Strategic risk management in innovative metallurgical investment

Recommendations are made regarding risk reduction when investing in intellectual property. The low level of investment by metallurgical enterprises in intellectual property is explained. Methods of logical research, analysis, synthesis, and planning are employed. Approaches to strategic risk management in innovative metallurgical investment are outlined. The preconditions for innovation in metallurgical development worldwide are discussed, and corresponding innovative development strategies are formulated. Methods of risk reduction are formulated, and practical examples of investments in intellectual property that might be more attractive to metallurgical enterprises are presented.     

Ritz-Based Static Analysis Method for Fiber Reinforced Plastic Rib Core Skew Bridge Superstructure

A Ritz-based static analysis procedure is described for fiber-reinforced plastic, skew bridge superstructure, or deck, with a parallel grid core. This is a simplified analysis method based on a transformed plate formulation and the classical Ritz method. The rib core bridge superstructure, or deck, is idealized as a homogeneous, orthotropic skew plate to which the Ritz method is applied to discretize the resultant, equivalent orthotropic skew plate. Three laminated skew plate examples are presented; the results are compared with finite-element solution to verify the validity of the simplified method. A practical demonstration of a rib core skew bridge superstructure is investigated using the simplified method. The procedure provides a useful analysis tool that can be used in the preliminary design stage without the use of finite-element analysis.     

Advanced Boundary Element Analysis of Three-Dimensional Elastic Solids with Fiber Reinforcements

An advanced boundary element methodology for the analysis of three-dimensional fiber-reinforced elastic solids using the concept of fiber elements has been presented in this paper as an extension of the earlier work of Banerjee and co-workers. The previous simplified formulation was based on the assumption that the Poisson ratios of the matrix and the fiber are equal. However, this may not be a valid assumption for all values of elastic stiffness ratios and fiber to matrix volume ratios. Moreover, such restrictions do not allow for any future extensions to nonlinear analysis. Also, because of limiting computing power available at that time, their implementation was restricted to only a small number of fiber elements in a given analysis. The new algorithm proposed in this work does not make any such assumptions. In this algorithm, the fibers are semianalytically integrated and the resulting equations are back-substituted into the equations for the composite matrix without any further approximation. The present work has been implemented in a general purpose multiregion boundary element computer program and is capable of handling very large numbers of fiber elements in a given analysis. Several numerical examples are presented to validate the proposed method of fiber composite analysis and its applicability is demonstrated via practical engineering problems.     

Confidence intervals for the excess risk in case-control studies

Kaufman et al. compute the 'excess risk' of a disease in the presence of an exposure as the product of the incidence rate of the disease in the source population, the complement of the aetiologic fraction and the relative risk minus one. Methods for calculating confidence intervals for this quantity are derived when (as in case-control studies) the relative risk is estimated by the odds ratio, firstly from multiple logistic regression analysis and secondly without adjustment for covariates. For the latter an innovative approach based on confidence bounds for the two exposure parameters is suggested. The performance of these systems of confidence intervals is assessed by simulation for the former and by exact enumeration of the distributions involved in the latter. Illustrative examples from a study of agranulocytosis and indomethacin are presented.     

Your research: how to get it on paper and in print

Much worthwhile medical research is never accepted for publication or is ignored when published, often because it is poorly presented. The purpose of this article is to express in simple language how research is best presented in writing. Few actual data are given, though much experience is summarized. The result desired is greater ease, clarity, and effectiveness in communicating medical research. The principles presented here are intended to make medical research writing easier and clearer and to give the research itself more impact.     

Teaching the fundamentals of information systems management in health care. Lecture and practical training for students of medical informatics

For the management of information systems in health care, it is important that projects are systematically planned and carried out. This is a major task for medical informatics professionals which should be taught in a medical informatics curriculum. In the respective lecture in the Heidelberg/Heilbronn medical informatics curriculum, we teach fundamentals of the management of information systems and of projects. The examples of the lecture are taken from hospital information systems. Furthermore, we have developed a 5-step method for the systematic, goal-oriented planning of projects. The lecture is complemented by a comprehensive practical training, so that the methods taught can be applied to a particular, relevant problem of the Heidelberg University Hospital.     

The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in the clinical clerkship: an overview

The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) for student assessment is well established, with an extensive body of research documenting that this is a valid means to assess clinical skills that are fundamental to the practice of medicine. The OSCE consists of a circuit of stations which tests a range of skills and learning to assess undergraduate medical students. A well-constructed OSCE provides important information about candidate performance and the quality of training. It is used at the University of South Dakota School of Medicine (USDSM) in assessment of third year medical students during their Obstetrics Clerkship, and as a teaching tool in the Pediatric Clerkship. On August 10, 1996, the USDSM administered an OSCE for the first time to third year medical students. The purpose of this article is to present state of the art information about setting up OSCE based on our recent experience and to provide practical examples of OSCE questions which can be addressed in the clinical setting. The narrative, references and examples give guidelines for the preparation of OSCE testing. The OSCE provided a standardized way of assessing clinical competence. Both students and faculty were very satisfied with the examination, and felt that the material tested was relevant and appropriate. The OSCE process does serve to identify areas of weakness in the curriculum and/or teaching methods, and thus can serve as a mechanism to improve educational effectiveness.     

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Dilatometry is a powerful technique for phase transformation analysis of solid state in iron and steel by measuring linear strain as a function of time and temperature during thermal cycle. The basic fundamentals, equipment and experimental analysis method of dilatometric analysis were introduced. Several practical examples and applications of dilatometry in iron and steel research were briefly described, with an emphasis on continuous heating transformation (CHT) and kinetic model, continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram and time temperature transformation (TTT) diagram.     

Practical Method to Prevent Liquid-Column Separation

This paper describes a practical method to prevent the phenomenon of liquid-column separation in a pipeline by increasing the polar moment of inertia of the rotating parts of a pump-motor unit. Two examples are presented in detail. The examples indicate the following advantages of this method over other methods (e.g., installing air valves, air vessels, or one-way surge tanks in a pipeline): (1) low in cost for small-capacity motors; (2) safe and reliable; (3) not limited by conveyed media and climates; (4) no additional maintenance required; and (5) applicable to any pumping projects when the size and weight of motors are not limited in manufacture.     

A Dutch medical language processor: part II: evaluation

This paper provides a preliminary evaluation of a general Dutch medical language processor (DMLP). Four examples of different potential applications (based on different linguistic modules) are presented, each with its own evaluation method. Finally, a critical review of the used evaluation methods is offered according to the state of the art in medical language processing.     

Controlling false positive rates in prognostic factor analyses with small samples

Exploratory data analyses in medical research usually involve many potential risk factors. Typically, one performs numerous hypothesis tests to identify variables that are of prognostic value. Because of the multiplicity of tests, one must control the overall false positive rate. The Bonferroni adjustment is simple to use, but may be overly conservative when applied to correlated tests. We propose an exact adjustment method, based on the joint permutational distributions of the test statistics, in settings where the acquired sample size only allows analysis of a single feature at a time. We demonstrate our method with two examples.     

Thermodynamics and Diffusion Coupling in Alloys—Application-Driven Science

As emphasized by Stokes (1997), the common assumption of a linear progression from basic research (science), via applied research, to technological innovations (engineering) should be questioned. In fact, society would gain much by supporting long-term research that stems from practical problems and has usefulness as a key word. Such research may be fundamental, and often, it cannot be distinguished from ??basic?? research if it were not for its different motivation. The development of the Calphad method and the more recent development of accompanying kinetic approaches for diffusion serve as excellent examples and are the themes of this symposium. The drivers are, e.g., the development of new materials, processes, and lifetime predictions. Many challenges of the utmost practical importance require long-term fundamental research. This presentation will address some of them, e.g., the effect of various ordering phenomena on activation barriers, and the strength and practical importance of correlation effects.     

Advanced Analysis of Imperfect Portal Frames with Semirigid Base Connections

A robust finite element procedure for large deflection and inelastic analysis of imperfect steel frames with semirigid base is proposed and the nonlinear behavior of semirigid frames with various modes of initial imperfection is studied. Special consideration to the method of simulating the frame initial imperfections is given. The refined plastic hinge method is used for modeling of the section plastification and both the notional force and the initially imperfect geometry of the frames obtained by an eigenvalue buckling analysis are used for modeling the geometrical imperfections. The difference between the notional force and the eigenbuckling mode models and of semirigid base connections are studied. From the examples reported in this paper, the effective length is not required to be assumed and the advanced analysis is noted to be applicable to practical design of this type of steel frames.     

Organization of cardiologic rehabilitation in central Europe: retrospect, present, future outlook

Cardiological rehabilitation, the comprehensive efficient treatment of chronic cardiac patients, is presented with regard to its difficult theoretical and practical development from the viewpoint of a senior specialist in this field practising in Central Europe. The accompanying WHO lifestyle concept is now considered to be scientifically well-founded, but has not yet been practically implemented on a large scale nor incorporated in the teaching schedule. A requirement for the future is a special medical philosophy for chronic heart patients, i.e., further development of the theoretical basis of rehabilitation, practical application of the scientific recommendations on the importance of life-style alterations, a greatly improved network of all doctors treating chronic heart patients, updating of the training of general medical specialists as well as cardiologists in Public Health, and intensified objective assessment of research on the cardiological rehabilitation of in- and outpatients.     

多燃料混合燃烧的燃烧学参数计算方法

文章根据经典的燃烧学参数计算方法，通过对混烧技术的理论分析，提出一种适用于常见燃烧条件下多燃料混合性燃烧工程实际的燃烧学参数计算方法。     

Preliminary Analysis of Suspension Bridges

This paper reviews the derivation of the fundamental equations of suspension bridge analysis based on the deflection theory. A method is presented for the practical solution of these equations that can be implemented in commercially available mathematical analysis programs or for simpler cases in spreadsheet programs. The method takes advantage of the analogy between a suspended girder and a beam under tension. A table with analytical solutions to the beam-under-tension problem is presented for load cases applicable to suspension bridge analysis. Previous presentations of this method are expanded to address the effects of pylon stiffness and of continuity of the stiffening girder.