新型气隙式膜蒸馏组件盐水浓缩的试验研究

利用新型气隙式膜蒸馏组件对氯化钠溶液进行膜蒸馏试验研究。考察了进料温度、流速、浓度对膜通量、造水比和截留率的影响。结果表明,膜通量和造水比随着进料温度T3升高而增大,随着进料浓度的增加而减小;料液流量增加时膜通量增大,造水比降低;试验过程中截留率基本保持不变,稳定在99.8%以上。当料液浓度为3.0%,进料温度T1为30.0℃,T3为95.0℃、流量为7.0 L/h时,膜通量为4.1 L/(m2·h),造水比为7.0,截留率可达99.8%,经过60 d浓缩试验后,膜通量、造水比和截留率均保持稳定。     

多效膜蒸馏技术分离尿素水溶液的研究

应用新型多效膜蒸馏技术,对尿素水溶液体系进行分离试验研究。用正交试验方法对操作条件进行优化设计,结果表明,在试验范围内,当膜侧进口温度90℃,料液流量30 L/h,料液初始质量分数0.5%,膜通量最大;当膜侧进口温度90℃,料液流量10 L/h,料液初始质量分数0.5%,造水比最大;膜通量随膜侧进口温度升高而增加,膜通量随进料流量增大而增加,造水比反之。     

利用多效膜蒸馏技术浓缩硫酸和磷酸水溶液

利用自制中空纤维气隙式多效膜蒸馏组件进行了多效膜蒸馏过程浓缩稀硫酸和磷酸溶液的研究, 考察了膜入口温度、料液进口浓度和料液流量对渗透通量和造水比的影响。结果表明,膜入口温度升高时渗透通量和造水比增加;料液流量增加,渗透通量增加,而造水比随之降低;料液酸浓度增加,渗透通量和造水比均随之下降,且硫酸的影响更为显著。实验过程中渗透通量和造水比最高可达5.3 L/(m²·h)和11.5。在适当的操作条件下,该过程可将质量分数(下同)为2%的稀硫酸或稀磷酸溶液浓缩至40%以上,且渗透液最大的电导率仍小于200 μS/cm。以10%的硫酸溶液为料液,利用2个不同的膜组件进行了持续30 d的多效膜蒸馏过程稳定性实验研究,实验期间所用膜组件操作性能没有明显下降,没有观察到膜渗漏现象。     

新型空气隙膜蒸馏组件用于海水淡化

设计了一种基于中空纤维膜的螺旋缠绕式空气隙膜蒸馏组件,以模拟海水为原料液,考察了热料液进口温度T3、料液流量F、缠绕角度、空气隙厚度、内芯长度对膜通量和造水比的影响。实验结果表明,膜通量和造水比均随着热料液进口温度的增加而明显增大;当料液流量增加时,膜通量增大,造水比呈相反趋势;随着空气隙厚度的增加,膜通量和造水比均逐渐减小;膜通量和造水比均随着缠绕角度的增加而减小;内芯长度增加使得造水比提高,而膜通量则降低。实验过程中膜通量和造水比的最高值分别达到6.1 kg/(m~2·h)和5.8,产水电导率始终保持在20.0μS/cm以下。     

液隙式热泵膜蒸馏海水淡化系统的热力性能分析

热泵膜蒸馏是一种新型的膜分离技术,在处理高浓度盐水方面具有很大的优势,而目前的热泵膜蒸馏系统存在渗透量较低、冷却水消耗量大等问题。为提高渗透量、减少冷却水的消耗,设计了一种新型液隙式热泵膜蒸馏的海水淡化系统,通过在Aspen Plus中自定义膜模块建立经过实验验证的系统仿真模型,研究了进料液温度、渗透侧温度及进料流量对系统膜通量及能效比等热力参数的影响。结果表明,渗透侧温度降低可引起渗透量增加和能效比减小,且在低渗透侧温度情况下渗透侧温度的改变对能效比影响更大。随着渗透侧温度变化,存在一个渗透侧温度使造水比最大且吨水能耗最小,研究工况下最大造水比可达3.42,最小吨水能耗为463 MJ/t,且该最佳渗透侧温度随进料液温度增加而增加。进料液流量增加可引起渗透量和能效比增加,引起吨水能耗升高和造水比降低,当进料液流量小于3 L/min时,进料液流量增加对吨水能耗和造水比的负面影响较显著,进料液温度为50℃时,料液流量从1.5 L/min增至3 L/min,造水比的降低幅度可达33.5%;料液流量从4.5 L/min增至6 L/min时,造水比的降低幅度降至10.6%。     

中空纤维空气隙式膜蒸馏海水淡化过程的性能模拟与优化

利用响应曲面法(RSM),以模拟标准海水(质量分数3.5%)为进水对中空纤维空气隙式膜蒸馏(AGMD-HF)海水淡化过程的影响因子和膜通量指标进行了模拟优化。通过面向中心复合设计法(CCD)实现了基于热料液进水温度、冷凝液进水温度和料液流量的实验优化设计,并建立了响应值与影响因子之间的二次多项式回归模型。方差分析(ANOVA)、RSM分析及实验响应值与预测值的对比验证了该模型对影响因子和膜通量模拟优化的可信度。进一步地,通过期望函数的引入确定了各影响因子最佳水平,并利用太阳能加热驱动过程实验进行验证。结果表明,ANOVA的决定系数R²达到0.986,p值则低于0.0001;实验膜通量与预测值平均误差仅为6.95%,产水电导率始终保持在10 μS·cm^-1以下,脱盐率稳定在99.99%以上;最佳影响因子水平分别为83.5℃、13.2℃和60.2 L·h^-1,在此条件下太阳能加热驱动过程膜通量达到6.47 L·m^-2·h^-1。该实验不仅为潜在可行的规模放大过程提供了可参照的操作参数,而且表明将太阳能引入AGMD-HF海水淡化过程具有很强的实际应用潜力。     

高温多效膜蒸馏用于处理高盐溶液的实验研究

膜蒸馏通常在温度低于90℃的条件下操作,而对于高盐溶液,由于浓差极化和饱和蒸气压下降比较明显,在通常操作温度下膜通量和热利用率都很低。采用具有内部潜热回收功能的多效膜蒸馏组件在高温操作条件下对以氯化钠为代表的无机盐浓溶液的深度浓缩进行了研究,着重考察了冷进料温度T1,加热后料液温度T3、浓度、流量等操作参数对膜通量、造水比和截留率的影响。结果表明,当料液质量分数为5%,热料液温度T3为100℃时,膜通量和造水比的值分别为3.1 L/(m2·h)和15.2;虽然膜通量和造水比均随料液浓度增大而下降,但是当料液质量浓度为25%,T3为105℃时,膜通量和造水比值仍可达1.53 L/(m2·h)和5.8;且截留率达到99.95%以上。在60 d的连续运行中,膜组件保持了良好的性能稳定性。结果表明高温多效膜蒸馏技术能够有效用于高盐溶液的深度浓缩。     

舰船冷却海水真空膜蒸馏淡化实验研究

采用 NACE膜设计舰船冷却海水真空膜蒸馏淡化工艺流程,实验考察海水温度、海水流量、渗透侧真空度对产水通量的影响,通过连续运行实验考察膜通量的变化,并采取多种清洗方法比较膜通量的恢复情况。结果表明：舰船冷却水真空膜蒸馏海水淡化的产水通量受海水温度、海水流量、渗透侧真空度影响显著,适宜操作条件为进料海水温度 70～80 ℃,海水流量 35～40 L/min,真空度 0.08～0.09 MPa。膜通量下降时采用 0.5 mol/L 稀盐酸清洗,通量能恢复98.8%。当海水流量40 L/min,水温80 ℃,真空度0.09 MPa时,膜通量达到18 L/（m²·h）。     

气扫式多效膜蒸馏过程研究

针对气扫式膜蒸馏(SGMD)过程能耗高的问题,设计了1种气扫式多效膜蒸馏(SGMEMD)过程,其特征是在传统SGMD过程中设立独特的热量回用系统。该系统同时具有蒸汽的换热冷凝与料液的预热升温双重作用,从而实现蒸汽潜热的梯级回收利用。实验研究了吹扫气流速、料液循环流量、膜组件内料液与吹扫气流向、料液浓度对SGMEMD过程膜蒸馏通量和造水比(GOR)的影响。结果表明,当采用质量分数2.5%的NaCl溶液作为原料液,料液温度为78℃、循环体积流量为5.0L/h、吹扫气流速为1.6m/s(标准状态),膜组件内吹扫气与料液为逆向流动时,SGMEMD过程的GOR可达3.1。     

多效膜蒸馏过程用于海水和浓海水的深度浓缩

研究了离子交换法选择性脱钙与多效膜蒸馏相结合用于海水淡化和淡化厂浓水深度浓缩的可行性。海水或浓海水中钙离子能脱除90%以上,可防止高倍数浓缩时海水中硫酸钙沉淀对膜造成污染。本文以膜通量、造水比和馏出液电导率为多效膜蒸馏过程的性能指标,研究了操作条件对过程性能的影响。膜通量最高可达6.07 L/(m2?h),造水比最高可达13.2;当海水浓缩至250 g/L时,馏出液的电导率小于200 μm/cm,膜通量和造水比仍可达3.61 L/(m2?h)和4.96。以除钙后的浓海水为料液,利用两种多效膜蒸馏组件分别进行了持续45天的操作稳定性实验研究,在试验期间膜组件性能没有明显下降。该研究结果表明,多效膜蒸馏结合选择性脱钙是适合于海水深度浓缩及资源综合利用的高效节能技术。     

Study on a new air-gap membrane distillation module for desalination

A new air-gap membrane distillation (AGMD) module for desalination with internal latent-heat-recovery which consisted of parallel hollow fiber membranes and heat exchange hollow fibers was successfully developed. The influences of feed flow rate, feed temperature and feed initial concentration on AGMD process were investigated. The vapor pressure polarization coefficient (η) was introduced to measure the reduction in the effective driving force for mass transfer with regard to the driving force imposed. Among all AGMD experiments, the maximum water vapor permeate flux (J_D) of 5.30 kg/m² h and the gained output ratio (GOR) of 5.70 were obtained. A theoretical model based on the mass and energy balances of the hot feed side was established to calculate the temperature and the local water vapor permeate flux distributions along the hollow fiber membrane, which showed that the temperature drop and local water vapor permeate flux drop were much larger at the upper part than those at the lower part of the membrane module in the hot feed side.     

多效膜蒸馏技术用于果汁浓缩

利用自制的具有高效内部热量回收功能的多效膜蒸馏组件对西瓜汁、梨汁、柚子汁和苹果汁4种果汁进行了浓缩试验,考察了进料温度、浓度和料液流量对膜通量和造水比的影响。浓缩试验中选用温度为75℃的热水作为低品位热源以保障果汁经历的最高温度不超过70℃。在浓缩过程中膜平均通量约为3 L/（m2.h）,造水比约为7.5,相当于九效蒸发器的节能效果。选取苹果汁为料液,利用上述单因素、浓缩试验后的膜组件进行了周期为2个月的多效膜蒸馏浓缩操作稳定性试验,试验期间所用膜组件的操作性能没有明显下降。     

Hydrophobic polyethersulfone porous membranes for membrane distillation

Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermal, vapor-driven transportation process through micro porous hydrophobic membranes that is increasingly being applied to seawater and brine desalination processes. Two types of hydrophobic microporous polyethersulfone flat sheet membranes, namely, annealed polyethersulfone and a polyethersulfone/tetraethoxysilane (PES/TEOS) blend were prepared by a phase inversion process. The membranes were characterized and their performances were investigated using the vacuum membrane distillation of an aqueous NaCl solution. The performances of the prepared membranes were also compared with two commercially available hydrophobic membranes, polytetrafluorethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride. The influence of operational parameters such as feed temperature (25–65 °C), permeate vacuum pressure (200–800 mbar), feed flow rate (8–22 mL/s) and feed salt concentration (3000 to 35000 mg/L) on the MD permeation flux were investigated for the four membranes. The hydrophobic PES/TEOS membrane had the highest salt rejection (99.7%) and permeate flux (86 kg/m²·h) at 65 °C, with a feed of 7000 ppm and a pressure of 200 mbar.     

Evaluation of commercial PTFE membranes in desalination by direct contact membrane distillation

In this study, nine flat-sheet commercially available hydrophobic PTFE membranes were used in desalination by direct contact membrane distillation and their characteristics were investigated under different operating conditions including feed temperature, feed flow rate, cold stream flow rate, and feed concentration. Membrane properties, i.e. pore size, thickness, support layer, and salt rejection were also studied. Moreover, membrane module designs including flow arrangements (co-current, counter-current and tangential) for process liquid and depth both on hot and cold sides were tested experimentally. Finally, the long-term performance of the selected membranes for direct contact membrane distillation as a stand-alone desalination process was investigated. The results indicated that increasing feed temperature, hot feed flow rate, and module depth on the cold side led to increase permeate flux. On the other hand, increasing membrane thickness and module depth on the hot side (at constant flow rate) had negative effects on the flux. The highest permeation flux and salt rejection was achieved when the membranes with a pore size of 0.22 μm were used in the cross-current follow arrangement of hot and cold streams. In addition, the requirements for support layer for a successful DCMD process has been extensively discussed.     

可旋转的太阳能集热—减压膜蒸馏式脱盐研究

设计构建了1套新型可旋转的太阳能集热—减压膜蒸馏脱盐系统装置,以太阳能集热提供热源,以3.5%的氯化钠溶液模拟海水进行脱盐实验。研究了不同进料液温度、冷侧真空度、进料液流量对膜组件性能的影响,以及1个工作日内膜通量、淡水电导率和截留率的影响变化。结果表明:当系统运行稳定时,膜组件入口进料液温度、冷侧真空度和进料液流量是影响系统性能的主要因素,且在1个工作日内系统所产淡水的电导率可达到10μS/cm以下,截留率可达到99.9%以上。     

Hydrophobic mullite ceramic hollow fibre membrane (Hy-MHFM) for seawater desalination via direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD)

A low-cost hydrophobic mullite hollow fibre membrane (Hy-MHFM) fabricated via phase inversion/sintering technique followed by fluoroalkyl silane (FAS) grafting is presented in this study. The prepared CHFMs were characterized before and after the grafting step using different characterization techniques. The pore size of the CHFM surface was also determined using ImageJ software. The desalination performance of the grafted membrane was evaluated in direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) using synthetic seawater of varying salt concentrations for 2 h at various feedwater temperatures. The outcome of the evaluations showed declines in the permeate flux of the membrane at increasing feed concentration, as well as increased flux with increased feed temperature. The long-term stability of the membrane was achieved at time 20 h, feed temperature 60 °C, and permeate temperature 10 °C, the membrane achieved a salt rejection performance of about 99.99 % and a water flux value of 22.51 kg/ m² h.     

30t·d-1低温多效海水淡化装置中试试验

引言缺水问题已经是一个世界性问题,与跨流域调水、蓄水、开采地下水等解决水资源短缺的传统措施相比,海水淡化是一种可持续、长久解决水资源缺乏的方式。我国是一个海洋大国,在11个沿