低聚壳聚糖对鹌鹑生长、免疫和肠道菌群的影响

探讨低聚壳聚糖对鹌鹑生长性能、免疫功能和肠道菌群的影响.结果表明:与对照组相比,添加低聚壳聚糖30、50mg/kg的Ⅱ、Ⅲ组能明显提高鹌鹑的平均日增重、免疫器官指数、新城疫抗体水平、T淋巴细胞转化率和肠道乳酸杆菌的数量,显著降低肠道大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的数量.低聚壳聚糖适宜的添加水平为30 mg/kg.     

黄芪四君子汤对蛋鸡生产性能和免疫功能的影响

研究日粮中添加不同水平的黄芪四君子汤干粉对蛋鸡生产性能和免疫功能的影响。选用28周龄海兰褐蛋鸡240只,随机分为4组,空白对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组分别添加0.5%、1.0%和1.5%的黄芪四君子汤干粉,试验期10周。结果显示：试验组平均日采食量、平均蛋重、产蛋率和料蛋比都优于对照组,其中产蛋率差异显著;第35天试验Ⅱ组T淋巴细胞转化率极显著高于对照组,新城疫（ND）抗体效价、单核巨噬细胞吞噬指数及血清IFN-γ、IL-4含量均显著高于对照组;第70天试验Ⅱ组血清IL-4含量显著高于对照组。1.0%黄芪四君子汤干粉的添加水平较好。     

稀土壳糖胺螯合盐对蛋鸡代谢率和肠道消化酶活性的影响

本文旨在研究稀土壳糖胺螯合盐对蛋鸡营养物质利用和肠道消化酶活性的影响.试验选取450只27周龄体况良好、产蛋率相近的尼克珊瑚粉品种蛋鸡,采用单因子随机区组试验设计,分为5个处理,即对照组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组在基础日粮中分别添加0.05%、0.1%、0.15%和0.2%的稀土壳糖胺螯合盐.试验结果表明:(1)与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组干物质及钙的表观代谢率显著提高(P<0.05),试验Ⅳ组粗蛋白及磷表观代谢率显著提高(P<0.05).(2)随着稀土壳糖胺螯合盐添加水平的增加,蛋鸡小肠食糜中胰蛋白酶及淀粉酶活性均在一定范围内呈现逐渐上升的趋势,但各试验组与对照组之间均无显著差异(P>0.05).     

铜、铁、锌、锰添加水平对蛋青鸡生长性能及养分利用的影响

525只1日龄罗曼褐壳蛋鸡随机分为5处理,每处理7重复,每重复15只鸡。所有处理使用一种基础日粮,统一添加碘和硒。铜、铁、锌、锰四种微量元素添加方案如下,A组不额外添加;B组按50%NRC标准直接添加;C组和D组将日粮铜、铁、锌、锰总量补齐到2倍和3倍NRC水平;E组以基础日粮铁含量与NRC标准比值为基准,将其余微量元素校正到同样倍数。铜、铁、锌、锰添加形式均为硫酸盐。结果表明,1~18周龄生长蛋鸡典型基础日粮中添加铜、铁、锌、锰不影响采食量(P>0.05)、期末体重和能量表观代谢率(P>0.05),过量添加降低日增重和饲料转化率(P<0.05),但提高蛋白质表观代谢率(P<0.05)。随日粮微量元素水平增加,排泄物铜、锌、锰含量线性增加(P<0.05),铜、锌、锰表观代谢率呈先增加后降低二次曲线变化(P<0.05)。西北地区典型蛋青鸡基础日粮中铜、铁,锌、锰已满足需要,无需额外添加。     

饲粮添加胆碱对鹅免疫性能和肝脏组织学的影响

研究饲粮中添加不同水平胆碱对鹅免疫性能和肝脏组织学的影响。选用1日龄青农灰鹅180只,随机分为6个处理,每处理3重复,每重复10只。在玉米-豆粕型饲粮中分别添加0、600、1 200、1 800、2400和3 000 mg/kg的胆碱。试验期15周。结果表明:1)饲粮中添加胆碱能显著提高4、15周龄鹅免疫器官指数(P0.05或P0.01),但对血清禽流感抗体效价无显著影响(P0.05)。2)饲粮未添加胆碱组鹅肝脏细胞肿大,胞浆内有较多大小不等的脂肪空泡,将细胞核挤压到一侧,添加1 200~3 000 mg/kg胆碱均可有效改善肝脏内脂肪的沉积现象。综合衡量各项指标,在饲粮中添加胆碱是可行的,胆碱添加水平均1 200 mg/kg为宜。     

对产蛋鸡实用日粮中铜、铁、锌、锰平衡供应方案的探讨

探讨蛋鸡铜、铁、锌、锰的补充方案.试验1选用420只19周龄罗曼褐壳蛋鸡,随机分为4处理,每处理7重复,每重复15只.试验2选用360只39周龄罗曼褐壳蛋鸡,随机分为4处理,每处理6重复,每重复15只.以基础饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰的实测值为基础,结合1994年NRC逐步平衡饲粮4种元素.结果显示,两试验基础日粮配方相似,但铜、铁、锌、锰含量差异较大.试验1依次添加锌、铜、锰提高产蛋率,不影响铜、铁、锌的表观利用率,显著影响锰的表观利用率.试验2依次补充锰、铜、锌降低产蛋率和4种元素的表观利用率.从生产性能考虑,1994年NRC中铜、铁、锌、锰的比例不适宜作为微量元素的最佳平衡比,典型蛋鸡饲粮中锌是产蛋性能的限制性因素.     

蓝莓提取物对鸡蛋品质及营养成分的影响

研究了添加不同水平的蓝莓提取物对鸡蛋品质及营养成分含量的影响。试验选用34周龄体况健康、产蛋率接近的京粉2号蛋鸡600只,随机分成4组,每个组5个重复,每个重复30只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂分别添加100、200和300 mg/kg蓝莓提取物的试验饲粮,试验期35 d。结果表明,(1)添加不同剂量的蓝莓提取物均能显著提高鸡蛋哈式单位(p 0. 05)。当添加量达到300 mg/kg时会显著降低蛋黄颜色(p 0. 05)。(2)各试验组与对照组相比能够显著降低蛋黄粗脂肪含量和胆固醇含量(p 0. 05)。200和300 mg/kg与对照组相比蛋黄中甘油三酯含量也显著下降(p 0. 05)。(3)与对照组相比,添加300 mg/kg蓝莓提取物鸡蛋铜含量显著降低(p 0. 05)。试验各组与对照组相比,均能显著提高鸡蛋的钙含量(p 0. 05)。综合考虑,饲粮中以添加200 mg/kg蓝莓提取物为宜。     

日粮添加苜蓿草粉对固始鸡血清生化指标和免疫器官发育的影响

研究不同苜蓿草粉添加水平对固始鸡血清生化指标和免疫器官发育的影响,选取同批孵化的健康固始鸡慢羽纯系公母混雏1 152只,随机分为6组,每组设4个重复,每个重复48只,公母各半,分别饲喂添加0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%苜蓿草粉的日粮至8周龄。结果表明:在4周龄和8周龄时日粮苜蓿草粉添加水平对大部分血清生化指标没有显著影响(P0.05)。除在4周龄时胸腺指数试验Ⅱ组与对照组间差异显著、在6周龄时法氏囊指数试验Ⅱ组与对照组间差异显著、在8周龄时脾脏指数试验Ⅱ组与对照组间差异显著(P0.05)外,其余各周龄时试验组与对照组间免疫器官指数差异均不显著(P0.05)。固始鸡能够从苜蓿草粉含量较高的饲粮中摄取充足的营养物质,维持自身的营养和能量需要,在为固始鸡配制日粮时可以添加较高水平的苜蓿草粉。     

抗菌肽替代饲用抗生素对育雏、育成蛋鸡生长性能、血清免疫生化指标及肠道菌群的影响

为研究不同比例抗菌肽替代抗生素对蛋鸡生长性能、血清免疫生化指标及肠道菌群的影响,本试验选用0日龄蛋雏鸡360只,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复40只(公母各半);试验期110 d。试验分3个阶段:育雏期(0～42 d)、育成前期(43～70 d)和育成后期(71～110 d)。对照组在基础日粮中添加15%金霉素333 g/t(蛋大鸡期不添加);抗菌肽低剂量组在基础日粮中添加100 g/t抗菌肽;抗菌肽高剂量组在基础日粮中添加200 g/t抗菌肽。试验结果表明,各试验组的平均日增重和料重比差异不显著;抗菌肽组血清中IgA含量、血清总蛋白质显著高于抗生素组(P0.05),IgM和IgG含量也有不同程度的提高(P0.05),育雏期和育成前期的抗菌肽组总抗氧化能力显著高于抗生素组(P0.05),尿素氮水平显著低于抗生素组(P0.05);抗菌肽组肠道大肠杆菌有下降趋势(P0.05),乳酸杆菌无显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述,在蛋鸡日粮中添加抗菌肽替代抗生素,对蛋鸡的生长有促进作用,能提高机体的免疫力和抗氧化能力,对维持肠道菌群平衡也有一定的积极作用。     

不同比例止痢草提取物替代饲用抗生素对育雏、育成期蛋鸡生长性能、血清免疫生化指标及肠道菌群的影响

为研究不同比例止痢草提取物替代抗生素对蛋鸡生长性能、血清免疫生化指标及肠道菌群的影响,本试验选用0日龄蛋雏鸡360只,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复40只(公母各半);试验期110 d。试验分3个阶段:育雏期(0～42 d)阶段、育成前期(43～70 d)阶段和育成后期(71～110 d)阶段。对照组在基础日粮中添加15%金霉素333 g/t(育成后期不添加);止痢草低剂量组在基础日粮中按时期分别添加250、200、100 g/t止痢草添加物;止痢草高剂量组在基础日粮中按时期分别添加500、400、200 g/t止痢草添加物。结果表明,3阶段中各组平均日增重、平均日采食量无显著差别(P0.05),试验组相对于抗生素组料重比均有所下降,但仅在育成前期止痢草提取物低剂量组料重比显著低于抗生素组(P0.05);本试验中添加的止痢草提取物替代抗生素在蛋鸡整个生长过程血清中IgA、总蛋白质含量均有显著提高(P0.05),IgG含量、总抗氧化能力也有一定程度的提高,IgM含量在育雏期差异不明显,在育成后期有显著提高(P0.05),尿素氮水平显著下降(P0.05);止痢草提取物替代抗生素对蛋鸡肠道大肠杆菌有抑制作用,对乳酸杆菌无明显影响。因此,蛋鸡日粮中添加止痢草提取物替代抗生素金霉素是可行的。     

Effect of copper source and level on the rate and extent of copper repletion in Holstein heifers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the rate and extent of Cu repletion in Holstein heifers using two Cu sources (organic and inorganic) at two levels (15 and 30 mg/kg). An additional repletion treatment included a Cu oxide bolus. Heifers (n = 50) were individually fed a total mixed ration fortified with S and Mo at 0.40%, and 15 mg/kg of dry matter of the total diet, respectively. After 111 d of depletion, heifers were stratified by liver Cu concentration and randomly allotted to one of five repletion treatments. Four treatments consisted of feed sources of Cu (feed-Cu), 1) CuSO4 at 15 mg/kg; 2) CuSO4 at 30 mg/kg; 3) Availa-Cu at 15 mg/kg; and 4) Availa-Cu at 30 mg/kg. Availa-Cu is an organic Cu source that produces a Cu-amino acid complex. A fifth treatment, consisting of an intraruminal bolus (IB), provided a single dose of 25 g of CuO needles. Repletion treatments were delivered in the same total mixed ration without supplemental S and Mo. Copper status was assessed in blood and liver samples collected on 14-d intervals for 70 d. Irrespective of treatment, all heifers increased in body weight during the repletion period. Liver Cu increased in each feed-Cu treatment over time. Heifers treated with an IB reached a peak in liver Cu concentration (165.5 mg/kg) on d 28. Mean liver Cu concentrations were higher in heifers receiving 30 mg/kg of Cu compared with heifers receiving 15 mg/kg of Cu. Red blood cell superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was higher (P < 0.001) in heifers receiving CuSO4 than Availa-Cu (0.98 vs 0.87 U). Also, SOD activity was higher when heifers were supplemented with 30 vs 15 mg/kg Cu (0.98 vs 0.87 U). Heifers receiving the Cu IB had higher SOD activity than heifers receiving feed-Cu sources (1.03 vs 0.92 U). Plasma ceruloplasmin concentration was higher (P < 0.001) in IB-treated heifers vs. other treatments. No differences in plasma ceruloplasmin were detected for feed-Cu source or level. These results indicate that all Cu sources evaluated in this study elevated Cu status of depleted heifers, particularly when provided at higher dietary levels.     

外源氮素形态对植烟土壤酸解有机态氮组分的影响

[目的]为明确外源氮形态对植烟土壤酸解有机态氮(AON)组分的影响,为植烟土壤保育与定向培肥提供理论依据.[方法]利用15N示踪技术,以湖北恩施植烟土壤为研究对象,采取土壤培养试验,分析外源添加氨态氮、硝态氮和氨基酸态氮对植烟土壤AON及其组分酸解铵态氮(AN)、氨基酸态氮(ANN)、氨基糖态氮(ASN)和酸解未知态氮...     

Effect of supplementary vitamin administration on free amino acids in the liver and brain of rats with alcoholic intoxication

The authors studied combined action of ethanol, pyridoxine (3 mg/kg), and a mixture of thiamine (5 mg/kg), riboflavin (5 mg/kg), pyridoxine (3 mg/kg) and pantothenate (15 mg/kg) on the free amino acid reserve in the tissues of rats. Ethanol was given to the animals with a liquid semisynthetic diet (its calorific value comprised 36%) during 30 days. Both pyridoxine and the complex of vitamin B group produce normalizing action on the free amino acid pool by correcting the shifts induced by ethanol. It is especially manifested in the decreased levels of urea, isoleucine and GABA in the brain. The data obtained have shown that prevention with vitamins of shifts in the amino acid metabolism induced by ethanol, especially in respect to the central nervous system, should be recommended.     

舟山小黄鱼的营养成分测定与分析

目的评价舟山小黄鱼的营养价值,为舟山小黄鱼产业的市场开发提供营养数据支持。方法分别采用直接干燥法、灰化法、凯氏定氮法、索氏抽提法、氨基酸自动分析仪和滴定法、气相色谱法、高效液相色谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定舟山小黄鱼肌肉中的水分、灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸、核苷酸、矿物质含量。结果水分、灰分、脂肪、粗蛋白、胆固醇含量分别为75.3 g/100 g、1.78 g/100 g、3.90g/100 g、18.3 g/100 g、41.7 mg/100 g; 18种氨基酸总量为15.71 g/100 g (鲜重),必需氨基酸总量与氨基酸总量比值和必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值分别为43.10%和75.90%。舟山小黄鱼肌肉中的第一限制性氨基酸是半胱氨酸+甲硫氨酸,第二限制性氨基酸是异亮氨酸,缬氨酸、酪氨酸+苯丙氨酸的AAS评分接近于1,其余必需氨基酸的AAS均大于1;15种不饱和脂肪酸含量占总脂肪酸的41.13%,其中8种多不饱和脂肪酸占22.83%,二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸分别占总脂肪酸量的4.93%和8.38%,由脂肪酸组成计算出的动脉粥样硬化指数和血栓形成指数分别为0.75和0.46;核苷酸中含量最丰富的肌苷酸含量达1975mg/kg,对舟山小黄鱼鲜美滋味的贡献最大。富含的K、Mg、Ca、Zn、Fe、Cu和Se等矿物元素含量分别为3330、256.5、76.9、6.25、3.03、2.11和0.86 mg/kg。结论舟山小黄鱼是一种高营养价值的海水鱼类,具有广泛的市场开发潜力。     

Short communication: Effects of supplementing diets of Holsteins with copper,zinc, and manganese on blood neutrophil function

The effects of supplementing diets with sulfate or glycinate Cu, Zn, and Mn on blood neutrophil function were examined in 27 late-lactation Holstein cows having a mean (± standard deviation) days in milk at time of neutrophil assays of 216 ± 31 d. Cows were assigned to 9 blocks of 3 and were grouped by parity, milk production, and days in milk. Cows within each block were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: (1) control diet devoid of supplemental Cu, Zn, and Mn; (2) diet supplemented with Cu, Zn, and Mn via sulfates; and (3) diet supplemented with Cu, Zn, and Mn via glycinate form. All cows were initially fed a control total mixed ration with basal mineral concentrations of 8 mg/kg of Cu, 35 mg/kg of Zn, and 35 mg/kg of Mn for 30 d. During the treatment period, cows fed diets with mineral supplementation via sulfates or glycinate forms had target total dry matter dietary concentrations of 18 mg/kg of Cu, 60 mg/kg of Zn, and 60 mg/kg of Mn for 30 d. Control cows were fed the control diet devoid of supplemental minerals for an additional 30 d. In vitro neutrophil functions were measured after 30 d on experimental or control diets. Percentage of neutrophils phagocytizing, intracellular kill, and phagocytic index did not differ among treatments. Serum concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Mn were also not affected by dietary treatment after 30 d. Results from this study demonstrated that dietary Cu, Zn, and Mn supplemented either as sulfates or glycinate form for 30 d had no effect on either in vitro blood neutrophil function or serum concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Mn in late-lactation Holstein cows.     

Responses of lactating dairy cows to copper source, supplementation rate, and dietary antagonist (iron)

Forty-eight lactating Holstein cows were fed low-Cu diets with 500 mg of supplemental Fe/kg of dry matter (DM), a Cu antagonist, for a 30-d Cu-depletion period. After depletion, two Fe treatments (0 and 500 mg of Fe/kg of dietary DM) and five Cu treatments (2 x 5 factorial arrangement) were compared over 83 d. The Cu treatments were control (basal diet containing 8 mg of Cu/kg of DM) and either 15 or 30 mg of supplemental Cu/kg of dietary DM from either CuSO4 or Cu-lysine. Feeding 500 mg of supplemental Fe/kg of DM (in addition to basal dietary concentration of 140 mg Fe/kg) depressed liver Cu in the absence of Cu supplementation. Apparent Cu retention, estimated from Cu intake minus fecal Cu, was increased greatly by Cu supplementation immediately after the depletion period but declined to very low net retention by d 45 of the 83-d experiment. There were no differences detected between CuSO4 and Cu-lysine except a tendency over time for Cu-lysine to maintain higher plasma Cu, especially in the absence of the Fe antagonist.     

蛤蜊肽的制备工艺优化及其增强免疫活性

目的:以菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)为原料,研究蛋白肽制备工艺及其增强免疫活性。方法:以蛋白水解度为评价指标,筛选最适蛋白酶,采用单因素实验和响应面试验确定最佳酶解条件;氨基酸分析仪分析蛤蜊肽氨基酸组成;通过小鼠器官/体重比值、小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化实验、血清溶血素实验、小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验、NK细胞活性实验评价蛤蜊肽的增强免疫活性。结果:菲律宾蛤仔蛋白肽制备的最适蛋白酶为胰蛋白酶,最佳酶解条件为温度48.4℃,pH8.0,加酶量3795 U/g,料液比1:2,水解时间4 h,该工艺下蛋白水解度达到15.33%,蛋白肽重均分子量为418 Da;其氨基酸组成合理,必需氨基酸占比达到41.48%;经口给予小鼠不同剂量的蛤蜊肽30 d,与空白对照组比较,小鼠的脏器比值无显著影响(P>0.05),低剂量(700 mg/(kg·d))与高剂量(2800 mg/(kg·d))下能显著提高血清溶血素水平(P<0.05),低剂量(700 mg/(kg·d))与中剂量(1400 mg/(kg·d))下能显著提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞吞噬率(P&l...     

氧化鸡油通过Maillard反应生成鸡肉风味物质的研究

鸡肉风味成分主要由鸡脂香、肉香和鲜甜味组成。文中就鸡脂肪氧化结合Maillard反应生成鸡肉风味物质等方面对鸡肉风味的影响进行研究,并对工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,鸡油过氧化结合美拉德反应产生的肉味可以显著提升鸡肉的风味:当pH6.5,添加木糖10g/L,氨基乙酸15g/L,半胱氨酸4g/L,在鸡油过氧化值为8mg/kg,反应温度100℃,反应90min可以获得最佳效果。     

驴皮胶及鹿皮胶的化学品质分析与评价

利用电感耦合等离子体质谱、氨基酸自动分析仪、超高效液相色谱及毛细管气相色谱对驴皮胶及鹿皮胶中的重金属、氨基酸、核苷及脂肪酸含量与组成进行测定与分析。结果显示,驴皮胶及鹿皮胶中的重金属元素中以Pb及Cu含量较高,分别达到1.00?mg/kg及0.80?mg/kg左右,其余元素含量较低,均未到0.1?mg/kg;驴皮胶及鹿皮胶中氨基酸质量分数分别为85.66%及90.02%,必需氨基酸质量分数分别为16.14%及15.89%,其中Glu、Gly、Ala、Pro含量占比较高;驴皮胶中共含有12?种核苷,其中黄嘌呤含量最高为35.46?μg/g;鹿皮胶中共含有9?种核苷,其中次黄嘌呤含量最高为70.44?μg/g;驴皮胶及鹿皮胶中的主要脂肪酸为棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、油酸及亚油酸等;鹿皮胶中饱和脂肪酸及单不饱和脂肪酸含量占比较高;而驴皮胶中多不饱和脂肪酸、必需脂肪酸及n-6型不饱和脂肪酸含量更多;驴皮胶及鹿皮胶中的饱和脂肪酸/单不饱和脂肪酸/多不饱和脂肪酸的比例均接近于健康比例。     

17种市售广式酱油中风味物质的检测分析

广式酱油是国内产销量最大的一类酱油,不仅风味独特而且调味效果好。为进一步明晰广式酱油的风味构成,该实验运用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）、高效液相色谱仪（HPLC）与全自动氨基酸分析仪对酱油中的挥发性风味物质、氨基酸、有机酸进行分析。结果表明,苯乙醇（69.79～11 079.31 μg/kg）、苯乙醛（43.62～92 052.78 μg/kg）、4-乙基愈创木酚（71.47～13 086.21 μg/kg）、愈创木酚（79.78～11 542.93 μg/kg）与3-苯基-呋喃（52.61～10 009.73 μg/kg）对广式酱油香气活性值（OAV）贡献较大;谷氨酸（4.85～77.24 mg/g）对酱油滋味活度值（TAV）贡献最大且远高于其他氨基酸,其次是缬氨酸（1.58～4.21 mg/g）、丙氨酸（1.28～5.07 mg/g）与赖氨酸（1.46～3.74 mg/g）等;TAV贡献最大的有机酸是丁二酸（23.78～193.16 mg/mL）,其次是柠檬酸（7.29～173.24 mg/mL）。