作用实现脱氮。第四种为硝化-反硝化聚磷方式．颗粒污泥内部在反硝化的同时聚磷，实现好氧颗粒污泥同步脱氮除磷。第五种脱氮的途径为好氧反硝化。在不同的条件下．某一种脱氮的途径可能占主导地位。     

反硝化颗粒污泥系统和反硝化生物膜系统深度脱氮对比研究

对比分析了反硝化颗粒污泥系统和反硝化生物膜系统在不同进水条件和不同水力停留时间（HRT）下的脱氮效果。结果表明,当进水COD较高即外部碳源较为充足时,反硝化颗粒污泥系统和反硝化生物膜系统脱氮效果接近;而当进水总氮浓度较高即外部碳源受限时,生物膜系统的脱氮效果优于颗粒污泥系统。在不同的HRT条件下（3～6 h）,反硝化生物膜系统的深度脱氮效果均优于反硝化颗粒污泥系统,且当HRT=5 h时,两系统的脱氮性能均达到最高。实验结果表明反硝化生物膜系统在脱氮性能方面略胜一筹。但是,结合经济性和去除性能进一步分析可知,与生物膜系统相比,颗粒污泥系统具有占地面积小、无载体成本等低成本的显著优势,在既有工艺出水深度脱氮的工程实践中,可优先选择反硝化颗粒污泥工艺,并可通过控制颗粒粒径和系统运行参数等措施强化脱氮性能。     

废水脱氮中好氧反硝化现象的研究

采用SBR工艺,对废水脱氮中的好氧反硝化现象进行了研究。试验工序为:缺氧搅拌3h、曝气8h、缺氧搅拌1.5h、沉淀1h、排水。当进水ρ(NH4+-N)为107mg/L,ρ(CODCr)为700mg/L时,好氧段NH4+-N的去除率达到53.3%,TN的去除占整个周期TN去除的71.23%,表明好氧反硝化现象对整个周期的脱氮起着主要的作用。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。