土工膜防渗堆石坝渗流场影响因素有限元模拟

为研究覆盖层上复合土工膜堆石坝渗流场的影响要素,基于数值模拟,分别考虑防渗墙深度、覆盖层厚度和对应的覆盖层渗透系数3种因素对堆石坝渗透性能的影响。结果表明：（1）防渗墙深度和覆盖层厚度和渗透系数对坝体总渗流量影响最大。渗流量随防渗深度增大先缓慢减小而后急剧减小;（2）覆盖层渗透性较大时,需增大防渗墙深度才能起到较好的渗流量控制效果,如渗透系数为1×10-2cm/s时,相对防渗深度至少需要达到0.9以上,才能保证渗流量控制率大于75%;(3)覆盖层渗透系数与相对防渗深度在对数坐标上满足线性关系,提出的拟合公式可对堆石坝的渗流量控制效果进行评价。     

堤坝帷幕灌浆效果评价

防渗帷幕是堤坝中最常见的防渗处理措施,施工后完全位于地下,其施工效果受到多方面因素的影响,因此对防渗帷幕这一隐蔽性工程的灌浆效果评价则显得极为重要。本文以实际工程为例,首先利用压水试验对帷幕断面灌浆后的透水性进行评价;然后利用室内试验对坝基材料的渗透稳定性进行了评价;最后在压水试验和室内试验的基础上,结合数值模拟,分别就帷幕灌浆后的渗透性和局部贯通性缺陷对渗漏量及水力比降的影响进行了敏感性分析。研究发现,帷幕灌浆后,当渗透性低至一定程度时,帷幕渗透性的降低对大坝浸润线和水力比降的分布影响较小,但对大坝的渗漏量依然有一定的影响;当帷幕中有贯通的缺陷时,缺陷处水力比降虽较大,但坝基材料颗粒级配良好,所以不存在渗透破坏的可能性。     

堤坝帷幕灌浆效果评价

防渗帷幕是堤坝中最常见的防渗处理措施,其施工效果受到多方面因素的影响,并且施工后完全位于地下,因此对防渗帷幕这一隐蔽性工程的灌浆效果评价则显得极为重要。本文以某实际工程为例,对帷幕灌浆效果进行了评价。文中首先利用压水试验对帷幕断面灌浆后的透水性进行评价;然后利用室内试验对坝基材料的渗透稳定性进行了评价;最后在压水试验和室内试验的基础上,结合数值模拟,分别就帷幕灌浆后的渗透性和局部贯通性缺陷对渗漏量及水力比降的影响进行了敏感性分析。研究发现,帷幕灌浆后,当渗透性低至一定程度时,帷幕渗透性的降低对大坝浸润线和水力比降的分布影响较小,但对大坝的渗漏量依然有一定的影响;当帷幕中有贯通的缺陷时,缺陷处水力比降虽较大,但坝基材料颗粒级配良好,所以不存在渗透破坏的可能性。本实例研究给帷幕灌浆效果的评价提供了有意的借鉴。     

后河沟水库大坝防渗方案浅析

大坝防渗设计是为截断渗漏通道,确保水库蓄水与坝体安全,是大坝设计的重要工作之一。针对后河沟水库砂砾石地层的分布位置规律不明确、渗透系数较大、覆盖层厚度平均厚度大等坝基渗漏问题,分析垂直防渗、上游防渗铺盖、下游排水设备及盖重三种防渗形式,提出垂直防渗中的截水槽+混凝土防渗墙+灌浆帷幕的处理措施,可有效解决坝基渗漏问题。     

某土石坝悬挂式混凝土防渗墙深度优选

在深厚覆盖层上修建土石坝,坝体和坝基的防渗效果直接关系大坝的安全。根据西南地区某土石坝坝址区工程地质条件,坝体采用沥青混凝土心墙防渗,深厚覆盖层采用悬挂式混凝土防渗墙方案,重点对悬挂式混凝土防渗墙深度进行了6种方案对比分析,确定防渗墙深度22 m时,大坝及坝基年渗流量和渗透比降满足要求。在此基础上,进行了多个工况的校核分析,计算结果表明,采用以沥青混凝土心墙和防渗墙为主的防渗体系,有效降低了坝体内部浸润线高度,浸润线在沥青混凝土心墙处骤降,下游坝坡内部孔隙水压力较小,最大坝高处浸润线降至排水层,下游出逸点位于下游排水体中下部,沥青混凝土心墙和混凝土防渗墙的渗透比降均小于允许值80,坝体填筑材料和天然砂砾石层的渗透比降均在允许渗透比降范围内,坝体、坝基渗流稳定,不会发生渗透破坏。     

斜卡水电站面板堆石坝三维渗流计算分析

采用有限元法,对斜卡水电站面板堆石坝进行了三维渗流计算分析,讨论了面板、防渗墙出现裂缝及帷幕灌浆劣化、帷幕减薄对三维渗流场分布和渗流量的影响。计算结果表明,由于斜卡坝址覆盖层深厚(45~100 m),加之基岩渗透性强,防渗墙和帷幕上下游水头差大,正常运行方案渗流量可达0.642 m3/s。面板和防渗墙出现裂缝对大坝整体渗流场影响较小,而通过坝面和防渗墙的流量显著增大;帷幕劣化或变薄使坝基渗流量明显增加。加厚帷幕和减小其渗透系数是加强防渗效果的有效措施。     

仁宗海水库电站防渗系统设计及三维渗流计算

仁宗海水库电站堆石坝建于复杂深厚覆盖层上,防渗系统由土工膜面板+河床悬挂式防渗墙+两岸灌浆帷幕组成。为了验证设计防渗系统的合理性,采用饱和稳定渗流有限元法、渗流量插值网格法进行了三维渗流计算分析;同时采用二维有限元方法,就防渗系统不同部位存在缺陷对渗流场的影响进行了敏感性分析。计算成果表明,大坝渗流场分布符合一般规律,坝体和坝基发生渗透破坏的可能性很小,总渗漏量较小,设计的防渗系统是经济的、合理的、可靠的。建议加强防渗系统的施工质量控制,尤其应避免防渗系统浅表部缺陷。     

某水库复杂坝基沥青混凝土心墙坝渗透安全评价

某水库工程沥青心墙坝坝基存在砂卵砾石层渗透性强、河床断层、左岸绕坝渗流等防渗设计难题,为减少渗漏和保障工程运行安全,该工程坝体采用沥青混凝土心墙进行防渗,坝基及左岸古河槽采用固结灌浆及帷幕灌浆的方式进行防渗处理。针对坝体和坝基系统的防渗设计,通过三维渗流分析,确定了不同运行工况下水库的渗透流量,研究了坝体和坝基系统及周围山体的渗流场分布,结合渗透破坏试验确定允许水力坡降,对大坝防渗体系的有效性和防渗设计合理性进行了评估。结果表明,该工程防渗体系能有效防止水库发生明显渗漏,坝体下游渗流出逸点和坝基覆盖层不会发生渗透破坏。     

满拉大坝混凝土防渗墙设计

满拉水利枢纽工程拦河坝为土心墙堆石坝，基岩为辉绿岩，河床覆盖层由砾卵石组成，厚度２１～２８ｍ。坝基砾卵石覆盖层为极强透水层，渗透系数２００ｍ／ｄ，容许渗透比降０．２０，通过方案的比较和研究，采用混凝土防渗墙防渗的方案，墙体厚度０．８０ｍ，墙体混凝土强度等级为Ｃ３０，抗渗等级为Ｗ８。墙下部基岩设置帷幕灌浆。本文简要介绍满拉大坝混凝土防渗墙的设计。     

均质土坝防渗处理方案研究

防渗处理是土石坝设计施工中的重点和难点,关系到水库运行的安全与库容调蓄功能的正常发挥.针对松塔水电站枢纽工程坝基覆盖层存在渗透变形和主要渗漏通道,坝体左右岸存在绕坝渗漏现象,最终确定采用"坝基帷幕灌浆+库岸帷幕灌浆和高压旋喷灌浆"的防渗方案.渗流分析计算结果表明,水库各项运行指标正常,大坝渗流稳定计算均能满足规范要求,...     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.