Determination of C60 and/or C70 Concentrations

Abstract

Two methods of quantitative analyses of the fullerenes C₆₀ and C₇₀ are described. Quantitative Infrared Spectroscopy permits the determination of the concentrations of pure and mixed compositions of C₆₀ and C₇₀ in carbondisulfide solutions. Alternatively, the ratio of C₆₀/C₇₀ is analyzed by evaluating the lattice parameters of a solid solution of the fullerene species and cyclohexane according to Vegard's Law. Both methods show high accuracy and are suited for calibration of mass spectrometric analyses of fullerene samples.     

CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF N@C60/C60 AND N@C70/C70 MIXTURES

Since endohedral fullerenes exhibit unique features there is growing demand for their production and purification in high quality and quantity. This work shows how the chromatographic enrichment process can be optimized, for the separation of N@C₆₀ and N@C₇₀ from their respective empty parent compounds.     

聚苯乙烯/富勒烯复合材料抗紫外老化性能

运用紫外加速老化熔融共混法制得C60和C70含量（质量分数）分别为1%、3%、5%的聚苯乙烯（PS）/C60和PS/C70复合膜,考察了复合膜的抗紫外线老化性能。利用红外光谱（FTIR）分析了聚苯乙烯的老化前后结构变化,用示差扫描量热法（DSC）和差热法（DTA）测试了各试样老化前后的玻璃化转变温度、分解温度,结果表明,加入C60和C70后,PS/C60和PS/C70复合材料的耐紫外老化性能大大提高,添加量为5%时复合材料的抗老化性能较好。     

Penultimate Intermediates to C60 and C70

Penultimate intermediates leading to C₆₀ and C₇₀ fullerenes contain one or two pairs of pentalene units and 32 to 55 kcal/mol less stable than the final products. Energy barriers of pyracylene rearrangements from these intermediates to the final products are computed to be 118 to 125 kcal/mol in height by MOPAC/AM1, which are comparable to those of preceding steps in the Stone-Wales rearrangement cascade.     

Penultimate Intermediates to C60 and C70

Abstract

Penultimate intermediates leading to C₆₀ and C₇₀ fullerenes contain one or two pairs of pentalene units and 32 to 55 kcal/mol less stable than the final products. Energy barriers of pyracylene rearrangements from these intermediates to the final products are computed to be 118 to 125 kcal/mol in height by MOPAC/AM1, which are comparable to those of preceding steps in the Stone-Wales rearrangement cascade.     

Synthesis of Radiolabeled Fullerenes C60 and C70

Abstract

The synthesis of radiolabeled C₆₀/C₇₀ for potential biochemical tracer studies was carried out. Vaporization under plasma are conditions (~3000C) of graphite rods impregnated with the ¹⁴C labeled steroid progesterone generates the expected C₆₀/C₇₀ mixture. Isolation and characterization of the ¹⁴C-C₆₀ is reported. Interestingly, the C₇₀ had more radioactivity than the C₆₀.     

Synthesis of Radiolabeled Fullerenes C60 and C70

The synthesis of radiolabeled C₆₀/C₇₀ for potential biochemical tracer studies was carried out. Vaporization under plasma are conditions (~3000C) of graphite rods impregnated with the ¹⁴C labeled steroid progesterone generates the expected C₆₀/C₇₀ mixture. Isolation and characterization of the ¹⁴C-C₆₀ is reported. Interestingly, the C₇₀ had more radioactivity than the C₆₀.     

Thermal Stability of C60 and C70 Fullerites

High Temperature - The thermal properties of C60 and C70 fullerenes and fullerites have been studied by X-ray structural analysis and UV spectroscopy. It was shown that C70 fullerite is stabler...     

Crystal Structure of C60 and C70 Compounds

Abstract

Fullerene intercalated compounds are the most intensively examined molecular materials to exhibit superconducting, ferromagnetic, optical non-linear and other properties. the fullerene C₆₀ or C₇₀ serve usually as electron acceptors in these materials. Although the electron acceptor properties of the fullerene are similar to those of the weak organic acceptors, the fullerene forms various C₆₀-based materials, namely clathrates, charge-transfer complexes and weak, molecular complexes. the search for cation species for fullerene-based materials is one of the routes towards progress in the design of materials with interesting physical properties.

Physical properties of the fullerene-derived molecular compounds are determined mainly by their crystal structure packing. Relatively large cavities in the fullerene solid can easily accommodate small units like solvent molecules or electron-donor organic compounds. An intercalation with these species is usually accompanied either by a lowering in crystal symmetry or by a change in the stacking arrangement of the C₆₀ spheres. These factors influence the interactions between fullerene (host) and an organic molecule (guest). Charge transfer between the electron donor molecule and the fullerene is usually weak and is hindered by unfavourable steric factors; it does not correlate with the ionization potential of the donor.

In this paper we present characteristic structures of one-, two-, and three-component fullerene compounds or else the structures of fullerene clathrates, neutral (van der Waals) complexes and ionic charge-transfer complexes. One can conclude that the stability and properties of the fullerene-based derivatives are defined by the steric compatibility between the three-dimensional donor and the spherical or elongated fullerene.     

Crystal Structure of C60 and C70 Compounds

Fullerene intercalated compounds are the most intensively examined molecular materials to exhibit superconducting, ferromagnetic, optical non-linear and other properties. the fullerene C₆₀ or C₇₀ serve usually as electron acceptors in these materials. Although the electron acceptor properties of the fullerene are similar to those of the weak organic acceptors, the fullerene forms various C₆₀-based materials, namely clathrates, charge-transfer complexes and weak, molecular complexes. the search for cation species for fullerene-based materials is one of the routes towards progress in the design of materials with interesting physical properties.

Physical properties of the fullerene-derived molecular compounds are determined mainly by their crystal structure packing. Relatively large cavities in the fullerene solid can easily accommodate small units like solvent molecules or electron-donor organic compounds. An intercalation with these species is usually accompanied either by a lowering in crystal symmetry or by a change in the stacking arrangement of the C₆₀ spheres. These factors influence the interactions between fullerene (host) and an organic molecule (guest). Charge transfer between the electron donor molecule and the fullerene is usually weak and is hindered by unfavourable steric factors; it does not correlate with the ionization potential of the donor.

In this paper we present characteristic structures of one-, two-, and three-component fullerene compounds or else the structures of fullerene clathrates, neutral (van der Waals) complexes and ionic charge-transfer complexes. One can conclude that the stability and properties of the fullerene-based derivatives are defined by the steric compatibility between the three-dimensional donor and the spherical or elongated fullerene.     

Combustion Calorimetric Studies on C60 and C70

Combustion calorimetric studies on C₆₀ and C₇₀ were made using a new micro-bomb combustion calorimeter. Standard enthalpies of formation at 298.15 K were determined to be (2273±15) kJ·mol^-1 and (2375±18) kJ·mol^-1 for C₆₀ and C₇₀, respectively.     

Loss of Chlorine from C60 and C70 Chlorides

Fullerene contents of chlorinated C₆₀ and C₇₀ were determined with HPLC. n-Values of C₆₀Cl_n and C₇₀Cl_n were determined from mass increase during synthesis, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, PIXE, Nuclear Microprobe (¹²C[d,p]¹³C), and Electron Microprobe analysis. n-Values obtained immediately after synthesis were in the range 31-45. Best values obtained later were in the range 10-20. It is suggested that (i) the samples lost CS₂ or CS₂/CCl₄, or Cl of “crystallization” after synthesis, (ii) after synthesis the samples lost Cl bound to C₆₀ (iii) Cl was lost during the analysis, or (iv) some of all three.     

Raman Spectra of Chlorinated C60 and C70 Fullerenes

Abstract

Raman spectra of chlorinated C₆₀ and C₇₀ fullerenes prepared by photochlorination have been reported and discussed. The Raman lines suggest structural analogies with already fully characterized brominated fullerenes. Intense laser light irradiation cause a decomposition of fullerene chloro-derivatives leading to the formation of C₆₀ polymer.     

Transport Property of C60 and C70 Single Crystals

Since a few years ago, many studies have been carried out for C₆₀ single crystals in the interest of superconductivity¹⁾ and other physical and chemical properties as a new device material. Recently, such related properties have been also interested for C₇₀ single crystals. In order to clarify the mechanism of superconductivity of C₆₀ or to discover the superconductivity of C₇₀, it is necessary to investigate the fundamental transport properties of the non-doped single crystal. In this work, to compare those transport properties of non-doped C₆₀ and C₇₀ single crystals, temperature dependence of the resistance was measured for the both single crystals prepared by a sublimation method. Each activation energy for C₆₀ or C₇₀ at high temperature was determined and phase transition temperatures for the both were discussed.     

Nonlinear Stern-Volmer Fluorescence Quenching of Pyrene by C60/70

Abstract

The Stern-Volmer plot of fluorescence quenching of pyrene by C₆₀ (or C₇₀) is upward, and non linearly proportional to the fullerene concentration. Electronic absorption measurements show that pyrene and C₆₀ do not form static complexes under the experimental condition. a novel “inner filter effect” model is proposed to rationalize the observed non linear upward Stern Volmer behavior. At a given C₆₀ concentration, increasing either solvent polarity or temperature (T > 280 K) causes diminishment in the I₀/I ratio. the data strongly suggest that even at concentrations far below saturation, fullerenes form aggregates in organic solvents.     

Raman Spectra of Chlorinated C60 and C70 Fullerenes

Raman spectra of chlorinated C₆₀ and C₇₀ fullerenes prepared by photochlorination have been reported and discussed. The Raman lines suggest structural analogies with already fully characterized brominated fullerenes. Intense laser light irradiation cause a decomposition of fullerene chloro-derivatives leading to the formation of C₆₀ polymer.     

C60 and C70 pressure-and-temperature transformations into fullerene-related forms

A two-stage pressure-and-temperature treatment of the C₆₀ and C₇₀ fullerites was carried out. C₆₀ and C₇₀ molecules collapsed at the first-stage hot-isostatic-pressing (HIP; 220 MPa, argon) and transformed into some fullerene-related form in the 900–1750°C temperature range. These materials were used at the second stage of the high-pressure-high-temperature (HPHT; 7.7 GPa/1400°C) treatment to produce the bulk samples that had: a specific weight of about 2.0 g/cm³, 40/110 GPa Young modulus, 6.0/12.5 GPa, and elastic recovery above 81%. Transformations under the treatments were investigated with the X-ray and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The mechanism of the pressure-and-temperature transformations is discussed.     

Ozonides and Oxides of C60 and C70: A Review

This paper presents a literature review of studies of ozonides and oxides of C₆₀ and C₇₀.     

Quantitative Determination of C60 and C70 in Soot Extracts by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometric Characterization

A quantitative HPLC method was applied to determine the amounts of C₆₀ and C₇₀ present in extracts of soot produced in the electric arc reactor and in flames. The combustion method was found to yield a higher C₇₀/C₆₀ ratio (0.67) compared with the evaporation experiment where the C₇₀/C₆₀ ratio amounts to 0.27.     

Quantitative Determination of C60 and C70 in Soot Extracts by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometric Characterization

Abstract

A quantitative HPLC method was applied to determine the amounts of C₆₀ and C₇₀ present in extracts of soot produced in the electric arc reactor and in flames. The combustion method was found to yield a higher C₇₀/C₆₀ ratio (0.67) compared with the evaporation experiment where the C₇₀/C₆₀ ratio amounts to 0.27.