降膜蒸发低温多效太阳能海水淡化系统实验研究

基于横管与竖管降膜蒸发与降膜凝结的强化传热传质机理,设计建造了一台具有四效回热性能的小型低温多效式太阳能海水淡化系统,用电加热水箱模拟太阳集热系统,对该系统进行了模拟实验。实验中,对系统的瞬态和稳态性能进行了测试,给出了系统在不同运行温度、压力下的产水速率和性能系数。实验结果表明,由于在本系统中采用了横管、竖管降膜蒸发及降膜凝结技术,使其中大部分的蒸汽潜热及部分盐水的显热得到了多次重复利用,提高了系统的性能系数。在供热水温度为75℃、系统内部压力为10kPa左右时,装置的性能系数可达到3.0左右。对影响产水率的其他因素也作了探索与分析,给出了合理的取值范围。     

横管降膜蒸发内系统自平衡多效回热式太阳能海水淡化装置模拟

基于降膜蒸发与降膜凝结机理,设计建造了一台具有三效回热性能的太阳能多级蒸馏装置,用电加热水箱模拟太阳能集热系统,进行了模拟实验。实验结果表明,由于在本蒸馏系统中采用了横管降膜蒸发及降膜凝结技术,使其中大部分的蒸汽潜热及部分盐水的显热得到了多次重复利用,因而系统有较高的性能系数。在供热水温度为75℃、系统内部压力为15kPa时,性能系数达到2.0。探索与分析了影响产水率的主要因素,给出了合理的取值范围。     

吸收式太阳能海水淡化系统中降膜吸收与再生过程研究

针对吸收式太阳能海水淡化系统设计了降膜吸收、再生实验装置,分别以溴化锂、氯化钙两种溶液为工质对装置进行了实验研究。通过改变影响工质吸收与再生性能的条件(如溶液浓度和温度等),给出了不同工况下系统的运行情况。实验结果表明,当运行压力低于20kPa、热源温度高于75℃时溶液已有较好的再生速率,而当海水蒸发温度高于45℃时,溶液也已有较好的吸收速率,完全满足太阳能集热系统供热要求。还给出了系统最佳运行参数范围。     

降膜蒸发—凝结型闭式循环太阳能蒸馏系统的模拟实验研究

建立了一套采光面积为1．07m∧2、主动回收蒸汽潜热及浓海不余热降膜蒸发－凝结型闭式循环太阳能蒸馏系统,4盏卤素灯作为太阳能模拟器，对该系统进行了模拟实验研究。实验结果表明，由于在本蒸馏系统中采用了强迫降膜蒸发及降膜凝结技术，使其中大部分的蒸汽潜热以及浓盐水的显热都得到了重复利用，单位采光面积的产量相对于传统的盘式（单级）太阳能蒸馏器提高了2－3倍。     

多效鼓泡蒸发太阳能海水淡化系统的稳态实验研究

基于鼓泡蒸发和空气载湿气液相平衡机理,设计并实现了一台具有五级四效性能的鼓泡蒸发式太阳能海水淡化系统,对该系统的稳态产水性能进行研究,给出系统在特定的运行温度和压力环境中,不同鼓气量下各效的产水率、耗电当量及经济性能系数。实验结果表明,系统采用多效鼓泡蒸发技术并对各级采取鼓气量的优化组合措施,可提高系统的产水率。当各级载气流量分别为570、570、570、450L/h时的,装置的淡水产率为1.668L/h,GOR值为2.77,折算单位产量能耗4.93kWh/t,该点为装置的经济性能系数最高的工况点。     

横管降膜蒸发内回热式太阳能海水淡化装置的实验研究

设计建造了一台利用太阳能或其它余热驱动的横管降膜蒸发内回热式海水淡化装置，并利用模拟热源对该装置进行了实验研究，由于在系统的蒸发及冷凝过程中，大部分水蒸汽的凝结潜热被重复利用于海水的预热及蒸发过程，因而系统具有较高的产水率，同时，由于在气流的闭式环过程中，蒸发腔中处于负压状态，冷凝腔中处于正压状态，强化了系统的产水性能，使系统的产水效率比传统的盘式太阳能蒸馏器提高了3倍左右，介绍了系统的瞬态特性及运行温度，供海水流率与产水量的相互关系，对影响系统产水率的其它因素进行了讨论。     

降膜蒸发三效立式全自然能源海水淡化系统的实际运行

基于降膜蒸发与降膜凝结机理,设计制造了一台具有三效回热性能的多级蒸馏装置,用80m2全玻璃真空管太阳能集热系统为该装置供热,用1kW风能发电提供动力,对装置进行实际天气下的动态测试。实验结果表明,晴好天气条件下,系统单位集热器面积产水量达到10m3/m2以上。对影响产水率的主要因素作了探索与分析,给出了合理的取值范围。对系统的经济性也进行了初步分析和计算。     

吸收式热泵多效蒸发海水淡化热力性能研究

提出了两级吸收式热泵多效蒸发海水淡化工艺流程,并建立了系统的数学模型。计算分析了溴化锂溶液浓度和加热蒸汽温度对系统的造水比、生产单位淡水所需传热面积和吸收式热泵的热力系数的影响。研究结果表明,系统的造水比和吸收式热泵的热力系数随加热蒸汽温度和LiBr浓溶液浓度的降低而增大,生产单位质量淡水所需传热面积随加热蒸汽温度的降低而急剧增加;通过调整溴化锂溶液的浓度,能够实现对不同品质热源的利用;该系统不仅能够保证淡水不被溴化锂污染,而且其造水比明显优于喷射泵多效蒸发系统和多效蒸发系统。     

横管式太阳能苦咸水淡化装置产水性能研究

提出一种新型横管式太阳能苦咸水淡化装置,介绍装置的工作原理,通过建立装置内传热传质关系,得到单效及两效横管式太阳能苦咸水淡化装置的淡水产量预测值。用电加热管代替太阳能集热系统,对单效和两效装置在稳态运行时测点温度变化和产水速率进行测试。结果表明:两个装置稳态运行时,蒸汽主要在套管内上部进行凝结,产水速率均随加热温度的升高而增大,两效淡化装置在加热温度为80℃时的淡水产量为0.728 kg/h,是单效装置的2.1倍,实验测试值与理论计算值随温度变化趋势一致,两效淡化装置性能系数可达1.67。     

溴化锂水溶液绝热吸收过程实验研究

该文提出预冷却绝热吸收的空冷溴化锂吸收式制冷循环的吸收器设计方案，设计加工了一个溴化锂水溶液绝热降膜吸收的循环实验装置。实验研究李在湍流情况下，溴化锂水溶液在竖真光管外绝热降膜吸收的传质性能。研究了溶液浓度、温度、吸收压力对水蒸气吸收速率和吸收系数的影响以及添加表面活性剂后对吸收性能的影响。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.