城市固体废弃物填埋场边坡地震响应分析

随着城市化进程的加快,城市垃圾存放已成为政府部门的棘手问题,而城市垃圾填埋场的稳定问题已经引起有关部门的重视。采用有限元分析法,结合某城市垃圾填埋场所处场地地震特性,选择人工合成地震波作为地震动输入,分别考虑边坡在有衬垫层和无衬垫层条件,以及本构模型(HSsmall模型和摩尔-库仑模型)等影响因素,对影响填埋场边坡动力响应的因素进行分析。结果表明,衬垫层的存在对边坡动力响应影响较大,HSsmall本构模型反映了土在动力作用下的特性,计算的结果更合理。分析结果可为垃圾填埋场边坡动力响应规律的研究提供依据。     

近断层地震动对边坡稳定性的影响

为研究近断层地震动特性及其入射方向对边坡地震响应的影响,首先,考虑边坡对地震波的散射规律,提出了一种能够考虑地震波任意角度入射的地震动输入方法,该方法能够准确考虑模型边界两侧的动力相互作用且简单易操作。其次,运用提出的地震动输入方法,通过有限元参数分析研究了地震波入射角对边坡地震响应的影响规律。结果表明:当同时考虑Ｐ波及ＳＶ波入射时,由于两种波形的叠加作用,边坡的放大效应较一种波形单独作用时更加显著,且坡面上加速度分布更不均匀。地震波的入射角能够显著影响边坡的地震响应,随着地震波入射方向与坡面间夹角的增加,边坡对地震动的放大效应越明显,坡面上加速度分布越不均匀。     

岩质边坡弹塑性地震响应分析

在进行高边坡抗震设计分析时,采用动力有限元数值模拟法较为普遍。但当地震作用致使边坡岩体部分已进入塑性状态且变形加大时,若仍然采用线弹性方法来分析,则存在较大误差。为此,采用弹塑性动力方法计算静力与地震动全平衡状态的弹塑性边坡地震响应,对岩质边坡弹塑性动力状态进行了尝试性探讨,分别输入2条等峰值加速度、不同特征周期和持续时间的地震波,结合边坡的固有频率特性,着重分析常用于抗震设计的地震动参数峰值加速度及累积塑性应变的地震响应规律。结果表明,输入相同峰值、不同特征周期和持续时间的地震波,地震响应累积塑性应变有明显差异;对地震波来说,尽管峰值相同,但持续时间与频谱特性不一样,地震效应存在较大差异。因此,在进行边坡抗震设计计算时,地震波选取一定要慎重,应具体问题具体分析,否则有可能得到不真实的抗震安全评价结果。     

层状边坡的地震动输入方法研究

层状边坡是自然界中最常见的边坡之一,研究其动力响应规律对边坡的稳定性评价具有重要意义。为真实模拟弹性波在层状地基中的传播过程,首先建立层状地基的黏弹性人工边界模型,然后根据波动力学理论推导了考虑介质交界面的一次反射的等效荷载计算公式,并通过两层地基算例验证该输入方法的精度;针对层状边坡,采用本文提出的地震动输入方法和一种传统的输入方法分别研究其动力响应规律。研究表明:在两层地基算例中,本文提出的地震动输入方法能较好满足工程抗震的精度要求;在边坡的动力分析中,与传统方法相比,采用本文方法的边坡塑性应变能累积效应更加明显,且动力安全系数相对较小。     

频率非平稳地震动对大坝非线性响应的影响

采用传统三角级数模型和基于调频率的时-频非平稳地震动生成方法合成的人工波作为输入时程对某大坝进行动力时程分析比较,结果表明,地震动时程的频率非平稳特性对结构非线性地震响应的影响不可忽略,现阶段用于动力时程分析的人工波大多只是幅值非平稳的均匀调制过程,可能低估了结构在真实地震情况下的反应,使结构的抗震设计偏于危险。     

非一致地震动输入下高面板坝地震反应特性

为研究地震波非一致输入对三维高面板坝动力反应的影响,采用波场分离的思路将人工动力边界处的总波场分解为无局部场地效应影响的自由场和局部场地效应引起的散射场,借助黏弹性边界建立地震波在自由场作用下地震动非一致输入,实现考虑地基辐射阻尼和地震波行波效应的地震动输入。对我国西南地区某高面板坝进行非一致地震动反应分析,研究P波和SV波作用下坝体结构的动力反应规律。结果表明:当P波非一致输入时,随着入射角度的增加,竖向加速度和动位移极值逐渐减小,水平向加速度和动位移极值逐渐增大;SV波非一致输入时,地震动反应规律与P波入射时相反。入射角度对地震波的行波效应以及坝顶加速度反应谱幅值等都有较显著的影响。     

超大型地下洞室群的随机地震响应分析

地下结构的地震响应分析由于结构-围岩的动力相互作用及地震动输入的不确定性而十分复杂，尤其是对空间尺度很大的大型水电站的超大型地下厂房洞室群，地震动输入的空间变化特性将对结构的地震动响应产生重要的影响。本文首先通过阻尼影响-抽取法求出地下结构无限围岩介质的动阻抗，在此基础上通过考虑地震动输入空间变化的随机过程模型，采用随机分析方法研究了地震动输入机制对地下洞室群动力响应的影响。结果表明，地震波的行波效应、空间相干性损失及散射效应是影响地下结构动力响应的关键因素。考虑地震波的行波效应和空间相干性损失可以使地下结构的地震响应降低，但是地震波的散射效应可以增大地下结构的地震响应，结构的动力响应分析必须综合考虑这几项影响。     

基于调频率的时-频非平稳地震动生成

动力时程分析是研究地震作用下结构响应的有效途径,而输入的地震动时程对计算结果有重要影响。实际地震动是时-频非平稳的随机过程,而目前用于结构动力时程分析的人工波多为时域非平稳频域平稳的时间时程。本文采用增加频率调制过程的方法对生成人工波的传统三角级数模型进行了改进,可使生成的地震动时程不仅是强度非平稳的,而且频率成分也是随时间变化的。改进方法生成的时-频非平稳地震动时程更接近于真实的地震动记录,且能很好地拟合目标反应谱,对工程实践具有重要意义。     

地震波频率非平稳对土石坝非线性结构响应影响研究

地震动具有频率非平稳性的特征,对结构动力响应存在显著影响。本文发展基于小波包变换的人工地震波随机模拟方法,生成了一系列匹配目标加速度反应谱、能量累积过程和重要持时,同时具有特定频率非平稳性的人工地震波。以美国Success土石坝为例,研究了地震动频率非平稳性对土石坝非线性结构响应的影响。结果表明,控制模拟地震波的频率非平稳性,对土石坝结构响应有着更好的无偏估计,平稳地震波会低估坝体响应。     

西藏某水电站高边坡地震永久位移分析

西藏某水电站位于喜马拉雅地震带和藏中地震带交汇处,岸坡陡峭,坝址区某高边坡对枢纽工程的安全影响最大。为尽快消除该边坡的安全隐患,本文基于Slide软件选用了3条不同类型的地震波,采用Newmark滑块分析方法计算了该边坡在不同地震峰值加速度作用下的动力反应和永久位移,并采用拟静力法对该边坡在设计地震动作用下的稳定性进行了验算。计算结果表明,在设计地震动作用下该边坡是稳定的,随着地震波幅值的增加该边坡产生的总滑移量也在不断的增加;对于不同类型的地震波,虽然输入的地震峰值加速度相同,但地震动参数的差异会影响边坡产生的永久位移。研究结果可为工程单位进行类似边坡工程稳定性分析提供参考依据。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.