西双版纳隧道爆破开挖动力学特征及损伤效应

为了研究高地应力作用下软岩隧道的围岩稳定性,以实际工程案例为背景,并采用有限元数值模拟软件ANSYS/LSDYNA和实际监测数据结果,分析了隧道爆破近区距掌子面不同距离处,隧道轮廓面的振动速度分布规律,并结合现场声波测试数据,研究了不同爆破次数作用下,围岩深部不同位置的爆破损伤效应。研究结果表明：(1)在隧道爆破近区,隧道内质点的垂直方向振动速度峰值大于隧道径向方向振动速度峰值大于隧道轴向方向振动速度峰值,并且在隧道质点垂直方向,隧道底板和隧道边墙的振动速度较大,而隧道顶部的振动速度次之,隧道拱肩和拱脚处最小;(2)隧道合振动速度峰值出现在隧道未开挖区,同时隧道未开挖区的质点振动速度衰减较慢;(3)随着爆破次数的增加,围岩不同深度处的声波速度呈逐渐衰减的变化趋势,但爆破振动对于围岩损伤范围有限。     

露天边坡爆破施工对下穿隧道扩大段的影响

针对露天边坡与既有下穿隧道的协同爆破施工,为确保上部边坡爆破开挖作用下既有隧道围岩稳定与安全,以某石油储备基地扩建项目为工程背景,利用ANSYS 18. 0建立上部露天边坡与既有下穿隧道协同施工的数值计算模型,研究露天边坡爆破施工对既有下穿隧道扩大段的影响。结果表明:上部边坡爆破施工激发向下传播的初始纵波,随着距离的增加逐渐衰减,到达隧道拱顶自由面折反射形成面波而后在拱与边墙交点处产生叠加现象,导致面波向下传播的规律为先增大后减小。相比于隧道扩挖前,扩挖后隧道断面拱顶质点Z向振动速度峰值提高68. 1%,为7. 58cm/s;拱顶单元动态拉应力峰值提高150%,为0. 45 MPa。根据《爆破安全规程》要求,隧道围岩在上部边坡开挖爆破荷载作用下是稳定的。建议在实际施工中,将隧道扩大段的开挖时序安排在上部边坡爆破施工区域远离隧道扩挖段之后。研究成果对地下近接隧洞爆破施工及隧道扩挖工程具有重要参考价值。     

隔河岩工程导流观测洞爆破振动效应

清江隔河岩水利枢纽导流隧洞全长600余m,穿过灰岩、页岩两种岩层。导流观测洞全长48m,同样穿越灰岩、页岩两种岩层,开挖断面比原型导流洞缩小4倍,为宽3.5m、高4.3m的城门型。观测洞布置见图1。 在观测洞开挖施工中,进行了全断面开挖和松动爆破的振动效应观测、宏观裂缝调查及相应地质描述,归纳出爆破震动质点速度的衰减规律,并探索了质点振动     

藏木水电站基坑开挖梯段爆破试验

藏木水电站地处西藏海拔高、空气稀薄地区,为确保基坑爆破开挖施工质量,了解爆破对周围非开挖岩体及建筑物的影响范围与程度,掌握爆破质点振动衰减规律,控制爆破规模,降低爆破振动效应,以保证相邻建筑物安全。通过爆破试验确定了最优爆破参数,利用爆破测振仪测得爆破质点振速,根据萨道夫斯基回归公式原理,计算得出符合本项目岩体特性K值与α值,以此指导现场爆破施工,确保了基坑爆破开挖质量及相邻建筑物安全稳定。     

西龙池电站岩壁吊车梁爆破振动测试成果分析

地下厂房第三层开挖爆破过程中,进行岩壁吊车梁爆破振动效应监测.通过振动速度传感器直接监测各测点的质点振动速度,并根据振动监测频谱资料,分析岩壁吊车梁的质点振动速度及规律,采用数学方法确定爆破参数k,α值,通过调整开挖爆破参数,指导在厂房开挖爆破中将岩壁吊车梁的振动响应控制在允许范围内.     

隧道爆破开挖中支护与爆破面的安全距离研究

依托深圳地铁12号线洲石路过街隧道工程,通过数值模拟,模拟浅埋双层隧道爆破开挖过程,研究与爆破面不同距离处的混凝土支护结构的质点峰值振速变化规律,得出在不同爆破参数下,混凝土支护施作面与爆破掌子面的安全距离。研究结果表明:掌子面爆破后,混凝土初期支护的振速在短时间内达到峰值,随后开始衰减。上断面爆破进尺分别为1m和1.5m时,初期支护与爆破面的安全距离分别为7.5m和9m。下断面爆破进尺分别为1.5m和3m时,初期支护与爆破面的安全距离分别为2.2m和5.2m。以此作为爆破安全指标,对实际工程中爆破安全性进行评价。     

地铁隧道TBM施工围岩振动效应的数值分析

为分析TBM施工地铁隧道引起的围岩振动效应及其影响,通过数值模拟并结合频谱分析方法,获得地表以及围岩振动的振速峰值和主振频率参数,分析不同掘进速度下TBM施工振动在地表和围岩中的分布,参考爆破安全规程给出的安全允许质点振动速度限值,评估振动影响范围。结果表明:在隧道轴线两侧6D(D为隧道直径)范围内TBM施工振动影响明显,超过6D范围后振动幅值较小,为振动微影响区;随着刀盘掘进速度降低,振速峰值减小,但二者不是线性关系;地表质点振动的主振频率一般在10～25　Hz范围,受掘进速度的影响不明显。     

钻爆法施工对既有连拱隧道的影响分析及施工措施

新建隧道的施工容易造成邻近既有隧道衬砌开裂、剥落等容易危及行车安全的现象。为了减小钻爆法施工的新建隧道对邻近既有隧道的影响,以交叉中隔壁法(CRD法)为例,利用ANSYS有限元软件对爆破荷载作用下的既有连拱隧道的内力进行分析,从而确定合理的隧道开挖进尺。结果表明:在V级围岩条件下,将隧道开挖进尺控制在不超过0.8 m为宜,可以减小施工过程中对既有连拱隧道的影响,为隧道结构的设计和施工提供参考依据。更多还原     

无中隔墙双连拱隧道爆破振动监测与控制技术

云南省昭通市至四川省宜宾市高速公路一期的榨坊隧道,为无中隔墙施工的双连拱隧道,属于较为新型的隧道,后行洞开挖爆破时对先行洞结构产生的影响,是此类隧道施工的关键。前期先行洞爆破开挖施工过程中,实际监测中多次质点振动速度超过规范规定的控制速度,根据现场实际观察情况,先行洞二衬出现了裂缝;中后期爆破开挖过程中,通过对现场大量爆破振动监测数据的回归分析,确立了其传播衰减规律,结合工程实际,选择合理的爆破振动控制方法,使开挖爆破时产生的质点振动速度控制在安全范围内,保证既有公路安全的同时使隧道顺利贯通。     

爆破开挖扰动下顺层边坡动力响应规律数值模拟研究

以宜昭高速公路工程取料场爆破开挖产生的岩石边坡为计算实例，结合通用有限元软件ABAQUS对爆破荷载作用下岩质边坡开挖时的振动响应进行三维数值模拟研究，利用爆炸等效荷载施加方法，结果得到了岩质边坡支护完成后，在爆破荷载作用下支护结构面上质点振动速度变化规律和应力特性。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。