Smoke-suppressant additives for diesel fuel

Conclusions It has been established that the use of 0.05–0.5% by weight of ferrocene, 1,1-diethylferrocene, or iron (III) acetylacetonate as a fuel additive will reduce carbon emission by 50–60%.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 40–41, March, 1975.     

Sulfuric Acid Alkylation of Isobutane by Olefins. Experience in Operation of a Jet Mixing Reactor

Experience in operating a sulfuric–acid alkylation jet reactor of new design — with no mixers and heat–exchange bank and a process scheme that includes this reactor, a hydrocyclone, three–phase separator, and circulating centrifugal pumps are described. An additional quantity of feedstock is added to the jet reactor operating in tandem with a cascade reactor without addition of circulating isobutane. The concentration of high–octane components in the products of the reaction, i.e., the alkylate production volume, increases. The results of operating the jet reactor in incorporation of propylene feedstock from the cascade reactor to butylene alkylate are reported. The additional volume of propylene alkylate is up to 1/3 of the total output of the unit, distillation is improved, and the Motor Octane Number decreases insignificantly — by a maximum of 0.5 points.     

Production of low-pour diesel fuels by hydroisomerization of middle distillates from eastern medium-sulfur crudes

Summary Processes have been developed for catalytic hydrotreating and isomerization of n-paraffins to produce wintergrade diesel fuels from middle distillates.In the single-stage process on sulfur-resistant hydrotreating catalysts promoted with halogens, thorough drying of the feedstock and the hydrogen-rich recycle gas is required, along with promotion of the catalyst with the halogen and protection of the equipment against hydrogen halide corrosion.The yield of winter-grade diesel fuel conforming to specification GOST 305-62 (solid point –35C, cloud point –25C) is 85% by weight.In the two-stage process, the first stage is a thorough hydrotreating operation, the second stage hydroisomerization of the n-paraffins. The yield of winter-grade diesel fuel conforming to the requirements of GOST 4749-49 (solid point –45C, cloud point –35C) is 70% by weight. Also formed in the process is some 21–24% naphtha cut with a clear octane number of 76 by the motor method.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 9, pp. 22–25, September, 1973.     

“Selective” Hydrotreating of Catalytic Naphtha Cuts

To ensure a sulfur content on the level of 0.05–0.10 wt. % in catalytic naphthas, hydrotreating technology has been developed for hydrogenating primarily sulfur compounds and diolefin hydrocarbons. Monoolefinic hydrocarbons are converted to an insignificant degree, which preserves the high octane number of the naphtha obtained. The process is conducted at a pressure of 2–3 MPa, temperature of 250–350°C, and feedstock space velocity of 5–10 h^–1. The possibility of selective hydrotreating of mixed catalytic and thermal naphthas was demonstrated. The technology has been industrially tested with positive results.     

双曲柄式少齿差行星齿轮传动技术

双曲柄式少齿差行星齿轮传动是一种兼有作为基本构件的曲柄和绕主轴线公转的曲柄,集2K-H型和K-H-V型少齿差行星减速器为一体的高性能行星齿轮传动形式。文章阐述了它的发展过程、结构特点、设计要点、独特的优越性及其应用前景,认为目前将渐开线和摆线针齿啮合一起用于这种传动中是十分有意义的。     

Modification of Feedstock for Productino of Oxidized Asphalts

Production of oxidized asphalts with improved quality characteristics an be increased by modifying the initial feedstock, for example, with cationic surfactants (CSF). The use of a quaternary ammonium compound with a C₁₇ – C₁₉; hydrocarbon radical in the optimum concentration of 0.06 wt. % increases the proportion of heavier components in the asphalt, that is, causes a greater degree of oxidation of the feedstock. A decrease in consumption rates in production of asphalt is possible as a result. The quality of the asphalt obtained either with a 30% decrease in air consumption or a 10–15°C decrease in the temperature or with a 30% reduction in the oxidation time is as good as the baseline sample.     

Manufacture of Aviation Oils from Higher α–Olefins

Technology for manufacture of aviation oils based on oligomerization of C₈–C₁₀ and C₆–C₁₂ higher –olefincuts, cutation, and hydrogenation is described. The oils obtained have good thermooxidative stability and viscosity–temperature and low–temperature properties.     

Stability of Aqueous Microemulsions In Motor Fuels

The effect of additives — surfactants (SF) — on the water–separating properties of jet fuels. These additives significantly worsen thefuel–water reaction index. Methods of fuel flooding simulating the conditions of formation of water–fuel microemulsions during storage, shipment, and use are developed. Data on the effect of the nature of the fuel on the settling rate of microemulsions are reported. Water–fuel microemulsions form when temperature fluctuations are stable for more than 100 h, which favors formation of aqueous sludges in aircraft tanks.     

Separation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Reformate. Combined Extraction Fractionation–Eextraction

In separation of benzene, toluene, and xylenes from reformate by extractive fractionation, the solvent, consisting of N–methylpyrrolidone and sulfolane (70:30) is more effective than each of the components separately. C6–C8 aromatic hydrocarbons are separated with a yield of 99.8 wt. % by extraction fractionation and subsequent extraction of benzene residues from distillate with sulfolane:N–methylpyrrolidone solvent (90:10 wt.) with a total mass ratio to the feedstock of 2.8:1. Key words: reforming catalyzate, aromatic hydrocarbons, extraction, extraction fractionation, N–methylpyrrolidone, sulfolane.     

Modernization of a Reformer Unit with a Lower Operating Pressure

Modernization of the first-stage of the L–35–11/1000 plant of the OAO Angarskaya neftekhimicheskaya kompaniya [Angarskaya Petrochemical Company (Open Joint Stock Company)] reduced the pressure in the reformer unit from 2.3 to 1.7 MPa and the hydrogenous gas circulation ratio, from 1550 to 1100 m³/m³. The catalyzate yield increased by 2.1 wt.% while the motor octane number (MON) increased by 1.6. After the second stage of the highly efficient domestic catalysts KR–108U and RB–22U fed into the reformer unit will increase the reformate yield with MON=87 to 89 wt. %. Catalyzate from the L–35–11/100 plant is the main component of high-octane gasolines in the Angarskaya Petrochemical Company. This typical plant was built during the development of the country's catalytic reformer technology [1] according to a design by Lengiproneftekhim (Leningrad State Institute for the Design of Oil Refining and Petrochemical Plants). Initially, the intention was to use the aluminoplatinum catalyst AP–64 in the reforming of hydrofined feedstock in the following mode: reactor pressure in the last stage 3.5 MPa, feedstock volumetric flow rate 1.2 h^–1, and hydrogenous gas (HG) circulation ratio 1800m³/m³. The process flow diagram, however, made no provision for booster compressors for the excess HG. As a result substantial lowering of the pressure in the reformer unit was not possible when the plant was switched to more stable polymetal catalysts [2].     

Paving Asphalts with Modifying Additives

The possibility of increasing the quality of paving asphalts by modifying them with an inexpensive, nontraditional additive — Kashpir slate softener with a significant content of resins and asphaltenes — is demonstrated. In the concentration of under 7 wt. %, this additive gives asphalt elasticity on the level of expensive polymeric asphalt binders (PAB), decreases the brittleness temperature by 2–3° and also causes a more stable and plastic colloidal sol system. When the softener and BP–3M adhesive additive are incorporated in asphalt together, the thermal stability of the additive increases and the asphalt acquires high adhesion to mineral materials for a long period.     

Alkylation of Benzene with Propylene on Alumina Phenyl Siloxane

Isopropylbenzene (IPB), a high–octane component of gasoline, is obtained by alkylation of benzene with propylene. –Methylstyrene, a rubber base, is obtained from IPB by dehydrogenation and phenol, used for treatment of petroleum oils, is obtained by oxidation. In industrial conditions, this process is conducted in the presence of a catalytic complex of aluminum chloride with polyisopropylbenzenes.     

Refining of Straight‐Run Naphtha Cuts on Modified Zeolites

Straightrun crude oil of gas condensate naphtha cuts for use as components of motor fuels must be refined: to transform their lowoctane components – nparaffins – into highoctane compounds, while not decomposing isoparaffins if possible. A catalyst with high molecularsieve selectivity with respect to conversion of nparaffinic hydrocarbons and high catalytic stability is required for this. These requirements are satisfied by highsilica zeolites form the pentasil family [1 – 5].     

Method of determination of trace quantities of copper,lead, and zinc in naphthas

Summary A procedure has been developed for the spectral determination of trace-contaminant copper, lead, and arsenic in naphthas; the method consists of dropping a sample of naphtha into a heated electrode, thus evaporating the naphtha, and then photographing the spectrum of the dry residue. The conditions that were chosen, particularly the use of an appropriate buffer, have made it possible to achieve the following sensitivities in the determination: Copper 2·10^–8%, lead 5·10^–8%, and arsenic 1 ·10^–7%, The respective coefficients of variation in the determinations of these elements are 26, 30, and 25%.The method is being used at BashNII NP for regular quality control on the feedstock entering the catalytic reforming unit of the Novo-Ufa refinery.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 55–59, April, 1973.     

Synthesis of alkylphenols for production of nonionic detergents and lube-oil additives

Summary Secondary monoalkylphenols, obtained by alkylating phenol with a 90–140°C fraction of -olefins on aluminosilicate catalyst, can be used for the synthesis of effective monionic detergents and additives for petroleum-base lubricating oils (VNII NP-360 and VNII NP-370); secondary dialkylphenols can be used to obtain sulfonate type additives.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 12, pp. 28–30, December, 1972.     

Effect of Temperature on Hydrogen–Free Atmospheric Reforming

Hydrogen–free reforming of naphtha cuts under pressure of 1.5–3 MPa, called zeoforming, was studied in detail in [1, 2]. We created a process for hydrogen–free catalytic reforming at atmospheric pressure, called KATRIFAT, as a result of selecting a mixture of dehydrocyclization, cracking, and isomerization catalysts [3, 4].     

Determination of octane numbers on small volumes of fuel

Conclusions It has been found possible to reduce the amount of fuel required for determining octane numbers down to 60–80 ml by modifying the technology of determining octane numbers on IT9-2 and IT9-6 type setups fitted with an evaporation system for supplying the fuel-air mixture, in which the fuel injection cycle is electronically controlled, and the ignition system is transistorized. The amount of fuel can be reduced further to 30–40 ml by testing binary (11) mixtures of the test fuel with a standard fuel. In both cases the accuracy satisfies that specified in CGST 511-66 and CGST 8226-66 for octane numbers.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 53–56, April, 1969.     

Agroindustrial Wastes as Feedstock for Production of Oils

The prospects for rational utilization of secondary feedstock resources – different plant wastes – in refineries were demonstrated. In exhaustive processing of these wastes, it is possible to obtain quality vegetable oils for food and technical purposes. The environmental and technological aspects of the production and use of such oils are examined. The increased role of lubricants and other products based on biospherecompatible vegetable oils is emphasized.     

Pour Depressants for Middle-Distillate Fuels. A Comparative Analysis of Effectiveness

Copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate, propylene, vinyl acetate and carboxylic acid esters, and methyl methacrylate with different number–average molecular weights and molecular–weight distribution (MWD) were investigated as pour depressants for middle–distillate winter–grade fuels. The specific character of the effect of the additives on fuels with different n–paraffin content and MWD is established. The effectiveness of the additives is determined by the presence of a gently sloping high–molecular–weight (C₂₆₊) tail on the MWD curve of the n–paraffins in the base fuel. The optimum concentrations of pour depressants for middle–distillate fuels manufactured at YuKOS Oil Co. refineries are determined.     

Deasphalting the tar of mangyshlak petroleum with propane

Conclusions Study of deasphalting with propane of the tar from a mixture of Uzen' and Zhetybai petroleums in two stages showed the effectiveness of extracting the oily components and solid hydrocarbons under the following conditions: 51 dilution by weight in each stage, and temperature range at the top of the column 65–75°C.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 2, pp. 16–18, February, 1968.