腰槽开孔矩形翼涡流发生器纳米氧化镁颗粒污垢特性

为了探究开孔涡流发生器颗粒污垢机制,实验研究了腰槽开孔矩形翼涡流发生器纳米氧化镁颗粒的污垢特性,考察了入口温度、浓度、流速、涡流发生器纵向间距以及不同攻角等参数污垢特性的影响。结果表明:腰槽开孔矩形翼涡流发生器具有较好的抑垢特性,抑垢能力随入口温度降低、浓度降低、流速增加以及纵向间距减小而增强。涡流发生器60°攻角布置下的抑垢能力最强。     

腰槽开孔矩形翼涡流发生器纳米氧化镁颗粒污垢特性

为了探究开孔涡流发生器颗粒污垢机制,实验研究了腰槽开孔矩形翼涡流发生器纳米氧化镁颗粒的污垢特性,考察了入口温度、浓度、流速、涡流发生器纵向间距以及不同攻角等参数污垢特性的影响。结果表明：腰槽开孔矩形翼涡流发生器具有较好的抑垢特性,抑垢能力随入口温度降低、浓度降低、流速增加以及纵向间距减小而增强。涡流发生器60°攻角布置下的抑垢能力最强。     

矩形翼涡流发生器排列方式对颗粒污垢的影响

为探索排列方式对颗粒污垢特性的影响,以加入纳米Mg O颗粒的水为工质,实验研究了不同排列方式的矩形翼涡流发生器对颗粒污垢的影响。结果表明:无论是否安装涡流发生器,矩形通道中纳米Mg O颗粒污垢都没有明显的诱导期;在换热面上安装矩形翼能够抑制颗粒垢的生成,但流动阻力却明显增大;攻角为90°条件下,错排布置抑垢能力比顺排布置强,攻角为45°条件下,错排布置与顺排布置抑垢能力相近,且都比同等条件攻角为90°时的强;在攻角相同的条件下,插排布置的抑垢能力最好,但其流动阻力最大,攻角不同时,45°攻角比90°抑垢能力强。     

几种翼型涡流发生器对CaCO3污垢特性影响的数值模拟

为研究翼型涡流发生器结构以及布置对换热面污垢的影响,对矩形通道内布置翼型涡流发生器后壁面CaCO₃析晶污垢的沉积进行了模拟。计算并分析了在温度为50℃,流速为0.2 m·s^-1,浓度为1000 mg·L^-1的CaCO₃过饱和溶液下,翼形涡流发生器的翼型、攻角和纵向间距等几何因素对表面污垢沉积的影响。结果表明:表面单位面积结垢量随着翼型涡流发生器攻角的增大而减小,随着涡流发生器列间距的增大而增大,当间距为60 mm时达到最大,超过60 mm后表面单位面积结垢量呈现下降趋势。     

矩形楞涡流发生器CaSO4污垢特性

为了研究涡流发生器的污垢沉积特性,运用Fortran汇编语言自主编程,引用析晶污垢模型模拟了CaSO4溶液流经矩形通道并在矩形楞涡流发生器表面生成污垢的过程。考察了涡流发生器楞的结构尺寸(横向排列间距、纵向高度)以及流动工况(入口速度、壁面温度、工质浓度)对污垢特性的影响。根据模拟数据给出的矩形楞涡流发生器表面CaSO4污垢沉积率、剥蚀率及污垢热阻随时间曲线的变化规律,得到了抑垢效果最佳时的结构尺寸x=40mm、h=0.3H,并总结出污垢沉积过程的影响趋势。通过模拟对比,发现加入涡流发生器后,流通壁面污垢沉积减少,大大提高了换热效率。     

圆形楞涡流发生器结构对矩形通道内CaSO4污垢沉积特性的影响

为探讨圆形楞涡流发生器结构和布置方式对换热面污垢的影响,采用数值模拟方法研究了布置圆形楞涡流发生器矩形通道内壁面CaSO₄析晶污垢的沉积过程,同时计算并分析了入口流体温度为300 K、速度为0.5 m·s^-1、浓度为3.0 g·L^-1的CaSO₄过饱和溶液下圆形楞涡流发生器的楞长、布置方式、半径的大小以及纵向间距等几何因素对表面污垢沉积的影响。结果表明:污垢热阻值随涡流发生器楞长增加先减小后增大,而且在(4/8)H楞长处出现最小值;随涡流发生器列间距增大而增大,当间距超过55 mm后污垢热阻值逐渐趋于光通道的污垢热阻值;随涡流发生器半径增大而减小;相同列间距、半径以及当楞长为(4/8)H时,顺排靠边布置时其污垢热阻值最小。     

交叉缩放椭圆管颗粒污垢特性的实验分析

为探讨纳米氧化镁颗粒在交叉缩放椭圆管内部的污垢规律,本文选用纳米氧化镁颗粒配置纯胶体溶液为研究对象,对不同颗粒直径、颗粒浓度、工质流速和温度工况下交叉缩放椭圆管的污垢特性进行了实验研究,并通过扫描电镜观察其结垢表面。结果表明：交叉缩放椭圆管纳米颗粒污垢下无明显诱导期;在相同的工况下,颗粒粒径越小,结垢速率越快,污垢热阻渐近值越大;随着颗粒浓度的增加,结垢速率加快,污垢热阻渐近值明显增大;随着流速的增加,污垢热阻渐近值和结垢速率都有所降低;污垢热阻渐近值随着实验管段入口温度的升高而降低。     

复合改性表面抑制颗粒污垢积聚特性分析

换热设备颗粒污垢一般指悬浮在流体中的固体颗粒在换热面上的积聚。开发了一种Ni-P-TiO₂防垢型复合改性表面,并将之用于板式换热器抑制纳米MgO颗粒污垢在换热表面的积聚。基于搭建的板式换热器颗粒污垢热阻动态监测实验系统,研究了不同冷却水流速(0.1~0.3 m/s)、入口温度(30~40℃)及纳米MgO浓度(100~400 mg/L)对Ni-P-TiO₂复合改性换热表面抑垢特性的影响。结果表明,随着流速的增加,污垢热阻渐近值减小了27.85%~34.41%;随着冷却水入口温度的升高,污垢热阻渐近值减小了25.15%~39.14%;随着MgO颗粒浓度的增加,热阻渐近值减小了26.15%~45.36%。结合Ni-P-TiO₂复合改性表面的表面能分析了其表面的抑垢性能,发现制备的Ni-P-TiO₂复合改性表面的表面能与纳米MgO颗粒污垢层的表面能相接近,符合Zhao提出的“最优表面能”抑垢理论。与常规板式换热器不锈钢表面相比,Ni-P-TiO₂复合改性表面不仅抑制了颗粒污垢的积聚,还降低了颗粒污垢的固着强度,使得积聚其上的颗粒污垢更容易被剥离换热表面,实现了换热表面持久高效抑垢。     

微米颗粒污垢特性的数值模拟

通过分析微米级颗粒污垢的特性研究了其在圆管内的沉积过程。首次将雷诺应力方程、拉格朗日方程与相关经验公式相结合建立颗粒污垢沉积和剥蚀的数值模型,用来计算颗粒污垢热阻。以20μm氧化镁颗粒为例,计算结果与实验污垢热阻值吻合良好。结果表明:随着流速的增加,污垢热阻渐近值有所降低;随着颗粒浓度的增加,结垢速率加快,污垢热阻渐近值明显增大;污垢热阻渐近值随管段入口温度的升高而降低。     

换热表面矩形翼布局对颗粒污垢与流阻特性的影响

为研究矩形通道内部流动阻力与颗粒污垢间的关系,通过改变涡流发生器的布局方式,改变通道内部压降,研究涡流发生器对流阻和污垢热阻的影响,进而实现流阻与污垢热阻的关联研究。通过实验得出,在布置区间改变过程中,污垢热阻渐近值与结垢前后的压降差呈同相变化。在改变交错方式过程中,污垢热阻渐近值随压降的增加而减小。     

Influence of operating conditions on particulate fouling

The influence of flow velocity and particle size on the deposition of suspended alumina particles onto heat transfer surfaces was measured with two fouling probes, namely, a heated cylindrical rod in an annulus and a coiled wire in crossflow. Additionally, the response of the fouled probes to such changes as may occur in operating heat exchangers was investigated. The measured influence of flow velocity, wall temperature, bulk temperature, heat flux, particle concentration and particle size on the fouling behaviour as described in this paper and in a companion paper is compared to the predictions of several fouling models from the literature, and recommendations are made for further improvement of these models.     

水质工况对硫酸钙污垢特性的影响

实验研究了水质工况对硫酸钙污垢特性的影响,在管内流速、入口温度、工质浓度、化学方程式和阴离子浓度5个方面分别研究氯离子和硝酸根离子对硫酸钙结垢特性的影响。结果表明,阴离子对硫酸钙污垢的形成有一定的促进作用,但这种促进作用受实验管段流速的影响,流速越大,促进作用越小,与管段入口温度和工质浓度没有明显关系。电镜观察结果显示,含有大量硝酸根离子的硫酸钙溶液在不锈钢圆管内结垢致密且厚重,工质溶液以条状和块状混晶析出硫酸钙晶体,晶体紧密的聚集。含有大量氯离子的硫酸钙溶液在不锈钢圆管内结垢疏松且均匀,工质溶液以条状析出硫酸钙晶体,晶体间没有明显的聚集现象。     

基于微观粒子图像测速法的微肋阵通道内流场特性研究

采用微观粒子图像测速法（Micro-PIV）,实验研究了Reynolds数（Re）=50～800范围内去离子水在微肋直径D=0.4 mm微肋阵内的绕流流场特性,获得了不同Re下错排和顺排微肋阵内的流线分布与速度场,分析了Re与微肋排布方式对旋涡结构、流速分布等流场特性的影响规律。研究结果表明,在Re=50～700范围内,错排和顺排微肋阵内均出现涡结构,当Re=800时错排微肋阵内开始发生旋涡脱落;错排微肋阵内旋涡长度随着Re的增大而增加,而对于顺排微肋阵,在低Re时旋涡长度随着Re的增大而增加,当Re≥300后,旋涡长度保持微肋间距不再增加;顺排微肋阵内主流区顺流速度较错排微肋阵大,而错排微肋阵内横向速度大于顺排微肋阵且最大值比顺排微肋阵高约25%,微肋错排布置增强了流体的掺混。     

两种阴离子对析晶污垢沉积的影响

为研究循环水中离子对析晶污垢沉积特性的影响, 实验研究了循环水中不同阴离子对换热管内污垢特性的影响。考察了工质流速、入口温度、工质浓度以及溶液内阴离子浓度对污垢沉积的影响。结果表明含有硝酸根离子循环水的污垢热阻高于氯离子的污垢热阻, 并且两种循环水形成污垢热阻的差距随入口温度、管内流速和CaSO₄浓度发生变化。伴随阴离子浓度升高, 污垢热阻渐近值逐渐变大。硝酸根对热阻提升的影响大于氯离子对热阻的影响。     

Membrane fouling and chemical cleaning in water recycling applications

Fouling and subsequent chemical cleaning are two important issues for sustainable operation of nanofiltration (NF) membranes in water treatment and reuse applications. Fouling strongly depends on the feed water quality, especially the nature of the foulants and ionic composition of the feed water. Consequently, appropriate selection of the chemical cleaning solutions can be seen as a critical factor for effective fouling control. In this study, membrane fouling and chemical cleaning under condition typical to that in water recycling applications were investigated. Fouling conditions were achieved over approximately 18 h with foulant cocktails containing five model foulants namely humic acids, bovine serum albumin, sodium alginate, and two silica colloids in a background electrolyte solution. These model foulants were selected to represent four distinctive modes of fouling: humic acid, protein, polysaccharide, and colloidal fouling. Three chemical cleaning solutions (alkaline solution at pH 11, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and a combination of both) were evaluated for permeate flux recovery efficiency. The results indicated that with the same mass of foulant, organic fouling was considerably more severe as compared to colloidal fouling. While organic fouling caused a considerable increase in the membrane surface hydrophobicity as indicated by contact angle measurement, hydrophobicity of silica colloidal fouled membrane remained almost the same. Furthermore, a mechanistic correlation amongst cleaning efficiency, characteristics of the model foulants, and the cleaning reagents could be established. Chemical cleaning of all organically fouled membranes by a 10 mM SDS solution particularly at pH 11 resulted in good flux recovery. However, notable flux decline after SDS cleaning of organically fouled membranes was observed indicating that SDS was effective at breaking the organic foulant—Ca²⁺ complex but was not able to effectively dissolve and completely remove these organic foulants. Although a lower permeate flux recovery was obtained with a caustic solution (pH 11) in the absence of SDS, the permeate flux after cleaning was stable. In contrast, the chemical cleaning solutions used in this study showed low effectiveness against colloidal fouling. It is also interesting to note that membrane fouling and chemical cleaning could permanently alter the hydrophobicity of the membrane surface.     

基于模拟循环冷却装置的微生物污垢形成的影响因素

从松花江水中分离出黏液形成菌N1,形态学及生理生化指标鉴定其为微球菌属。利用污垢形成动态模拟实验装置,进行污垢热阻在线监测及传热特性分析,结果表明：在恒定工况下［水温30℃,流速0.4 m·s^-1,微生物浓度（7.0×10⁶）～（2.2×10¹⁰）cfu·ml^-1］,不锈钢管的微生物污垢诱导期为57 h相似文献