Numerical analysis of emission component from incineration of palm oil wastes

In the last decade, there has been an increasing awareness of the use of by-products and wastes from palm oil mills with the dual objective of reducing their environmental impacts and enhancing the economic viability of the crop. The recycling aspects of palm oil cultivation and palm oil processing have been reviewed and have provided an indication of the present and future use of palm oil biomass current applications being mainly for organic fertilizers and fuel. In the present work, the emissions from incineration of two types of palm oil wastes (POW) fibre and shell are considered, and compared to fuel oil. The results, which indicate less pollutant emission from incineration of POW compared to that of fuel oil, have been presented graphically.     

An alternative energy source from palm wastes industry for Malaysia and Indonesia

Malaysia and Indonesia are the largest producers of palm oil product. The palm oil industry has contributed the biggest income to the countries for many years. Moreover, palm oils has emerged as one of the most important oils in the world’s oils and the market of fats. About 90% of palm oil is used as food related products worldwide, and the other 10% is used for basic raw material for soap. There are more than a hundred palm oil processing mills in the two countries. As such, a lot of savings can be done by using the fiber and shell from the processing wastes as an alternative fuel for electricity generation for this industry. This paper deals with energy conversion from the fiber and shell of the industry wastes as an alternative energy source for the palm oil mill industry in the two countries mentioned. The study concentrates on using the fiber and shell obtained from the processing of palm oil as fuels for the boiler instead of fossil fuel. In addition, the possibility of excess air and fuel air ratio for the fiber and shell combustion process is also discussed. Furthermore, it has been found that the shell and fiber alone can supply more steam and electricity than is required. Some palm oil mills in Malaysia and Indonesia have applied this strategy successfully. The FELDA palm oil mill, with the capacity 30–60 tons FFB/h, in Sungai Tengi, Selangor, Malaysia has been selected for this research.     

Palm oil: Addressing issues and towards sustainable development

The quest for renewable energy has intensified since the escalating price of crude petroleum in the recent years. Renewable energy such as biodiesel has the potential to replace petroleum-derived transportation fuel in the future. Biodiesel is defined as the mono-alkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils such palm oil, rapeseed and soybean. Currently, more than 80% of the world biodiesel productions are from rapeseed oil. However, the cost of palm oil which is at least US$ 200 per tonne cheaper than rapeseed oil indicates that palm oil could be a more suitable and attractive candidate as the source of biodiesel compared to other vegetable oils. Although palm oil is known to be a multi-purpose vegetable oil with products ranging from food to biodiesel, there are a lot of issues surrounding palm oil production. Nevertheless, some of these issues reported in the literature were found to be misleading and are thus confusing the public perception on palm oil. Thus, the aim of this paper is to highlight and clarify the negative issues reported in the literature surrounding palm oil production. Apart from that, various policies or/and strategies that will lead to a more sustainable production and development of palm oil industries will also be proposed. Hence, palm oil will be able to become the leading vegetable oil in terms of food and non-food production, especially as the main source of renewable energy, biodiesel.     

Hydrogen usage in air transportation

Advanced versions of commercial transport aircraft which are designed to begin service in the 1990 decade may well be fueled with liquid hydrogen. Conventional petroleum-base jet fuel is predicted to become economically unattractive in that time period as the world's crude oil is consumed. Synthetic jet fuel, liquid methane and liquid hydrogen are the best alternative fuels to succeed the petroleum-base product. Studies have shown liquid hydrogen offers significant advantages over jet fuel in aircraft applications. LH_z-fueled aircraft are lighter, quieter, have smaller wing area, require shorter runways and minimize pollution. They also use less energy, not only in terms of the fuel required to fly the design mission, but also including the energy required to manufacture the alternate fuels from coal and water. The advantage for hydrogen increases as the aircraft fuel requirement for the design mission increases. Using hydrogen as fuel in supersonic transport aircraft is particularly advantageous. Liquid methane has not yet been evaluated on an equitable basis as a fuel for transport aircraft.     

Sustainable and renewable energy from biomass wastes in palm oil industry: A case study in Malaysia

Palm oil is one of the most important oils in the world and huge amounts of palm biomass wastes are generated through palm oil extracting process which could endanger the environment. Meanwhile, electricity shortage is getting worse due to lack of fossil fuel. To convert biomasses from palm oil industry for power generation is a beneficial approach for both power shortage and environmental degradation. In order to investigate and optimize the generation process of power and heat from the waste biomass in palm oil industry, an analytic study of a combined heat and power plant in a palm oil mill fuelled with sustainable and renewable biomass wastes was conducted using ECLIPSE software through a case study in Malaysia. The resources of the biomass wastes in the mill were identified and the samples were collected on site. The waste samples were analysed in laboratory and their calorific value, chemical composition and biomethane potential were found. A simulation model was then set up using ECLIPSE software and the model was validated using the practical data of the CHP plant. Three different combinations of the biomass wastes, including EFB and Shell as fuel for power generation, MF co-firing with Biogas, and power generation using KS, EFB and Biogas with preheaters, were used in the simulation. It was found that all of the three combinations were able to produce enough electrical power and heat (steam) to meet the power and heat demand for the production process. The simulation results indicated that the palm solid biomass wastes and the biogas produced by mill effluent were able to provide enough sustainable and renewable fuel for the palm oil production process; and it is possible to provide extra electricity for the nearby area, which is one of the best option for utilization of palm oil biomass wastes.     

Development,optimization and scale-up of biodiesel production from crude palm oil and effective use in developing countries

An industrial project was developed to optimize the biodiesel production from crude palm oil. This process was developed for a one ton scale application on the palm oil production facility in equatorial Africa, to be used on the plantation to provide fuel for the fleet of the company. Because of the specific conditions (crude palm oil as starting material, application in technologically difficult conditions), it was essential for the developed procedure to be robust and simple, and to use minimum amounts of chemicals. The process was optimised on lab-scale in 2005 and 2006, scaled up in the following year, and is since then successfully applied as intended on the palm oil plantation. The produced biodiesel is used pure, without mixing with diesel fuel and without additives. After several years of continuous use, no negative effects were noticed on the engines. The process efficiency and durability are therefore confirmed.     

Malaysian palm oil: Surviving the food versus fuel dispute for a sustainable future

For the past few decades, palm oil has gone through a revolution that few would have predicted. From a humble source of edible oil that was heavily criticized as being un-healthy and un-fit for human consumption, it has proven itself based on scientific findings that it is indeed one of the most nutritious edible oils in the world. Besides, palm oil, the cheapest vegetable oil in the market has diversified as one of the main feedstock for oleo-chemical industries. Recently, with the price of crude petroleum hitting records height every other day, palm oil has become one of the few feasible sources for biodiesel, a renewable substitute for petroleum-derived diesel. Nevertheless, the conversion of palm oil into biodiesel has again received criticism from various NGOs worldwide, mainly on extinction of orang utans, deforestation and particularly the food versus fuel dispute. It was claimed that the conversion of food crops to fuel would significantly increase the number of undernourished people in the world. Malaysia, being the world second largest producer of palm oil, is not spared from this criticism. On the contrary, in the present study it was found that palm oil is indeed the most economical and sustainable source of food and biofuel in the world market. Besides, it was shown that it has the capacity to fulfill both demands simultaneously rather than engaging in priority debate. Nevertheless, fuel is now a necessity rather than a luxury for economy and development purposes. A few strategies will then be presented on how palm oil can survive in this feud and emerged as the main supply of affordable and healthy source of edible oil while concurrently satisfying the market demand for biodiesel throughout the world.     

Impact of policies and subsidies in agribusiness: The case of oil palm and biofuels in Colombia

We analyze the economic impacts of policies supporting biodiesel production in Colombia, such as subsidies and mandates for compulsory fuel mixtures. In the major biodiesel source being palm oil, we seek to establish the impact of these policies on oil palm producer incomes, prices and production levels of crude palm oil (CPO) and biodiesel, as well as the impacts on demand for land for oil palm plantation expansion.We also calculate the so-called “deadweight costs”, to account for the social costs derived from the inefficiencies of government interventions in the biodiesel markets. The analysis is done using a partial equilibrium models for the two interrelated sectors, the production of palm oil and biodiesel, and the demand for new land needed to cope with the additional palm oil needed. The model was calibrated for 2009 to simulate for the 2010–2020 period.The results of the simulations reveal that the subsidies alone are themselves not effective tools to achieve the government objectives defined in the Biofuels Program in Colombia.Subsidies need to be complemented by increased blending mandates to ensure that palm cultivation and production of biodiesel investments are profitable enough that producers would bet on such business. Additionally, we find that producers of palm oil benefit most from subsidies in the short term; however, in the long-term it is the biodiesel entrepreneurs who will appropriate the larger share of growth revenue of the entire production chain. The social costs of the Biofuels Program are small in the short term, and represent only between 0.2% and 0.7% of the tax expenditure. However, in the long term they would become significant, and would account for around 4.1% to 6.1% of the tax payers' expense.     

Economic and market potential for SRC-II products

The SRC-II process being developed by Gulf Oil Corporation under a contract with the Fossil Fuel Division of the United States Department of Energy has shown considerable promise in pilot plant work, and plans are now being made to demonstrate the process using commercial size equipment in a 6000 tons/day (T/D) plant to be located near Morgantown, West Virginia. the products (both liquid and gas) from a future large-scale commercial plant are expected to have an overall selling price of $3·50-4·00 per million Btu (fourth quarter 1978 basis). The major product of the primary process is distillate fuel oil of less than 0·3 per cent sulphur for use at the outset largely as a non-polluting fuel for generating electrical power and steam, especially in the east where utilities and industry are presently using petroleum products. In such applications, SRC-II fuel oil is expected to become competitive with petroleum-derived fuels within the next decade. During this period, SRC-II fuel oil should be economically attractive compared to coal combustion with flue gas desulphurization in electric utility and industrial boilers, particularly in the major metropolitan areas. For the longer term, the major growth opportunity for SRC-II fuel oil in the generation of electric power will probably be through advanced combustion turbine units with heat recovery boilers (combined cycle units). The light liquid fractions (naphtha and middle distillate) produced by the SRC-II process can be upgraded to a high octane unleaded gasoline blending stock to supplement petroleum-derived supplies. Significant quantities of pipeline gas are also produced at a cost which should be competitive with SNG from direct coal gasification. Light hydrocarbons (ethane, propane) from the process may be effectively converted to ethylene in conventional cracking plants to offset ethylene demand from petroleum-derived naphtha and gas oil, both of which could otherwise be used for other refinery products. In addition, certain fractions of the fuel oil might also be used in medium speed diesel engines and automotive gas turbines. For many of these applications, the fuel oil and other products from the SRC-II process would displace high quality petroleum fractions, which could then be used for production of diesel fuels, jet fuels, home heating oil, and gasoline by conventional refinery processes.     

Combustion performance and exhaust emissions from the non-pressurised combustion of palm oil biodiesel blends

In this work, levels of exhaust species from the combustion of palm oil methyl ester (POME) and its blends with No. 2 diesel in a non-pressurised, water-cooled combustion chamber are evaluated. The study explores the correlations between emission species and fuel pumping pressures over a range of equivalence ratios (ERs). This is followed by a similar evaluation of emissions variation with POME proportions across the ER at predetermined values of fuel pumping pressure. Carbon monoxide (CO) level was found to be minimal when ER is within the 0.75–0.85 range, indicating improved combustion quality. As pumping pressure increases, the minimum CO level is raised but the optimum ER region is extended. Maximum nitric oxide (NO) production is recorded over this optimum ER range, and pumping pressure is seen to decrease the NO level only marginally. Exhaust CO improved across the tested ER range with increasing POME proportion in the fuel blends. This observed combustion improvement was offset by the accompanying increase in NO level when the POME content is raised. The work indicated the potential use of palm oil biodiesels in small-scale liquid fuel burners, although further examination is required to establish the optimum operating parameters and POME content for best NO–CO trade-off.     

Analysis of biomass-residue-based cogeneration system in palm oil mills

Palm oil mills in Malaysia operate on cogeneration system using biomass residue as fuel in the boiler. The boiler produces high pressure and temperature steam which expands in a backpressure steam turbine and produces enough electric power for the internal needs of the mill. The exhaust steam from the turbine goes to an accumulator which distributes the steam to various processes in the mill.The study were made on seven palm oil mills in the Perak state in Malaysia. The primary objectives of the study are to determine boiler and turbine efficiencies, energy utilization factor, oil extraction rate and heat/power ratio for various palm oil mills working under similar conditions and adopting same processes. The palm oil industry is one of those rare industries where very little attempt is made to save energy. The energy balance in a typical palm oil mill is far from optimum and there is considerable scope for improvement. Bench-marking is necessary for the components in the mill. Energy-use bench-marking can give an overview of energy performance of the mills. The calculations were done to get net gain in power when back pressure turbine is replaced by a condensing turbine.It was found that the boiler and turbine have low thermal efficiencies compared to conventional ones used in power plants due to non-homogeneity and non-uniform quality of the fuel. The extraction rate was around 0.188. The use of condensing turbine increase the power output by 60% and the utilization factor was found to be 65% for the cogeneration system.     

Commercial-scale rapid thermal processing of biomass

Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP) utilizes proprietary reactor systems to convert both biomass and petroleum-based materials to high yields of chemical and liquid fuel products. The essential feature is the ability to transfer heat rapidly with precise control of short contact times. The process involves thermal or thermocatalytic refining of biomass, and is somewhat analogous to the refining of petroleum materials. Nevertheless, the chemical and fuel products from biomass are unique, and not similar to petroleum-derived products. Furthermore, RTP is not to be confused with conventional pyrolysis, from which it differs fundamentally with respect to product yield and quality, and process conditions and chemistry. Short-term applications include the production of specialty chemicals, fuel oil substitutes and engine fuels for both diesel and turbine applications. Research in support of these applications is in progress and is briefly reviewed. The paper focuses primarily on the status of RTP hardware, including the operation of a 2.5 tonne day⁻¹ plant and a 25 tonne day⁻¹ commercial plant.     

俄罗斯原油评价数据及加工流程的优化选择

原油评价是在实验室对原油进行一系列分析和馏分切割,分析原油和各段馏分油的性质,确定产品分布及产品收率,为制定原油加工流程提供优化方案,以生产出合适的产品,使原油资源得到合理利用。原油评价认为,俄罗斯原油属于含硫中间基原油,初馏点至180℃石脑油馏分经石脑油加氢精制后,分离出液态烃、轻石脑油及重石脑油;150~230℃喷气燃料馏分进入加氢精制装置,生产3号喷气燃料或柴油调和组分;200~350℃柴油馏分进入柴油加氢精制装置,生产合格的柴油产品;350~560℃混合蜡油馏分进入加氢裂化装置,生产石脑油、高品质航空煤油(3号喷气燃料)及柴油;大于560℃渣油馏分经渣油加氢精制后,可作为催化原料直接进入重油催化裂化装置。俄罗斯原油的盐含量为24.0mg/kg,在加工过程中,容易形成"HCl-H2S-H2O"腐蚀,对设备影响较大,要重视工艺防腐和设备防腐。     

Emission and performance characteristics of an indirect ignition diesel engine fuelled with waste cooking oil

Biofuel has so far been backed by government policies in the quest for low carbon fuel in the near future and promises to ensure energy security through partially replacing fossil fuels. At present biodiesel is mostly produced by transesterification reaction from oil-seed feedstock and has to conform to ASTM D6751 specifications. Biodiesel sustainability has sparked debate on the pros and cons of biodiesel and the question of food security. The use of waste cooking oil such as palm and coconut oil in diesel engines is more sustainable if they can perform similarly to ordinary diesel fuel (B0). This paper presents the experimental study carried out to evaluate emission and performance characteristics of a multi-cylinder diesel engine operating on waste cooking oil such as 5% palm oil with 95% ordinary diesel fuel (P5) and 5% coconut oil with 95% ordinary diesel fuel (C5). B0 was used for comparison purposes. The results show that there are reductions in brake power of 1.2% and 0.7% for P5 and C5 respectively compared with B0. In addition, reduction of exhaust emissions such as unburned hydrocarbon (HC), smoke, carbon mono-oxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) is offered by the blended fuels.     

Current state and environmental impact assessment for utilizing oil palm empty fruit bunches for fuel,fiber and fertilizer – A case study of Malaysia

This paper describes the trend of utilizing oil palm residue, i.e. the empty fruit bunches (EFB) left after extraction of the palm oil, using a case study of Malaysia, which is one of the world's major palm oil producers, and discusses the environmental performance of recycling technologies being developed in Malaysia for fuel, fiber, and fertilizer. Seven technologies are analyzed: ethanol production, methane recovery, briquette production, biofuel for combined heat and power (CHP) plants, composting, medium density fiberboard (MDF) production, and pulp and paper production. The life cycle assessment (LCA) method is used to discuss the environmental impacts of these technologies for adding value to this biomass. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to determine the land use effects for the various technologies utilizing EFB and to estimate the energy generation potential of raw EFB in CHP plants and methane production. Among the technologies for energy production, CHP plants have the best performance if the electricity generated is connected to the national grid, with superior benefits in the majority of impact categories compared to briquette, methane, and ethanol production. Overall, we find that methane recovery and composting are more environmentally friendly than other technologies, as measured by reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Pulp and paper, and MDF production are favorable technologies for land use impacts; however, they have intense primary energy requirements, chemical use in the processes, and emissions from their waste treatment systems. Our results provide information for decision makers when planning for sustainable use of oil palm biomass.     

Analysis of blended fuel properties and engine performance with palm biodiesel–diesel blended fuel

Depleting fossil fuel sources accompanied by continuously growing energy demands lead to increased interest in alternative energy sources. Blended biodiesel–diesel fuel has been approved as a commercial fuel at a low blending ratio. However, problems related to fuel properties are persistent at high blending ratios. Hence, in this study, the feasibility of biodiesel produced from palm oil was investigated. Characterization of blended fuel properties with increasing palm biodiesel ratio is conducted to evaluate engine performance test results. The qualifying of blended fuel properties was used to indicate the maximum blending ratio suitable for use in unmodified diesel engines according to the blended fuel standard ASTM D7467. The property test results revealed that blended fuel properties meet blended fuel standard requirements at up to 30% palm oil biodiesel. Furthermore, blending is efficient for reduction of the pour point from 14 °C for unblended biodiesel to less than 0 °C at a 30% biodiesel blending ratio. However, the energy content reduces by about 1.42% for each 10% increment of biodiesel. Engine test results demonstrated that there was no statistically significant difference for engine brake thermal efficiency among tested blended fuels compared to mineral diesel, and the lowest engine cyclic variation was achieved with blended fuel B30.     

Production of glucose from oil palm trunk and sawdust of rubberwood and mixed hardwood

Disposing of solid waste and demand of fossil fuel have become the great challenges in the 21st century. Malaysia as one of the top producers of palm oil and wooden furniture in the world is well positioned to take the challenge of the reuses of its enormous output of lignocellulosic biomass such as oil palm trunk, sawdust of rubberwood and sawdust of mixed hardwood generated from palm oil and furniture industries. Before these lignocellulosic biomasses can be used to produce fuel and major chemicals which are normally derived from petroleum, lignocellulosic materials have to be converted to glucose. Hence, it is a need to investigate the conversion efficiency and to determine the optimum conditions for the conversion of lignocellulosic materials to glucose. This present work is aimed to investigate the potential use of oil palm trunk, rubberwood sawdust and mixed hardwood sawdust as an alternative feedstock for lignocellulosic glucose production. This research also served to identify the optimum two-stage concentrated acid hydrolysis condition that can convert these three lignocellulosic biomasses to glucose efficiently. Two stages concentrated sulfuric acid hydrolysis process using different acid concentration and reaction time were performed on those lignocellulosic biomass samples. The optimum results for oil palm trunk, rubberwood and mixed hardwood sawdust were obtained by using 60% acid concentration reacted for 30 min during 1st stage hydrolysis and subsequently followed by another 60 min reaction time with 30% acid concentration during the 2nd stage hydrolysis. The results, showed that oil palm trunk has a higher glucose conversion yield than those of rubberwood sawdust and mixed hardwood sawdust.     

The feasibility and implications for conventional liquid fossil fuel of the Indonesian biofuel target in 2025

This paper identifies conventional liquid fossil fuels that can be replaced or blended with biofuel and quantifies the biofuels required to meet the Indonesian biofuel target of at least 5% of the total primary energy mix in 2025. The analysis was conducted using the Long range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) system with an energy elasticity of 1 and maximum allowable biofuel blending ratios according to the current best practices. The results show that the target could be achieved with the maximum blending alternative based on constant energy demand growth of 6%. The target requires a total contribution from biofuel of about 8–27 GL in 2025 depending on blending ratios. In energy terms, these are equivalent to 232–782 PJ or about 40–135 million barrels crude oil, which constitute roughly around 3.3–11.0% of the estimated liquid fossil fuel oil annual consumption in that year. The results imply that it may have detrimental environmental impact, as it requires 5.2 million ha of palm oil and sugar cane plantations. On the positive side, achieving the target offers potential new employment opportunities of about 3.4 million jobs, particularly in the agricultural sector relevant to liquid biofuel production.     

A comprehensive review of direct carbon fuel cell technology

Fuel cells are under development for a range of applications for transport, stationary and portable power appliances. Fuel cell technology has advanced to the stage where commercial field trials for both transport and stationary applications are in progress. The electric efficiency typically varies between 40 and 60% for gaseous or liquid fuels. About 30–40% of the energy of the fuel is available as heat, the quality of which varies based on the operating temperature of the fuel cell. The utilisation of this heat component to further boost system efficiency is dictated by the application and end-use requirements. Fuel cells utilise either a gaseous or liquid fuel with most using hydrogen or synthetic gas produced by a variety of different means (reforming of natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas, reforming of liquid fuels such as diesel and kerosene, coal or biomass gasification, or hydrogen produced via water splitting/electrolysis). Direct Carbon Fuel Cells (DCFC) utilise solid carbon as the fuel and have historically attracted less investment than other types of gas or liquid fed fuel cells. However, volatility in gas and oil commodity prices and the increasing concern about the environmental impact of burning heavy fossil fuels for power generation has led to DCFCs gaining more attention within the global research community. A DCFC converts the chemical energy in solid carbon directly into electricity through its direct electrochemical oxidation. The fuel utilisation can be almost 100% as the fuel feed and product gases are distinct phases and thus can be easily separated. This is not the case with other fuel cell types for which the fuel utilisation within the cell is typically limited to below 85%. The theoretical efficiency is also high, around 100%. The combination of these two factors, lead to the projected electric efficiency of DCFC approaching 80% - approximately twice the efficiency of current generation coal fired power plants, thus leading to a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The amount of CO₂ for storage/sequestration is also halved. Moreover, the exit gas is an almost pure CO₂ stream, requiring little or no gas separation before compression for sequestration. Therefore, the energy and cost penalties to capture the CO₂ will also be significantly less than for other technologies. Furthermore, a variety of abundant fuels such as coal, coke, tar, biomass and organic waste can be used. Despite these advantages, the technology is at an early stage of development requiring solutions to many complex challenges related to materials degradation, fuel delivery, reaction kinetics, stack fabrication and system design, before it can be considered for commercialisation. This paper, following a brief introduction to other fuel cells, reviews in detail the current status of the direct carbon fuel cell technology, recent progress, technical challenges and discusses the future of the technology.     

我国生物燃料乙醇产业新进展

燃料乙醇产业发展近20年来,为支持国家三农事业、改善大气环境、减少原油进口做出多重贡献。近年来,在国家政策推动下,我国生物燃料乙醇产业引起各界高度关注。产业链相关的生产企业、科研机构、石化和汽车行业等从不同视角做了大量实践和研究。本文从生物燃料乙醇技术进步、炼油产业的关联效应、对汽车行业的影响三方面进行概述,分析当前发展生物燃料乙醇产业呈现的新趋势。技术进步方面,从研究到生产实际,已更多地着眼于开发多种原料灵活加工的方式,构建新的产品结构,并采用技术手段降低过程能耗、发掘净能量提升空间、降低生产成本,开辟纤维素乙醇技术的新途径;此外,在产品转化率的科学评价方式、建立可持续综合效益评估模型以及设计新型对称双阴极结构解决乙醇燃料电池稳定性问题有更深入的研究。炼油产业关联效应方面,大量研究分析了油品升级、乙醇的加入对尾气污染物排放的影响;而燃料乙醇对炼油行业的影响涉及油库的改造、对组分油品质的要求、产品结构优化等诸多层面。汽车行业对新燃料系统的关注度也在不断提高,在乙醇汽油的燃烧效率、喷射策略和非常规污染物排放控制等方面有新的方案和比较。整体产业链的研发活力不断加强,正带动产业向着高质量方向发展。