Characterization of High-Frequency Induction Brazed Magnesium Alloy Joint with an Al-Mg-Zn Filler Metal

In this paper, a novel Al-Mg-Zn filler metal was designed to join magnesium alloy AZ31B plates by means of high-frequency induction brazing in argon gas shield condition. The microstructure and the mechanical properties of the brazed joint were investigated. The experimental results showed that the brazed joint contained large amount of α-Mg and β-Mg₁₇(Al, Zn)₁₂ phases. The homogeneous Mg₃₂(Al, Zn)₄₉ phase in the original filler metal was consumed due to the intensive alloying during the brazing process. The results indicate that the shear strength of the brazed joint is 35 MPa. The fracture morphology of the brazed joint exhibits intergranular fracture mode, and the fracture originates from the hard β-Mg₁₇(Al, Zn)₁₂ phase.     

铝/钢异种金属火焰钎焊接头组织和性能

通过扫描电镜、能谱分析和X射线衍射等方法研究了火焰钎焊时Zn-xAl钎料的润湿性能、铝/钢钎焊接头界面显微组织、金属间化合物层以及接头抗剪强度.结果表明,Zn-xAl钎料配合改性CsF-RbF-AlF₃钎剂,可以有效地去除母材表面氧化膜,从而提高钎焊接头力学性能.随着Al元素含量增加,钎料铺展性和填缝性随之提高,但是钎焊接头强度先升后降,Al元素含量为15%时,钎焊接头力学性能最佳.钎焊接头显微组织分析结果表明,金属间化合物主要为Fe₄Al₁₃相. Zn-xAl钎料中Al元素含量较低时,界面层由富锌相和Fe₄Al₁₃相组成.随着Al元素含量的增加,在Zn-25Al钎焊接头界面出现第二层金属间化合物Fe₂Al₅相.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu/Al joints brazed using (Cu,Ni, Zr,Er)-modified Al—Si filler alloys

To design a promising Al—Si filler alloy with a relatively low melting-point, good strength and plasticity for the Cu/Al joint, the Cu, Ni, Zr and Er elements were innovatively added to modify the traditional Al—Si eutectic filler. The microstructure and mechanical properties of filler alloys and Cu/Al joints were investigated. The result indicated that the Al—Si—Ni—Cu filler alloys mainly consisted of Al(s,s), Al₂(Cu,Ni) and Si(s,s). The Al—10Si—2Ni—6Cu filler alloy exhibited relatively low solidus (521 °C) and liquidus (577 °C) temperature, good tensile strength (305.8 MPa) and fracture elongation (8.5%). The corresponding Cu/Al joint brazed using Al—10Si—2Ni—6Cu filler was mainly composed of Al₈(Mn,Fe)₂Si, Al₂(Cu,Ni)₃, Al(Cu,Ni), Al₂(Cu,Ni) and Al(s,s), yielding a shear strength of (90.3±10.7) MPa. The joint strength was further improved to (94.6±2.5) MPa when the joint was brazed using the Al—10Si—2Ni—6Cu—0.2Er—0.2Zr filler alloy. Consequently, the (Cu, Ni, Zr, Er)-modified Al—Si filler alloy was suitable for obtaining high-quality Cu/Al brazed joints.     

Interfacial features of TiAl alloy/316L stainless steel joint brazed with Zr−Cu−Ni−Al amorphous filler metal

TiAl alloy and 316L stainless steel were vacuum-brazed with Zr?50.0Cu?7.1Ni?7.1Al (at.%) amorphous filler metal. The influence of brazing time and temperature on the interfacial microstructure and shear strength of the resultant joints was investigated. The brazed seam consisted of three layers, including two diffusion layers and one residual filler metal layer. The typical microstructure of brazed TiAl alloy/316L stainless steel joint was TiAl alloy substrate/α₂-(Ti₃Al)/AlCuTi/residual filler metal/Cu₉Zr₁₁+Fe₂₃Zr₆/Laves-Fe₂Zr/α-(Fe,Cr)/316L stainless steel substrate. Discontinuous brittle Fe₂Zr layer formed near the interface between the residual filler metal layer and α-(Fe,Cr) layer. The maximum shear strength of brazed joints reached 129 MPa when brazed at 1020 °C for 10 min. The diffusion activation energies of α₂-(Ti₃Al) and α-(Fe,Cr) phases were ?195.769 and ?112.420 kJ/mol, respectively, the diffusion constants for these two phases were 3.639×10^?6 and 7.502×10^?10 μm²/s, respectively. Cracks initiated at Fe₂Zr layer and propagated into the residual filler metal layer during the shear test. The Laves-Fe₂Zr phase existing on the fracture surface suggested the brittle fracture mode of the brazed joints.     

Vacuum brazing of TiAl-based intermetallics with Ti–Zr–Cu–Ni–Co amorphous alloy as filler metal

An amorphous Ti41.7–Zr26.7–Cu14.7–Ni13.8–Co3.1 (wt%) ribbon fabricated by melt spinning was used as filler to vacuum braze Ti–48Al–2Nb–2Cr (at%) intermetallics. The influences of brazing temperature and time on the microstructure and strength of the joints were investigated. It is found that intermetallic phases of Ti₃Al and γ-Ti₂Cu/Ti₂Ni form in the brazed joints. The tensile strength of the joint first increases and then decreases with the increase of the brazing temperature in the range of 900–1050 °C and the brazing time varying from 3 to 15 min. The maximum tensile strength at room temperature is 316 MPa when the joint is brazed at 950 °C for 5 min. Cleavage facets are widely observed on all of the fracture surfaces of the brazed joints. The fracture path varies with the brazing condition and cracks prefer to initiate at locations with relatively high content of γ-Ti₂Cu/Ti₂Ni phases and propagate through them.     

Analysis of intermetallic layer in dissimilar TIG welding–brazing butt joint of aluminium alloy to stainless steel

Abstract

Intermetallic layer of dissimilar tungsten inert gas welding–brazing butt joint of aluminium alloy/ stainless steel has been studied. A visible unequal thickness intermetallic layer has formed in welded seam/steel interface, and the thickness of the whole layer is <10 μm. The interface with Al–12Si filler metal consists of τ ₅-Al₈Fe₂Si layer in welded seam side and θ-(Al,Si)₁₃Fe₄ layer in steel side with the hardness values of 1025 and 835 HV respectively, while the interface with Al–6Cu filler metal consists of θ-Al₁₃(Fe,Cu)₄ layer with the hardness of 645 HV. The average tensile strength of the joint with Al–12Si filler metal is 100–120 MPa, and the fracture occurs at θ-(Al,Si)₁₃Fe₄ layer, while the joint with Al–6%Cu filler metal presents high crack resistance with tensile strength of 155–175 MPa, which reaches more than 50% of aluminium base metal strength.     

中间层对高体积分数SiCp/Al复合材料真空钎焊的影响

采用铜箔、Al-Si-Mg及Al-Si-Mg/Cu/Al-Si-Mg(简称ACA)3种不同中间层对高体积分数45%SiC_p/Al复合材料进行真空钎焊连接研究.通过SEM,EDS及XRD等方法对钎缝的微观结构及界面组织进行了分析,研究了中间层种类对钎焊接头微观结构、界面组织以及连接强度的影响,阐明了不同中间层钎焊连接45%SiC_p/Al复合材料的界面形成过程及接头断裂机制.结果表明,ACA中间层兼具了铜和Al-Si-Mg钎料的优点,可降低钎料的液相线,增加其流动性,通过Cu原子优先在铝合金基体与其氧化膜的界面处扩散发生共晶反应,增强钎料的去膜作用,从而实现高体积分数45%SiC_p/Al复合材料的高质量连接.     

Effect of brazing temperature and brazing time on the microstructure and tensile strength of TiAl-based alloy joints with Ti-Zr-Cu-Ni amorphous alloy as filler metal

An amorphous Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-15Ni (wt.%) ribbon fabricated by vacuum arc remelting and rapid solidification was used as filler metal to vacuum braze TiAl alloy (Ti-45Al-2Mn-2Nb-1B (at.%)). The effects of brazing temperature and time on the microstructure and strength of the joints were investigated in details. The typical brazed joint major consisted of three zones and the brazed joints mainly consisted of α_2-Ti₃Al phase, α-Ti phase and (Ti, Zr)₂(Cu, Ni) phase. When the brazing temperature varied from 910 °C to 1010 °C for 30 min, the tensile strength of the joint first increased and then decreased. With increasing the brazing time, the tensile strength of the joint increased. The maximum room temperature tensile strength was 468 MPa when the specimen was brazed at 930 °C for 60 min. All the fracture surfaces assumed typical brittle cleavage fracture characteristic. The fracture path varied with the brazing parameter and cracks preferred to initiate at (Ti, Zr)₂(Cu, Ni) phase and propagation path were mainly determined by the content and distribution of α-Ti phase and (Ti, Zr)₂(Cu, Ni) phase.     

钎料形态对半固态加压反应钎焊接头的影响

采用自制不同形态的Al-Si-Mg-Cu-Ti钎料对70% SiC_p/Al复合材料进行了半固态加压反应钎焊,阐述了该焊接方法的内涵,分析了接头组织性能. 结果表明,填充粉末钎料时,钎缝组织为铝合金基体、深灰色环状和块状Ti₇Al₅Si₁₂和块状Ti;填充片状钎料时,钎缝组织为铝合金基体和短棒状Ti₇Al₅Si₁₂. 接头界面结合情况是影响接头性能的主要因素. 填充粉末钎料时,钎料与母材结合充分,原子扩散通道多,接头界面结合好,没有明显分界线,接头力学性能好,抗剪强度达92.1 MPa,断口属于韧脆混合断口;填充片状钎料时,界面处有明显分界线,接头力学性能差,抗剪强度为43.9 MPa,断口为脆性断口.     

The aluminium-coppergold ternary system

Despite Au, Al and Cu being individually very well-known elements, their ternary phase diagram has not been studied in as much detail as those of many other Au-containing ternaries. Here we review what is known, and consider the prospects for technological exploitation of some of the ternary compositions. The components of greatest interest in Al-Au-Cu may be the β-phases, at least two of which have shape memory properties. Of these, ‘Spangold’, which has the nominal stoichiometry Au₇Cu₅Al₄, has received some attention for jewellery applications, while the edge compound Cu₃Al is a well-known shape memory composition with corresponding specialised industrial uses. The properties of other β-phase compositions in the system have been scarcely investigated. The system also contains an extensive γ-phase, Al₄Au_xCu_9−x, where x ranges from 0 to ∼6.5, and the purple gold phase AuAl₂.     

Ag-Cu-Sn-Ti活性钎焊Gr/2024Al复合材料与TC4钛合金

采用自制的AgCuSnTi钎料对发汗材料Gr/2024Al复合材料和TC4钛合金进行钎焊,对焊后接头界面组织及力学性能进行了分析.结果表明,接头典型界面组织为Gr/2024Al/Ti₃AlC₂/Ag₂Al+Ag₃Sn+Al₂Cu+Al₅CuTi₂/Al₅CuTi₂+Ag₃Sn/TC4.钎焊时,活性元素Ti与Gr/2024Al复合材料的石墨基体发生活性反应,实现了TC4与Gr/2024Al复合材料的低温连接,保证了复合材料的力学性能及发汗功能.随钎焊温度升高及保温时间延长,钎缝组织中弥散分布的Al₅CuTi₂化合物聚集长大成块状,使接头性能下降.当钎焊温度为680℃,保温时间为10min时接头抗剪强度达到最大值17MPa,其为Gr/2024Al复合材料母材强度的70%.     

SiCp/Al复合材料与Fe36Ni合金超声波钎焊

利用超声波钎焊方法使用ZnAlSi钎料实现了Fe36Ni合金与45%SiC_p/2024Al和55%SiC_p/A356两种复合材料的连接,并得到由SiC颗粒增强的复合焊缝.通过扫描电镜、能谱等方法对焊缝的微观结构以及断口形貌进行了观察,对接头的压剪强度进行了测试,分析了Fe36Ni与两种复合材料钎焊接头微观组织和接头强度的差异.结果表明,在Fe36Ni与两种复合材料的钎缝中,钎料与两侧母材界面均形成良好的冶金结合,SiC颗粒均匀分布于焊缝中.Fe36Ni与45%SiC_p/2024Al的接头抗剪强度为110~145 MPa,Fe36Ni与55%SiC_p/A356的接头抗剪强度为75~85 MPa.Fe36Ni与45%SiC_p/2024Al的接头断裂位置为钎缝中,而Fe36Ni与55%SiC_p/A356的接头断裂位置位于Fe36Ni与钎料的界面上.     

Mechanical milling of Ti–Ni–Si filler metal for brazing TiAl intermetallics

The Ti–Ni–Si filler metal was manufactured by mechanical milling of TiH₂, Ni and Si powder mixture. The microstructure of the filler metal and TiAl brazed joint was analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The effect of milling time on the brazing powder was investigated. It was found that NiSi phase formed when the milling time exceeded 120 min. The typical microstructure of the TiAl brazed joint using Ti–Ni–Si filler metal was TiAl/Ti₃Al/TiAlNi₂/Ti₃Al + Ti₅Si₃/TiAlNi₂/Ti₃Al/TiAl. The effect of Si on the microstructure was investigated and the result suggested that Si addition resulted in the aggregation of Ti and formation of Ti₃Al phase in the middle of joint. The optimal parameters were brazing temperature of 1140 °C and holding time of 30 min. The fracture was brittle and propagated between the TiAlNi₂ layer and Ti₃Al + Ti₅Si₃ layer.     

Strong bonding of infrared brazed α2-Ti3Al and Ti–6Al–4V using Ti–Cu–Ni fillers

Infrared dissimilar brazing of α₂-Ti₃Al and Ti–6Al–4V using Ti–15Cu–25Ni and Ti–15Cu–15Ni filler metals has been performed in this study. The brazed joint consists primarily of Ti-rich and Ti₂Ni phases, and there is no interfacial phase among the braze alloy, α₂-Ti₃Al and Ti–6Al–4V substrates. The existence of the Ti₂Ni intermetallic compound is detrimental to the bonding strength of the joint. The amount of Ti₂Ni decreases with increasing brazing temperature and/or time due to the depletion of Ni content from the braze alloy into the Ti–6Al–4V substrate during brazing. The shear strength of the brazed joint free of the blocky Ti₂Ni phase is comparable with that of the α₂-Ti₃Al substrate, and strong bonding can thus be obtained.     

ZrB2-SiC/Inconel 600钎焊接头界面结构与反应机理

采用Ag-28Cu钎料对ZrB2-SiC陶瓷与Inconel 600镍基合金进行真空钎焊连接。利用扫描电镜、能量色散X射线光谱仪研究了钎焊接头界面结构、断口形貌,借助万能试验机测试其剪切强度。结果表明:采用Ag-28Cu钎料对ZrB2-SiC/Inconel 600真空钎焊,可以实现接头冶金结合,接头无裂纹及微孔隙缺陷。界面反应产物为Ni-Fe-Cr合金、Cu(s,s)+Ag(s,s)固溶体、(Cr,Fe)7C3+(Cr,Fe)3C2合金碳化物,结合扩散理论和热力学分析阐述了界面产物形成机理。钎焊接头室温平均剪切强度为32.92 MPa,断裂模式为解理断裂。     

AgCuTi-Al钎焊C_f/SiC与TC4接头分析

采用AgCuTi-Al混合粉末作为中间层,在适当的工艺参数下真空钎焊Cf/SiC复合材料和钛合金,利用扫描电镜,能谱仪和X射线衍射对接头的微观组织结构进行分析,利用剪切试验测定接头的力学性能.结果表明,在钎焊过程中,钎料中的钛与Cf/SiC复合材料中的基体SiC,碳纤维发生反应,在Cf/SiC复合材料侧形成了TiC,T...     

Cu + TiB2 composite filler for brazing Al2O3 and Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Al₂O₃ and Ti-6Al-4V alloy were brazed using Cu + TiB₂ composite filler, which manufactured by mechanical milling of Cu and TiB₂ powders. Typical interface microstructure of joint was Al₂O₃/Ti₄(Cu,Al)₂O/Ti₂Cu + Ti₃Al + Ti₂(Cu,Al)/Ti₂(Cu,Al) + AlCu₂Ti/Ti₂Cu + AlCu₂Ti + Ti₃Al + Ti₂(Cu,Al) + TiB/Ti(s.s) + Ti₂Cu/Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Based on temperature- and time-dependent compositional change, the formation of intermetallics in joint was basically divided into four stages: formation of interfacial Ti₄(Cu,Al)₂O in Al₂O₃ side, formation of Ti₂Cu, Ti₃Al, TiB, Ti₂Cu, and AlCu₂Ti in layers II and IV, formation of Ti₂(Cu,Al) and AlCu₂Ti in layer III, formation of Ti + Ti₂Cu hypereutectoid organization adjacent to Ti-6Al-4V alloy. TiB in situ synthesized in joint not only acted as low thermal expansion coefficient reinforcement to improve the mechanical properties at room temperature, but also as skeleton ceramic of joint to increase high temperature mechanical properties of Al₂O₃/Ti-6Al-4V alloy joint increasing. When the joint containing 30 vol.% TiB brazed at 930 °C and 10 min of holding time, the maximum room temperature shear strength of joint was 96.76 MPa, and the high temperature shear strength of joint was 115.16 MPa at 800 °C.     

Vacuum Brazing TC4 Titanium Alloy to 304 Stainless Steel with Cu-Ti-Ni-Zr-V Amorphous Alloy Foil

Dissimilar metal vacuum brazing between TC4 titanium alloy and 304 stainless steel was conducted with newly designed Cu-Ti-Ni-Zr-V amorphous alloy foils as filler metals. Solid joints were obtained due to excellent compatibility between the filler metal and stainless steel substrate. Partial dissolution of stainless steel substrate occurred during brazing. The shear strength of the joint brazed with Cu_43.75Ti_37.5Ni_6.25Zr_6.25V_6.25 foil was 105 MPa and that with Cu_37.5Ti₂₅Ni_12.5Zr_12.5V_12.5 was 116 MPa. All the joints fractured through the gray layer in the brazed seam, revealing brittle fracture features. Cr₄Ti, Cu_0.8FeTi, Fe₈TiZr₃ and Al₂NiTi₃C compounds were found in the fractured joint brazed with Cu_43.75Ti_37.5Ni_6.25Zr_6.25V_6.25 foil, and Fe₂Ti, TiCu, Fe₈TiZr₃ and NiTi_0.8Zr_0.3 compounds were detected in the joint brazed with Cu_37.5Ti₂₅Ni_12.5Zr_12.5V_12.5 foil. The existence of Cr-Ti, Fe-Ti, Cu-Fe-Ti, and Fe-Ti-V intermetallic compounds in the brazed seam caused fracture of the resultant joints.     

Fe_3Al与18-8钢钨极氩弧焊接头的裂纹及断裂分析

采用填丝钨极氩弧焊(TIG)对Fe3Al与18-8钢进行焊接,用扫描电镜和电子探针分析Fe3Al/18-8钢接头的微观裂纹及断口特征,用透射电镜分析接头区的位错形态.结果表明,Fe3Al/18-8钢接头裂纹起源于Fe3Al侧熔合区,断口形态以穿晶解理断裂为主,解理面上分布着由解理台阶组成的河流花样.焊缝区的断口由部分剪切韧窝构成,焊缝区的韧性优于熔合区.Fe3Al侧熔合区分布有不同密度的位错,是Fe3Al/18-8钢接头潜在裂纹源.微裂纹在应力作用下向Fe3Al热影响区扩展,与主裂纹汇合后,发生剪切断裂.     

Infrared brazing of Ti50Ni50 shape memory alloy using gold-based braze alloys

Infrared brazing Ti₅₀Ni₅₀ shape memory alloy using pure Au and Au-20Cu as the fillers has been investigated. The Au-rich and Au₄Ti phases, and Au₂TiNi, AuCu and Ni₃Ti phases are formed in the brazed joints using Au filler and Au-20Cu filler, respectively. The bending test shows the shape memory effect of brazed joint using Au filler is superior to that using Au-20Cu filler because the detrimental AuCu and Ni₃Ti phases exist in the latter case.