Capillary Electrophoresis Based on Nucleic Acid Detection as Used in Food Analysis

Food safety and food production are closely related to the health of consumers. Food‐related accidents often cause tremendous losses of personnel and property. Thus, rapid detection and analysis of ingredients in food, tracing food sources, studying the optimal conditions for food production, and more are vital for preventing incidents related to safety. Conventional analysis based on proteomics, microbial cultures, and morphology, as well as biochemical tests based on metabonomics, are considered gold standards and used frequently, but they are labor‐intensive, time‐consuming, tedious, error‐prone, and incapable of meeting the demand for rapid and precise detection at a large scale. Alternative detection methods that utilize capillary electrophoresis have the advantages of high efficiency, high throughput, high speed, and automation; these methods are coupled with various nucleic acid detection strategies to overcome the drawbacks of traditional identification methods, and to prevent false results. Therefore, this review focuses on the application of capillary electrophoresis based on nucleic acid detection in food analysis and provides an introduction to the limitations, advantages, and future developments of this approach.     

茶叶中真菌毒素风险评估及防控研究进展

茶叶在国内外有着广泛的消费基础,对人体有益作用明显,但生产加工过程中茶园管理、鲜叶采摘、茶叶加工、流通和储存不当易造成真菌毒素污染,影响茶叶品质及消费者健康。开展茶叶真菌毒素风险评估研究及控制对于促进茶叶产业健康持续发展有重要意义,研究显示通过饮用茶叶摄入真菌毒素健康风险较低。本文综述了茶叶中真菌毒素污染来源、危害、安全限值设置及防控措施,重点对茶叶中真菌毒素检测方法、迁移溶出规律、常用暴露评估方法和风险描述进行归纳梳理。在此基础上,分析茶叶真菌毒素暴露风险评估存在的问题,对其研究方向进行展望,以期为茶叶中真菌毒素的评估和污染控制领域后续研究提供参考。     

Food adulteration: Sources,health risks,and detection methods

Adulteration in food has been a concern since the beginning of civilization, as it not only decreases the quality of food products but also results in a number of ill effects on health. Authentic testing of food and adulterant detection of various food products is required for value assessment and to assure consumer protection against fraudulent activities. Through this review we intend to compile different types of adulterations made in different food items, the health risks imposed by these adulterants and detection methods available for them. Concerns about food safety and regulation have ensured the development of various techniques like physical, biochemical/immunological and molecular techniques, for adulterant detection in food. Molecular methods are more preferable when it comes to detection of biological adulterants in food, although physical and biochemical techniques are preferable for detection of other adulterants in food.     

Aflatoxins and food pathogens: impact of biologically active aflatoxins and their control strategies

Globally disease outbreaks as a result of the consumption of contaminated food and feedstuffs are a regular primary problem. The foremost elements contributing to contamination are microorganisms, particularly fungi, which produce low‐molecular weight secondary metabolites, with demonstrated toxic properties that are referred to as mycotoxins. Aflatoxins contaminate agricultural commodities and may cause sickness or fatality in humans and animals. Moreover, poor conditions of storage and a deficiency in regulatory measures in food quality control aggravate the main issue. For that reason, mycotoxin‐related illness of nutrition represents a major health hazard for local populations. Government policies should make regulations aiming to avoid the entry of aflatoxins into food stuffs. For consumer safety, control and management strategies should be developed and implemented by regulatory authorities. There is the need for attention from farmers, scientists, government and collaborative minds throughout the country to ensure aflatoxin‐free food. The present review is informative not only for health‐conscious consumers, but also for relevant authorities with respect to paving the way for future research aiming to fill the existing gaps in our knowledge with regard to mycotoxins and food security. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

A review of postharvest approaches to reduce fungal and mycotoxin contamination of foods

Contamination of agricultural and food products by some fungi species that produce mycotoxins can result in unsafe food and feed. Mycotoxins have been demonstrated to have disease‐causing activities, including carcinogenicity, immune toxicity, teratogenicity, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity. Most of mycotoxins are heat stable and cannot be easily destroyed by conventional thermal food processing or domestic cooking methods. Postharvest approaches to prevent growth of mycotoxin‐producing fungi and detoxify mycotoxins from contaminated food are important topics in food safety research. Physical, chemical, and biological methods have been applied to prevent fungal growth or mycotoxin production, or to reduce mycotoxin content in the postharvest period and contribute toward mitigating against the effects of mycotoxins on human health. This literature review aims to evaluate postharvest approaches that have been applied to control both fungi growth and mycotoxin content in food and discuss their potential for upscaling to industrial scale.     

The perception of risks associated with food-related hazards and the perceived reliability of sources of information

This study aimed to explore, on the one hand, public perception of risks associated with different food‐related hazards and, on the other hand, perception of reliability of various sources providing information on food‐related risks. Some differences were found when consumers compared six food‐related hazards in terms of perceived personal risk and their knowledge of potential food risks. The concern about food risks was found to be statistically significantly dependent on the perception of risk to the individual. As far as the perception of the reliability of information was concerned, a principal component analysis revealed some differences in terms of respondents’ perception when the sources were compared. Furthermore, a regression analysis showed that the perceived amount of information each source contained about food‐related hazards was an important element in perception of reliability, as well as the degree of concern consumers believed the agencies had with protecting their health from food risks.     

Current Immunoassay Methods for the Rapid Detection of Aflatoxin in Milk and Dairy Products

The presence of mycotoxins in foodstuff causes serious health problems to consumers and economically affects the food industry. Among the mycotoxins, aflatoxins are very toxic and highly carcinogenic contaminants which affect the safety of many foods, and therefore endanger human health. Aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) found in milk results from the biotransformation of aflatoxin B₁. Many efforts have been made to control the source of AFM₁ from farmers to dairy product companies. However, AFM₁ escapes ordinary methods of food treatment such as cooking, sterilization, and freezing, hence it appears in milk and dairy products. The presence of high levels of AFM₁ constitutes an alarming threat as milk and dairy products contain essential nutrients for human health, especially for infants and children. For this reason, there is a pressing need for developing a fast and reliable screening method for detecting trace aflatoxins in food. Several analytical methods based on high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectroscopy have been used for aflatoxin detection; however, they are expensive, time‐consuming, and require many skills. Recently, immunoassay methods, including enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunosensors, and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), have been preferred for food analysis because of their improved qualities such as high sensitivity, simplicity, and capability of onsite monitoring. This paper reviews the new developments and applications of immunoassays for the rapid detection of AFM₁ in milk.     

快速检测技术在食品真菌毒素检测中的研究进展

真菌毒素是具有毒性的次级代谢产物,可污染多种食品.食用被毒素污染的食品会对人类和动物造成严重的健康风险,因此一种高灵敏度、快速的分析方法对于提高检测能力、保证食用安全和人类健康能够提供重要保障.该文综述近年来几种常见的快速检测技术(酶联免疫吸附测定、层析免疫测定、生物传感器、生物芯片)在食品真菌毒素检测中的应用进展,同...     

Co‐occurrence of citrinin and ochratoxin A in rice in Asia and its implications for human health

Citrinin (CIT) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are nephrotoxic mycotoxins, produced by several Aspergillus and Penicillium species and their co‐occurrence in rice may cause health effects in humans. Rice is an important food crop worldwide and is a major staple food in Asia which may be invaded by CIT and OTA producing fungal spores in the field, during harvest and storage. Humans are exposed to these mycotoxins through ingestion of contaminated rice and other food commodities. Yet, data on the combined presence to these food contaminants are still insufficient to estimate human exposure in Asia. This review describes the prevalence of CIT and OTA in rice in Asia and its implications on human health, which may help in establishing and carrying out proper management strategies against mould development on rice. From the health point of view, combined exposition of CIT and OTA should be a public concern as both are nephrotoxic and long‐term exposure can pose detrimental health effects. Thus, it is necessary for local farmers and food factories to implement strict measures and to improve methods for rice preservation during the distribution to consumers, particularly in the markets. Moreover, regular surveys for CIT and OTA occurrence in rice and human biomonitoring are recommended to reduce the health effects in Asian population. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Molecular Detection of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Foods: The Case for Using PCR-DGGE

Among the toxin-producing microbes, those that produce mycotoxins are especially problematic due to their broad distribution in the environments and in foods. Several species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium are sources of potent mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins, patulin, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisins. It is, therefore, vital that mycotoxigenic fungi contaminants in food are rapidly and accurately identified for ensuring the safety of consumers. Most of the current methods are based on PCR using gene-specific or species-specific primers. However, contaminating microbes often compose a complex community and PCR-DGGE may provide a better approach than traditional single-gene and/or single-species based methods. It provides “fingerprints” for each microbial flora and has been widely used to analyze environmental and food-associated microbial communities. This review shows the advantages and disadvantages of different molecular methods for the detection of mycotoxigenic fungi including PCR-DGGE as a potent and applicable method that could overcome the difficulties associated with other methods.     

便携式生物传感器在真菌毒素检测中的应用研究进展

食品在贮藏、运输和加工过程中易受真菌侵染。由真菌代谢所产生的真菌毒素对食品造成了严重的污染，并引发了严峻的食品安全问题。传统的检测方法大多需要大型精密仪器设备、繁琐的操作步骤以及专业技术人员，这在很大程度上限制了这些方法在现场即时检测中的应用。便携式传感器允许用户利用小型化设备实时监测真菌毒素的污染情况，具有操作简便、用户友好、检测速度快、灵敏度高等优点，受到越来越多的科研工作者及社会各界人士的青睐。本文重点对试纸条、个人血糖仪、手持式pH计、气压计、智能手机、微流控芯片以及基于可视化、电化学、等离子体等输出信号的便携式生物传感器在真菌毒素检测中的应用和发展前景进行综述，以期为真菌毒素新型便携式生物传感器的研发提供参考。     

镰孢菌毒素的主要类型及其收获前后的生物防控方法

镰孢菌毒素是镰孢菌属真菌产生的多种有毒性的次级代谢产物的总称,在自然界中分布极为广泛,是常见的污染粮食和饲料的真菌毒素种类,严重威胁人畜健康。近年来镰孢菌毒素污染粮食和饲料的问题日益严重,已成为普遍关注的食品安全和饲料安全热点问题之一。由于农产品收获后的物理、化学的脱毒方法存在着脱毒不彻底、营养成分流失和化学试剂残留对人畜健康的不确定性等问题;因此以生物技术为基础的综合防控镰孢菌及其毒素危害的方法成为了近年来的研究热点之一。本文将重点介绍镰孢菌毒素的主要类型及其对动植物的危害,阐述农产品收获前后生物防治镰孢菌及其毒素危害的方法,并探讨各种防控方法的优缺点以及未来可能的研究方向,以期为镰孢菌毒素综合防控策略的制定提供参考。     

植物油中真菌毒素污染的防控

真菌毒素都有强烈的毒性,有致癌、致畸、致突变作用。作为细菌的代谢产物,粮油制品中真菌毒素的污染不可避免。植物油是世界各地人们日常摄入的主要粮油制品,其安全关系到大众健康和社会稳定。植物油中真菌毒素污染是重要的食品安全隐患。本文从原料的种植、收割、储藏、加工等诸多方面介绍了植物油中真菌毒素污染状况及检测技术,并着重介绍了真菌毒素的防治,主要包括除毒和抑毒。实用、有效的植物油中真菌毒素污染的防控方法不仅可以减少国际贸易损失,更有助于保护消费者健康,是目前需要迫切发展的研究方向之一。     

Culture‐Independent Rapid Detection Methods for Bacterial Pathogens and Toxins in Food Matrices

Rapid detection of bacterial pathogens and toxins in foods is necessary to provide real‐time results to mitigate foodborne illness outbreaks. Cultural enrichment methods, although the most widely used, are time‐consuming and therefore inadequate for rapid pathogen detection from food samples. The development of novel “rapid” detection methods has decreased detection time dramatically. This review presents an overview of detection methods for various foodborne pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli, and bacterial toxins in food matrices, with emphasis on those methods which do not require cultural enrichment. Discussed methods include nucleic acid‐, immunological‐, and biosensor‐based techniques. A summary of each type of detection method is given, including referenced methods from the literature. Since these discussed methods do not require cultural enrichment, there is a higher probability of interference from the food matrices. Therefore, the review also discusses the potential interference of food components on detection methods and addresses preprocessing strategies to overcome matrix associated inhibition and to concentrate low quantities of pathogens and toxins in food. Development of rapid and sensitive detection technologies advances and ensures public health safety and security.     

Research advancements in optical imaging and spectroscopic techniques for nondestructive detection of mold infection and mycotoxins in cereal grains and nuts

Cereal grains and nuts are represented as the economic backbone of many developed and developing countries. Kernels of cereal grains and nuts are prone to mold infection under high relative humidity and suitable temperature conditions in the field as well as storage conditions. Health risks caused by molds and their molecular metabolite mycotoxins are, therefore, important topics to investigate. Strict regulations have been developed by international trade regulatory bodies for the detection of mold growth and mycotoxin contamination across the food chain starting from the harvest to storage and consumption. Molds and aflatoxins are not evenly distributed over the bulk of grains, thus appropriate sampling for detection and quantification is crucial. Existing reference methods for mold and mycotoxin detection are destructive in nature as well as involve skilled labor and hazardous chemicals. Also, these methods cannot be used for inline sorting of the infected kernels. Thus, analytical methods have been extensively researched to develop the one that is more practical to be used in commercial detection and sorting processes. Among various analytical techniques, optical imaging and spectroscopic techniques are attracting growers’ attention for their potential of nondestructive and rapid inline identification and quantification of molds and mycotoxins in various food products. This review summarizes the recent application of rapid and nondestructive optical imaging and spectroscopic techniques, including digital color imaging, X-ray imaging, near-infrared spectroscopy, fluorescent, multispectral, and hyperspectral imaging. Advance chemometric techniques to identify very low-level mold growth and mycotoxin contamination are also discussed. Benefits, limitations, and challenges of deploying these techniques in practice are also presented in this paper.     

核酸适配体生物传感器在食品霉菌毒素检测中应用的研究进展

霉菌毒素是由霉菌产生的次级代谢物,是人类健康的主要威胁之一。食品中霉菌毒素的污染已经成为人们热切关注的主要食品安全问题之一,所以开发出用于简便、快速和灵敏检测食品中霉菌毒素的方法显得尤为重要。核酸适配体是在体外筛选,并能特异性识别目标物的单链寡核苷酸序列,因具有易合成、易标记、易修饰、灵敏度高、特异性高、分子量小等优势而广泛应用于蛋白质、霉菌毒素、农兽药等目标物检测的生物传感器。本文主要综述了食品中霉菌毒素的限量和危害,以及核酸适配体生物传感器筛选技术用于食品中霉菌毒素检测的研究进展。     

微芯片技术在农产品及食品真菌毒素快速检测中的应用

真菌毒素污染的农产品及食品会对人类及牲畜的健康产生严重威胁。目前,真菌毒素的检测主要采用液相色谱-质谱联用法(liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,LC-MS)、气相色谱-质谱联用法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)等传统检测方法。然而,这些检测方法的样品前处理过程比较繁琐、费时,并且在分析过程中还会消耗大量的有毒试剂。微芯片技术所需样品的消耗量少并且分析时间短,可实现样品的集成化、微型化以及高通量检测。微芯片技术在真菌毒素检测中的应用,弥补了上述传统检测方法的不足。本文主要综述了微芯片技术在农产品及食品真菌毒素快速检测中的应用研究进展。首先对农产品及食品中常见的真菌毒素及其毒性进行了简单介绍;接着重点对微芯片技术在真菌毒素检测中的应用进行了详细论述;最后对微芯片应用于真菌毒素检测的发展前景和挑战进行了展望。     

真菌毒素多重检测技术研究进展

真菌毒素分布广、污染重、防控难,从农田到餐桌的全过程均易污染农产品,严重威胁人畜健康和生态环境安全。据统计,农产品真菌毒素的污染中超过75%为多种真菌毒素的混合污染,因此建立高灵敏、高通量的真菌毒素检测技术成为当今食品安全检测领域普遍面临的重大挑战。本文综述了近5 年真菌毒素多重检测技术的研究进展,主要包括高效液相色谱-串联质谱法、免疫层析法、化学比色法、电化学法、化学发光法、荧光法、拉曼光谱法等,分析了这些方法在真菌毒素多重检测中的应用与亟待解决的问题,并对其未来的发展应用前景进行了展望。     

Current and Future Technologies for Microbiological Decontamination of Cereal Grains

Cereal grains are the most important staple foods for mankind worldwide. The constantly increasing annual production and yield is matched by demand for cereals, which is expected to increase drastically along with the global population growth. A critical food safety and quality issue is to minimize the microbiological contamination of grains as it affects cereals both quantitatively and qualitatively. Microorganisms present in cereals can affect the safety, quality, and functional properties of grains. Some molds have the potential to produce harmful mycotoxins and pose a serious health risk for consumers. Therefore, it is essential to reduce cereal grain contamination to the minimum to ensure safety both for human and animal consumption. Current production of cereals relies heavily on pesticides input, however, numerous harmful effects on human health and on the environment highlight the need for more sustainable pest management and agricultural methods. This review evaluates microbiological risks, as well as currently used and potential technologies for microbiological decontamination of cereal grains.     

茶叶质量安全主要化学影响因素分析方法研究进展

茶叶是一种很受欢迎的饮料作物,具有独特的香气、药用及保健功效,深受消费者喜爱。现代工业的迅速 发展和化肥、农药的大量使用造成了严重的环境污染、生态破坏等问题,导致茶叶质量安全受到严重威胁,引起社 会的广泛关注。本文总结相关文献,从茶叶样品的前处理技术和检测技术两个方面,对影响茶叶质量安全的主要化 学因素农药残留、重金属残留和真菌毒素的分析方法进行了总结,对各方法的优缺点进行了比较,并对未来的发展 趋势进行了展望,以期为今后开展相关的检测研究提供参考。