蛋黄磷脂的生产方法

蛋黄磷脂生产方法的主要步骤是:先用有机溶剂浸出生蛋黄或者干燥蛋黄,得到含有磷脂的蛋黄脂质成分,再用超临界CO_2在其临界压以上的压力范围进行处理即得磷脂。 磷脂具有界面活性作用,抗氧化作用,浸透作用等,广泛地应用于医药品,化妆品,食品领域。特别是蛋黄磷脂,与现在广泛使用的大豆磷脂相比较,在磷脂的成分上有很大的差异。蛋黄磷脂的主要     

蛋黄油脂质组分的提取分离与脂肪酸组成分析

为将蛋黄油分为不同性质的脂质组分,并建立一种从蛋黄粉中提取分离蛋黄油的方法,利用溶剂萃取法从蛋黄粉中提取蛋黄油,以出油率、碘值和皂化值为指标筛选蛋黄油提取萃取剂、去磷脂蛋黄油提取萃取剂以及去磷脂蛋黄油分离萃取剂;对除磷脂外的3种蛋黄油组分进行脂肪酸组成分析。结果表明：以无水乙醇作为一次提取萃取剂从蛋黄粉中得到醇提蛋黄油与醇提蛋黄粉,用石油醚对醇提蛋黄粉进行二次提取得到石油醚蛋黄油,采用丙酮以料液比1∶12分离醇提蛋黄油中磷脂并得到去磷脂醇提蛋黄油,以乙腈-乙醇(体积比1∶1)分离去磷脂醇提蛋黄油得到上层蛋黄油与下层蛋黄油;蛋黄粉中的脂质被分为4个组分,其中上层蛋黄油占18.43%,下层蛋黄油占40.62%,石油醚蛋黄油占9.78%,磷脂占31.16%;3种液态蛋黄油中,上层蛋黄油不饱和度最高,多不饱和脂肪酸占比最大(20.52%),还含有较多ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸等具有保健功效的脂肪酸。该方法可分离出蛋黄油中高多不饱和脂肪酸和较高保健功效脂肪酸占比的液态脂质。     

不同磷脂成分的研究及其乳化能力的比较

目的:对不同磷脂的组成成分和脂肪酸比例进行研究,比较不同磷脂在乳剂中的乳化能力。方法:采用《中国药典》中蛋黄卵磷脂(供注射用)的磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺和有关物质含量的测定方法,分别测定大豆卵磷脂、蛋黄卵磷脂以及蛋黄磷脂酰胆碱中的磷脂酰胆碱(PC)、磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)、溶血磷脂酰胆碱(LPC)、溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺(LPE)、磷脂酰肌醇(PI)、鞘磷脂(SM)的含量;采用气相色谱法对大豆卵磷脂、蛋黄卵磷脂、蛋黄磷脂酰胆碱中主要的脂肪酸进行含量测定;分别采用大豆卵磷脂、蛋黄卵磷脂和蛋黄磷脂酰胆碱作为乳化剂进行脂肪乳的制备,以脂肪乳的平均粒径、粒径分布、D_(90)值、ζ电位和表面张力作为考察指标,对3种不同磷脂的乳化能力进行综合评价。结果:大豆卵磷脂、蛋黄卵磷脂、蛋黄磷脂酰胆碱中成分组成,脂肪酸组成及比例均有明显差异;采用大豆卵磷脂、蛋黄卵磷脂、蛋黄磷脂酰胆碱作为乳化剂制备的乳剂的物理稳定性也有显著差异。结论:大豆卵磷脂、蛋黄卵磷脂以及蛋黄磷脂酰胆碱由于其来源和制备工艺不同,使得其各自的成分和脂肪酸组成不一致,组成成分和脂肪酸的差异进一步导致了其乳化能力有所差异。     

利用核磁共振研究脂肪氧合酶酶促氧化蛋黄磷脂

利用31P核磁共振比较酶促氧化前后蛋黄磷脂的组成,通过1H核磁共振监测并比较空白组（未氧化）与脂肪氧合酶酶促氧化及95 ℃水浴加热氧化过程中脂肪酰基的相对物质的量、一级和二级氧化化合物含量的变化。结果表明：磷脂酰胆碱和磷脂酰乙醇胺是蛋黄磷脂的主要成分;蛋黄磷脂氧化后,磷脂酰胆碱和磷脂酰乙醇胺含量均下降,而溶血性磷脂含量增加;所有被氧化的蛋黄磷脂样品中总不饱和脂肪酸相对物质的量均下降,而饱和脂肪酸相对物质的量均上升;其中在pH 6酶促条件下,亚油酸降解速率最快。脂肪氧合酶在pH 6条件下催化氧化蛋黄磷脂生成更多的氢过氧化物,加热后主要生成(Z,E)-2,4-二烯醛;而在pH 9条件下蛋黄磷脂生成氢过氧化物后快速降解,在加热后生成较多正构烷醛。因此,可以利用脂肪氧合酶在pH 6条件下催化氧化蛋黄磷脂生成更多的2,4-二烯醛类风味化合物。     

蛋黄磷脂的开发与利用

本文叙述了用超临界ＣＯ＿２技术萃取的蛋黄磷脂在医学、营养、保健等方面的作用，并与化学法萃取的商品大豆磷脂进行了比较，认为蛋黄磷脂开发、应用前景广阔。     

蛋黄磷脂

蛋黄磷脂较大豆磷脂富含磷脂酰胆碱(PC),故在生理活性功能和开发应用方面有所不同,特别是近年国外市场上富含DHA蛋黄磷脂(油)制品应市,令人瞩目。本文介绍蛋黄磷脂组份、生理活性功能及开发应用状况。     

摄食不同来源磷脂对大鼠脂质代谢及脑内磷脂脂肪酸组成的影响

研究了摄食不同来源磷脂对大鼠脂质代谢及其脑内磷脂脂肪酸组成的影响。雄性SD大鼠按体重随机分为大豆油对照组(添加9%)、牛乳磷脂组(添加5%)、大豆磷脂组(添加5%)、蛋黄磷脂组(添加5%),喂食3周。检测了血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)及肝脏TC、TG、磷脂(PL)的含量,并用气相色谱法测定了脑内磷脂脂肪酸的组成变化。结果显示:与大豆油对照组相比,3种磷脂均不同程度提高了大鼠体重、脏器指数,蛋黄磷脂效果显著;3种磷脂不同程度降低了血清TC、TG和FFA含量,牛乳磷脂降低血清FFA显著,大豆磷脂降低血清TC、TG显著,蛋黄磷脂降低FFA显著,大豆磷脂显著提升了血清HDL-C含量;3种磷脂不同程度降低了肝脏TC、TG、PL含量,牛乳磷脂与大豆磷脂降低肝脏TG、TC显著,而蛋黄磷脂降低肝脏TG显著;3种磷脂对脑内磷脂脂肪酸组成的影响各不相同,牛乳磷脂显著提高了脑内磷脂饱和脂肪酸含量,而大豆磷脂和蛋黄磷脂提高了DHA等多不饱和脂肪酸含量。研究表明,3种磷脂均有降血脂、肝脂作用,以大豆磷脂作用尤为明显,大豆磷脂和蛋黄磷脂的益智作用可能优于牛乳磷脂。     

硫氰亚铁铵比色法测定蛋黄卵磷脂中总磷脂含量

为探索简单、快速准确检测蛋黄粉中磷脂含量的方法,采用氯仿破坏脂质体,硫氰亚铁铵与磷脂反应生成配位化合物,在470 nm处检测其吸光度,计算其总磷脂含量。结果表明,在25℃条件下该方法在0.021~0.105 mg/mL范围内线性良好,平均加样回收率为99.84%(n=9),RSD为3.75%。硫氰亚铁铵比色法测定磷脂含量简单、快速,故此法适于蛋黄磷脂磷脂粗品总磷脂含量的快速检测分析。     

蛋黄卵磷脂的结构、提取、功能与脂质体研究进展

综述蛋黄卵磷脂的分子结构、提取方法、功能活性,以及在脂质体方面的最新研究现状。蛋黄卵磷脂结构主要是以甘油为骨架,通过酰基键与磷酸和脂肪酸连接而成的一种磷脂类两亲分子,根据碱基基团的不同,蛋黄卵磷脂包括了磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰肌醇、磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酸和磷脂酰甘油等6种。目前,提取蛋黄卵磷脂的方法主要有溶剂提取法和超临界萃取法;蛋黄卵磷脂具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗炎、神经保护和心脑血管保护等功能的生理活性;此外,还简单介绍了蛋黄卵磷脂脂质体的种类和应用现状。为蛋黄卵磷脂产品的开发提供良好的参考。     

蛋黄磷脂的制备及脱色工艺的研究

蛋黄磷脂的纯度、提取率和色泽是评价提取效果的关键指标,为得到色泽浅,提取率、磷脂含量高的产品.本试验以磷脂蛋白粉为原料,采用乙醇为溶剂,中性活性炭为脱色剂制备蛋黄磷脂.确定了乙醇提取蛋黄磷脂的较优条件,并对活性炭脱色试验进行优化.试验结果表明,在乙醇浓度为95%,物料与乙醇比为1:7(w/v),提取时间为40 min,提取温度30℃条件下,可以得到提取率及纯度较高的蛋黄磷脂.利用活性炭脱色,结果表明,在活性炭添加量为4%,脱色时间60 min,脱色温度45℃的条件下,脱色率达到96.47%,得到提取率为23.48%,磷脂含量为95.26%的淡黄色蛋黄磷脂.通过此技术,可制得色泽好,提取率和纯度较高的优质蛋黄磷脂.     

常见海产动物磷脂研究进展

海产动物中含有较丰富的磷脂,是动物磷脂的一个丰富的来源。该文介绍了磷脂的性质和结构,阐述了常见海产动物磷脂的提取方法,磷脂组分分离技术、磷脂生理作用研究的相关进展,以及磷脂的利用现状。     

A modified method for the isolation and quantification of oil seed phospholipids

A modified method for the isolation and accurate quantification of oil seed phospholipids is described. Castor bean and sunflower were taken to represent seeds of high neutral lipid and low phospholipid content.Preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) on silica gel was used for the separation of the phospholid class from the total lipid extract which was prepared by a modified method. An eluant composed of methanol:acetic acid:water, 94:1:5, which gave 95 ± 3% phospholipid recovery was used. The phospholipids were fractionated by one-dimensional TLC and identified by a series of colour reagents as well as by comparison with a natural reference which contained all the known phospholipid fractions and was prepared from rat liver. The fractionated phospholipids on TL chromatographic plates were quantified by phosphorus determination.     

基于斑马鱼模型研究不同磷脂促血管生成活性

目的：利用斑马鱼模型研究不同来源和不同类型的磷脂对血管生成的促进作用及其活性差异。方法：将受精后发育24 h和72 h的斑马鱼胚胎脱膜,分别用于评估各磷脂样品（分别以大豆、蛋黄和南美白对虾虾头制备）对斑马鱼体节间血管（intersegmental vessel,ISV）和肠下静脉（subintestinal vein vessel,SIV）生长情况的影响,设置空白对照组、模型组（0.25 μg/mL PTK787）、阳性对照组和磷脂样品组（20、40、80 mg/mL）,给药24 h后用荧光显微镜观察并记录各实验组转基因斑马鱼ISV和SIV的生长情况。结果：对于ISV受损斑马鱼而言,3 种磷脂提取物以及2 种磷脂市售产品（药品和保健品）均表现出明显的血管生成促进作用,对于SIV而言,3 种磷脂提取物以及4 种磷脂市售产品（药品和保健品）均表现出明显的血管生成促进作用,相对而言,南美白对虾虾头磷脂促进血管生成活性更强,效果更加明显;5 种磷脂标准品表现出不同程度的血管生成促进作用,对于ISV受损斑马鱼而言,磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰丝氨酸以及高质量浓度（80 mg/mL）的鞘磷脂表现出明显的促血管生成作用,对于SIV受损斑马鱼而言,所有的磷脂标准品均表现出较明显的血管生成促进作用。结论：不同质量浓度的磷脂提取物、市售产品以及磷脂标准品对斑马鱼均具有一定的促血管生成活性。     

油菜、菊花和荷花蜂花粉中磷脂的色谱分析

以油菜、菊花、荷花蜂花粉为原料,采用薄层层析法(thin layer chromatography,TLC)法分离纯化蜂花粉中的磷脂,并用高效液相色谱法(high-performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)法测定磷脂酰肌醇(PI)、磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)、脑磷脂(PE)、卵磷脂(PC)及溶血卵磷脂(LPC)的含量。结果表明：3种蜂花粉中总磷脂含量为1.19～3.98g/100g,3种花粉存在极显著差异(P＜0.01);PC是蜂花粉磷脂的主要成分,占总磷脂的34.30%～59.69%;在油菜蜂花粉中检测到PI、PS、PE、PC、LPC,菊花蜂花粉未测出PI,荷花蜂花粉未测出PI、LPC。结论：油菜蜂花粉中磷脂种类最丰富、总含量最高,是花粉磷脂的较好来源。     

Identification and Quantitative Analysis of Phospholipids in Cocoa Beans

SUMMARY: The lipids extracted from several common cocoa bean varieties were separated into neutral lipid, glycolipid, and phospholipid fractions. The composition of the total lipid extract was 98% neutral lipid and 1 to 2% oolar lioid of which aporoximatelv 70% was glycolipid and 30% was phospholipids. Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography was used to separate all of the known major phospholipids. The relative distribution of the phospholipids was determined by quantitative phosphorus analyses of individual spots scraped from two-dimensional thin-layer plates. The major components were lysophosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl inositol. Phosphatidyl choline was found to contribute 36 to 40% of the phospholipids of cocoa beans. The phospholipid composition of Accra, Arriba, and Bahia beans was shown to be quite similar although minor variations were observed.     

Composition of Lipids in Some Beef Muscles

SUMMARY— The lipids extracted from five different muscles of four Angus steers were separated into phospholipids, free fatty acids, and a fraction containing the triglycerides. The phospholipid concentration for a given muscle was relatively constant in all four animals. The concentration of total lipids varied considerably more than that of phospholipids. The diaphragm had the highest total lipid and phospholipid content. The diaphragm also differed from the other muscles studied in the palmitic and steak acid concentration of the phospholipids. The free fatty acid concentration varied from muscle to muscle, however, two distinct patterns of free fatty acid distribution were observed in the four animals. The triglycerides and phospholipids differed in the qualitative composition of their fatty acids. Approximately 20% of the phospholipid fatty acids, but only a trace of triglyceride fatty acids, were above C₂₀. The phospholipids contained a much greater amount of polyunsaturated acids than the triglycerides.     

A method for separation and quantification of phospholipid classes in human milk

A simple, isocratic method for separating the major phospholipid classes of human milk by HPLC is described. Resolution of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and spingomyelin from human milk phospholipids was achieved in 30 min on a silica column. Total phospholipids were injected in 50 microliter of chloroform:diethyl ether (1:2, vol/vol) and eluted with a solvent mixture of acetonitrile:methanol:sulfuric acid (100:3:.05, vol/vol/vol) at a flow rate of 2.5 ml/min. Fractions were collected and each phospholipid class quantified by analysis of inorganic phosphorus after sulfuric acid digestion. A repeatability study with 19 samples had a coefficient of variation of 5.3%. The analytical recoveries of phospholipid standards averaged 98%. Recoveries varied with phospholipid class; variation was greatest with spingomyelin.     

Effect of antioxidant principles isolated from mango (Mangifera indica L) seed kernels on oxidative stability of buffalo ghee (butter‐fat)

A method was developed to extract and isolate the antioxidant principles, ie mainly phenolic and phospholipid classes, from mango (Mangifera indica L) seed kernels using organic solvents. The presence of at least six phenolic compounds and eight phospholipids in the isolates was confirmed by chromatographic techniques. A phenolic preparation and a phospholipid preparation were prepared separately by dissolving the isolated compounds from mango seed kernels in buffalo ghee. The phenolic preparation contained 9.6 mg% water‐extractable phenolics, 69.5 mg% total phenolics and 6.39 mg% phospholipids. The phospholipid preparation contained 155.8 mg% phospholipids, 0.11 mg% water‐extractable phenolics and 0.19 mg% total phenolics. The addition of these preparations to buffalo ghee at 5, 10 and 20% levels individually and in combination significantly increased the levels of phenolics and phospholipids respectively. Samples of buffalo ghee with added BHA contained levels of these compounds similar to that of a control sample without any other additives. The antioxidant indices calculated from the induction period of ghee samples stored at 80 ± 2 °C. in comparison with the control were, in order, 10.11 (20% phospholipid and phenolic preparation) > 8.88 (10% phospholipid and phenolic preparation) > 8.66 (20% phenolic preparation) > 6.44 (5% phospholipid and phenolic preparation) > 5.44 (10% phenolic preparation) > 4.88 (20% phospholipid preparation) > 3.00 (5% phenolic preparation) > 2.77 (10% phospholipid preparation) > 2.22 (5% phospholipid preparation) > 1.44 (0.02% BHA). This demonstrated that the phenolics and phospholipids isolated from mango seed kernel, when added jointly to buffalo ghee, helped in extending the shelf‐life of ghee. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Lipomobilization in periparturient dairy cows influences the composition of plasma nonesterified fatty acids and leukocyte phospholipid fatty acids

The periparturient period is characterized by sudden changes in metabolic and immune cell functions that predispose dairy cows to increased incidence of disease. Metabolic changes include alterations in the energy balance that lead to increased lipomobilization with consequent elevation of plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations. The objective of this study was to establish the influence of lipomobilization on fatty acid profiles within plasma lipid fractions and leukocyte phospholipid composition. Blood samples from 10 dairy cows were collected at 14 and 7 d before due date, at calving, and at 7, 14, and 30 d after calving. Total lipids and lipid fractions were extracted from plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The degree of lipomobilization was characterized by measurement of plasma NEFA concentrations. The fatty acid profile of plasma NEFA, plasma phospholipids, and leukocyte phospholipids differed from the composition of total lipids in plasma, where linoleic acid was the most common fatty acid. Around parturition and during early lactation, the proportion of palmitic acid significantly increased in the plasma NEFA and phospholipid fractions with a concomitant increase in the phospholipid fatty acid profile of leukocytes. In contrast, the phospholipid fraction of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in leukocytes was diminished during the periparturient period, especially during the first 2 wk following parturition. This study showed that the composition of total plasma lipids does not necessarily reflect the NEFA and phospholipid fractions in periparturient dairy cows. These findings are significant because it is the plasma phospholipid fraction that contributes to fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids. Increased availability of certain saturated fatty acids in the NEFA phospholipid fractions may contribute to altered leukocyte functions during the periparturient period.     

The effect of ethanol and specific growth rate on the lipid content and composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown anaerobically in a chemostat

The effects of produced ethanol and specific growth rate on the lipid content and composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 2806 were studied using anaerobic chemostat cultures. The cells adapted to increased concentrations of produced ethanol by increasing the proportion of ergosterol at the expense of lanosterol, by increasing the proportion of phosphatidylinositol at the expense of phosphatidylcholine, and by increasing the amount of C_18:0 fatty acids in total phospholipids at the expense of C_16:0 fatty acids. The produced ethanol had no effect on the phospholipid content nor on the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipids. The specific growth rate had no effect on the phospholipid content, the sterol composition, the phospholipid composition, the fatty acid composition of total phospholipids, or on the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipids of S. cerevisiae. It was not possible to separate the effects of produced ethanol and growth rate on the ergosterol content of the chemostat-grown S. cerevisiae cells.