R134a空气源热泵热水器实验研究与性能分析

对一台工质为R134a的空气源热泵热水器样机进行了实验测试,研究了在环境温度为20/15℃工况下,最佳充灌量(1500 g)的70%,85%,100%和115%下的系统特性,并在最佳充灌量下研究了膨胀阀开度分别为30%,45%,60%时的系统性能。结果表明系统性能随充灌量增加呈先增大后减小趋势。膨胀阀开度对系统逐时COP影响较大,在水箱温度超过32℃时,增大膨胀阀的开度可以提高系统的COP。此外,基于实验研究,论文对系统损失进行了分析。结论表明系统主要的损失分布在压缩机和冷凝器。系统效率随着水箱温度的升高而不断减小,在开度为30%和60%下,系统效率分别下降约8%和10%左右。     

系统仿真确定制冷剂充灌量

对空调循环性能实验装置建立了稳态分布参数系统仿真模型,进行了以R22为工质的变工况、变充灌量的系统仿真,得出了工质充灌量对系统循环参数和循环性能的影响规律。研究表明,充灌量影响冷凝器换热面积的合理分配,从而影响循环性能;系统存在最佳充灌量,与工况变化关系不明显,以合理的过冷度和各工况下制冷系数最大为表征。     

不同工质的热泵热水器热力学性能分析

为了研究R22替代制冷剂R134A、R407C、R410A、R32、R290在热泵热水器中的热力学性能,设定冬季工况蒸发温度-10℃、冷凝温度65℃,夏季工况蒸发温度20℃、冷凝温度65℃,过冷度和过热度均为5℃。计算了不同工质系统在冬季和夏季工况的理论循环性能,对比分析了各系统的变工况特性。结果表明:R410A和R32的单位容积制热量较高,这有利于减小压缩机的功耗和体积;R290和R32的单位质量制热量较高,能够有效降低工质充注量,进而增加系统安全性。随着蒸发温度升高,各工质系统制热系数均不断增加;随着冷凝温度升高,各工质系统制热系数均不断降低;过热度变化对各工质系统制热系数影响很小,而过冷度增加可以提高各工质系统制热系数。对于6种工质热泵热水器系统,蒸发温度在冬季工况对R32系统制热系数影响最大,当蒸发温度由-14℃升至-6℃,R32系统制热系数提高21.8%,夏季工况蒸发温度对R22系统制热系数影响最大,当蒸发温度由16℃升至24℃,R22系统制热系数提高22.1%。对应于冬季工况和夏季工况,冷凝温度和过冷度变化对R410A系统制热系数影响最大。     

两相流中相积存造成多元混合制冷剂浓度变化分析

因多相流动中汽液速度差而造成相积存（Holdup）是深冷混合工质节流制冷系统中混合物浓度偏析的一个重要因素。建立了因相积存造成浓度变化的计算模型,采用Palmer对Beggs-Brill—Moody关联式的修正式,详细考察了管道倾角及流体温度对深冷多元混合物因汽液相积存异造成的浓度偏析影响。计算结果表明,管道倾角对积存具有显著影响,其中倾斜向上会显著增加积存,造成混合物浓度显著变化。浓度变化发生在两相区,并随温度变化导致不同组分的浓度变化趋势不同。     

R290灌注式替代R22空调整机性能研究

R290具有优良的环保性和热力学特性,是替代空调R22的潜在工质之一。采用R290对R22空调系统进行灌注式替代,优化并测试毛细管长度、室外温度以及工质充灌量对系统性能的影响,同时分析了换热器内R290沿程质量的分布。研究结果表明,系统充灌R290后制冷能力持平(99%),而性能系数提高了10%～15%。     

ODP为零的热泵混合工质性能匹配及非共沸特性研究

针对一种臭氧层破坏潜能(ODP)为零的非共沸中高温热泵混合工质HTR00,研究了其实际应用中的三个关键问题:R134a压缩机直接充灌HTR04的匹配性问题;HTR04的组分迁移问题;温度滑移特性利用问题.结果表明:对于一个配备R134a压缩机的HTR04热泵机组,能够稳定且高效地提供80℃的热水;HTR04组分迁移导致的系统性能变化在工程允许范围之内;通过HTR04滑移温度与冷凝器水侧温差的最优匹配,可提高热泵系统性能.研究可为绿色环保中高温热泵工质HTR00的实际应用提供理论基础和技术支持.     

R125/R290及R125/R600a热泵工质适用温区探究

循环温升保持45℃,热源进口温度范围为10—45℃的热泵工况下,建立了基于控制换热器窄点温差的热泵循环模型,对小温度滑移混合工质R125/R290(质量配比25/75)及大温度滑移工质R125/R600a(质量配比10/90)的热泵循环性能分别进行了分析研究。发现R125/R290制热循环性能系数COPh随名义蒸发温度的升高而提高,而对于R125/R600a,COPh却变化平缓。同时两种混合工质的排气温度和冷凝压力均在系统安全运行范围之内。结果表明:对于小温度滑移工质R125/R290更适合于低温热源工况,大温度滑移工质R125/R600a则更适用于高温热源工况。     

R134a／R123自然复叠式热泵系统浓度配比分析

冷热源温度和混合工质浓度配比都会影响自然复叠式热泵系统的热力性能,提出了迭代式定步长搜索法,对80~95"12冷凝温度和0~20℃蒸发温度区间内的R134a/R123自然复叠式热泵系统进行了浓度配比优化计算和分析,得出计算温度区间内任意冷热源温度组合条件下的系统最佳充注浓度.结果表明,在每一组冷热源温度条件下,存在一个最优的混合工质浓度配比对应于系统最大COP值.浓度配比优化可提高自然复叠式热泵循环的热力性能,在最优COP对应的浓度配比条件下,自然复叠式热泵系统的压比较低.     

突出气相压头的环路热管启动特性实验与可视化研究

本文提出并研究了一种突出气相压头的环路热管(LHP)。该环路热管将加热面与吸液芯分离,形成一个蒸发腔。工质在蒸发腔内发生相变,热管的整体结构设计突出了工质的气相压头。实验研究了不同的灌充率对启动特性的影响,结果表明:加热功率相同时(30 W),较高的灌充率会导致较高的运行温度,当灌充率分别为55%、60%和70%时,运行温度分别为101. 9℃、102. 4℃和107. 9℃,且当灌充率高于60%时会发生明显的温度振荡。在灌充率为55%时进行了蒸发器的可视化实验,观察到该类型热管产生相变的主要特征,即:液相工质的滴落蒸发,气液相界面沿着吸液芯表面向下移动,最后液滴落到加热底板上,气液两相界面的移动规律说明该环路热管独特的运行特点。将液体工质从开始滴落经蒸发到下一次开始滴落的时间定义为一个周期,实验测定了在加热功率为55 W时滴落蒸发过程的循环周期为120 s。     

电动汽车二次回路热泵空调系统性能试验研究

为了研究制冷剂充注量和环境温度对电动汽车二次回路热泵空调系统的影响规律,笔者设计并搭建了带有二次回路的热泵空调系统试验台。针对不同转速下,制冷量/制热量、COP和压缩机排气温度等参数随充注量及环境温度的变化趋势进行了试验研究,并确定标准制冷和制热工况的最佳充注量。结果表明：随着充注量的增加,蒸发器出口过热度和排气温度逐渐降低,而排气压力逐渐升高;制冷量/制热量和COP随充注量的增加而增大,并在最佳充注量处达到峰值,之后保持小幅变化。综合考虑,制热和制冷模式下系统最佳充注量分别为650 g和1 100 g。基于最佳充注量、压缩机转速为2 000 r/min时,制热模式环境温度由0℃升至12℃,制热量增加48.4%,COP_h升高8.3%;制冷环境温度由27℃升高至43℃时,制冷量和COP分别降低12.3%和44.4%。     

外绕微通道冷凝器空气源热泵热水器仿真与优化

空气源热泵热水器比燃气或电热水器更为节能。本文提出了一种外绕微通道冷凝器,可以减少制冷剂充灌量、提高换热效率、降低成本、提高安全性。建立了热泵热水器的准稳态系统模型,制冷剂侧采用稳态模型,水箱和水侧采用动态模型。通过实验证明了该系统模型可以准确地预测时变的系统功耗、水温,以及系统时均COP。通过仿真分析,发现水箱隔热层可以缩短水的加热时间、并提高系统COP约9.2%。增大冷凝器也可提升系统COP,但几乎不改变水的加热时间。最后提出了微通道冷凝器的三流程优化设计方法。     

Influence of liquid receiver on the performance of reversible heat pumps using refrigerant mixtures

A liquid receiver is normally included in reversible vapour compression heat pumps (RHPs) to temporarily store the excess refrigerant charge occurring due to change of operation mode. The presence of a liquid receiver influences the total amount of refrigerant charged into a system, and particularly when using refrigerant mixtures, could affect the system circulation composition. Using a computer simulation, this paper compares the performance of RHPs designed with and without a liquid receiver, when using R407C. It was shown that the presence of a receiver caused an increase in the positive shift in the circulating composition, resulting in improved capacity while reducing the system COP in both heating and cooling modes when compared to a system without a receiver.     

以毛细管为节流装置的CO_2小型热泵热水器实验研究

介绍以毛细管为节流装置跨临界CO2热泵热水试验系统。实验研究了不同气冷器进水温度下系统的COP及其变化、气冷器沿管长水温温升梯度变化。分析了不同环境温度下制冷剂充注量对系统高压侧压力的影响。可以得出:以毛细管做节流装置也可以得到较高的COP;气冷器水温在高温CO2进口段温升幅度最大;系统对环境温度的变化很敏感,环境温度较低时要想得到合适的高压侧压力,制冷剂的充注量要比环境温度高时多。     

Modeling evaluation of a direct-expansion solar-assisted heat pump water heater using R410A

A direct-expansion solar-assisted heat pump (DX-SAHP) system by using R410A as refrigerant is described, which can supply domestic hot water during the whole year. Based on the distributed parameter and homogeneous flow models of collector/evaporator and condenser, the lumped parameter models of compressor and electronic expansion valve, and the refrigerant charge model, a numerical model is developed to estimate the thermal performance of the system. Given the structure parameters, meteorological parameters, initial and final water temperatures, for a fixed superheat degree, the effects of the refrigerant charge quantity on the performance parameters of the system are analyzed, such as compressor power, heat gain of collector, heating time, collector efficiency and system COP. Furthermore, for a fixed refrigerant charge quantity, the effects of various parameters, including solar radiation, ambient temperature, compressor speed and initial water temperature, have been simulated and analyzed on the thermal performance of the system.     

An experimental investigation of refrigerant mixture R32/R290 as drop-in replacement for HFC410A in household air conditioners

In the present paper, the refrigerant mixture R32/R290 (68%/32% by weight) is investigated as the drop-in replacement for R410A in household air conditioners. The GWP of it is only 22% of that of R410A. Theoretical and experimental investigations are conducted on the performance of the air conditioners working with both R32/R290 and R410A. Experimental results show that the refrigerant charge amount of R32/R290 is reduced by 30.0%–35.0%; the cooling and heating capacities are increased by 14.0%–23.7%. For further reducing charge amount and flammability, the micro-channel heat exchanger (condenser) is employed to replace the finned tube one. Compared with the R32/R290 system using finned tube heat exchanger, the R32/R290 charge amount and the power consumption are reduced by 34.1% and 0.4%, respectively; the cooling capacity and the COP are increased by 6.4% and 6.8%, respectively.     

A study on the performance of multi-stage condensation heat pumpsEtude sur la performance des pompes à chaleur à condensation en plusieurs étages

In this study, computer simulation programs were developed for multi-stage condensation heat pumps and their performance was examined for CFC11, HCFC123, HCFC141b under the same condition. The results showed that the coefficient of performance (COP) of an optimized ‘non-split type’ three-stage condensation heat pump was 25–42% higher than that of a conventional single-stage heat pump. The increase in COP differed among the fluids examined. The improvement in COP was due largely to the decrease in average temperature difference between the refrigerant and water in the condensers, which resulted in a decrease in thermodynamic irreversibility. For the three-stage heat pump, the highest COP was achieved when the total condenser area was evenly distributed to the three condensers. For the two-stage heat pump, however, the optimum distribution of total condenser area varied with working fluids. For the three-stage system, splitting the condenser cooling water for the use of intermediate and high pressure subcoolers helped increase the COP further. When the individual cooling water for the intermediate and high pressure subcoolers was roughly 10% of the total condenser cooling water, the optimum COP was achieved showing an additional 11% increase in COP as compared to that of the ‘non-split type’ for the three-stage heat pump system.     

Performance evaluation of a heat pump cycle using NARMs by a simulation with equations of heat transfer and pressure drop

Simulation analyses for a vapour compression heat pump cycle using nonazeotropic refrigerant mixtures (NARMs) of R22 and R114 are conducted under the condition that the heat pump thermal output and the flow rate and inlet temperatures of the heat sink and source water are given. The heat transfer coefficients of the condensation and evaporation are calculated with empirical correlations proposed by the authors. The validity of the evaluation method and the correlations is demonstrated by comparison with experimental data. The relations between the coefficient of performance (COP) and composition are shown under two conditions: (1) the constant heat transfer length of the condenser and evaporator; and (2) the constant temperature of refrigerant at the heat exchanger inlet. The COP of the NARMs is higher than that of pure refrigerant when the heat transfer lengths of the condenser and evaporator are sufficiently long.     

热泵干衣机仿真与优化

本文建立了热泵干衣机数学模型,包括稳态的热泵系统模型和动态的衣物干燥过程热质交换模型。利用模型仿真研究了各部件大小的匹配关系对单位能耗除湿量SMER和干燥时间的影响,并对重要的系统参数如循环风量、新风比例和制冷剂充注量进行了优化研究。将模型结果与实验结果进行了对比,干衣时间的误差小于3 min,耗电量的误差为-2.3%。结果表明,循环风量180 m~3/h、新风比例9%~10%时SMER最大;在冷凝温度限值之内,增加充注量有利于SMER的提高。研究结果可供热泵干衣机设计参考。     

微通道换热器用于家用柜机空调时整机性能的对比实验研究

微通道换热器的应用日益普遍。文章通过将微通道换热器引入3 HP柜式家用空调,并对系统性能和充注量等进行了对比研究。实验表明:当只更换室内换热器,室内微通道换热器翅片间距为1.4 mm时,系统性能达到最优:与原机相比,系统充注量降低15.9%,制冷量基本相当,制冷COP提高2.2%;制热量比原机提高3.9%,制热COP则提高了11.2%。当将室内外换热器都更换为微通道换热器后,系统的充注量降低54%,与原机相比:制冷量提高0.8%,系统COP提高5.2%;当制冷剂更换为R290时,系统最优充注量降为500 g。     

Experimental study on the performance of a vapor injection high temperature heat pump

In this study, a vapor injection technique was applied in a high temperature heat pump (HTHP) for providing hot water at temperatures up to 88 °C. A prototype HTHP system with economizer vapor injection was developed and its performance was experimentally investigated under various operating conditions. Results showed that the vapor injection pressure had a large effect on heating capacity and on refrigerant temperature at the inlet of the electronic expansion valve (EEV). As the injection pressure increased from 0.82 to 0.98 MPa, the vapor injection flow ratio increased from 7.3% to 22.61% and the heating capacity increased by 7%. The system COP did not show significant change although the COP trend showed an optimal value for the injection pressure. The refrigerant temperature at the EEV inlet showed a subcooling of more than 16 °C under all studied conditions, which improved the EEV operating reliability.