两种WC基涂层在600 ℃下的摩擦学性能

采用超音速火焰喷涂技术制备了WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni和WC-17Co两种涂层,评价了两种涂层在高低温快速交变条件下的热震性能,并使用SRV摩擦磨损试验机考察了两种涂层从室温到600℃时与Si3N4球配副时的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni涂层的抗热震性能远优于WC-17Co涂层;WC-17Co涂层虽具有较低的磨损率,但是高温下涂层中产生大量裂纹及发生因严重氧化而导致的硬度下降,表明该涂层不适于作为400℃以上的耐磨材料;尽管WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni涂层的磨损率比WC-17Co涂层大,但仍属于微量磨损,且其具有优异的抗高温氧化性能和抗热震性能,所以该涂层非常适于作为高温或宽温域下的耐磨材料.     

Microstructure and Wear Resistance Evolution of HVOFSprayed WC-（W,Cr）2C-Ni Coating with Post Heat Treatment In Air Atmosphere

WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni coating was prepared on 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel and C-276 Ni-base Hastelloy by high velocity oxy-fuel(HVOF)spraying.The effect of post heat treatment in air atmosphere on the microstructure,phase composition,microhardness,fracture toughness,and wear resistance of HVOF-sprayed WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni coating was investigated.The microstructure and phase composition of the coatings were analyzed by means of field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM)and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The microhardness and fracture toughness of the coatings were measured using a microhardness tester and a Vickers hardness tester.Moreover,dry friction and wear behavior of the coatings sliding against Si3N4 ball was investigated using an oscillating friction and wear tester;and the worn surfaces of the coatings were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy(SEM).It was found that heat treatment within 500-800°C resulted in crystallization of amorphous phase in as-sprayed coating,generating nanoscale new phases such as NiWO4,CrWO4 and Cr2WO6.Besides,heat treatment led to increase of the microhardness of as-sprayed coating,and the highest microhardness was obtained after heat treatment at 800°C.The fracture toughness and wear resistance of the as-sprayed coating increased with increasing heat treatment temperature up to 700°C but tended to decrease with further elevating temperature.In other words,the mechanical properties and wear resistance of the as-sprayed coatings were worsened owing to excessive growth of oxidation grains and depletion of ductile Ni binder after heat treatment above 700°C.Thus it was suggested that as-sprayed ceramic composite coating should be post heat treated in air at a moderate temperature of 700°C so as to achieve the optimized mechanical properties and wear resistance.     

(Ti,W)C-Ni金属陶瓷的显微组织和力学性能研究

采用商用(Ti_(0.76),W_(0.24))C、(Ti_(0.69),W_(0.31))C、(Ti_(0.58),W_(0.42))C和Ni粉末,通过真空烧结制备了(Ti,W)C-Ni金属陶瓷。研究了(Ti,W)C中W含量对(Ti,W)C-Ni金属陶瓷显微组织和力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,(Ti,W)C-Ni金属陶瓷具有芯-环结构显微组织。随着W含量升高组织中芯相体积分数下降,环形相体积分数明显上升。当a(Ti)∶a(W)为0.69∶031时,金属陶瓷组织中出现了少量的无芯相,但进一步增加W含量,金属陶瓷中析出WC相和石墨相。较之传统的Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷,(Ti_(0.69),W_(0.31))C-Ni金属陶瓷具有优异的断裂韧性(KIC),其数值为16.94 MPa·m~(1/2)。环形相与芯相的体积分数比例是影响(Ti,W)CNi金属陶瓷力学性能的关键因素。     

等离子喷涂 NiCr / Cr3 C2 -hBN 复合涂层的制备及摩擦性能研究

目的加入h BN作为固体润滑剂,提高Ni Cr/Cr3C2复合涂层的摩擦性能。方法采用化工冶金包覆、喷雾造粒和固相合金化技术制备Ni Cr/Cr3C2-10%h BN复合粉体,再采用等离子喷涂技术制备复合涂层。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和高温摩擦磨损试验等手段研究粉体和涂层的显微结构、物相组成以及室温至800℃的摩擦磨损性能,探讨Ni Cr/Cr3C2-10%h BN复合涂层在室温和400,800℃下的磨损机理。结果等离子喷涂Ni Cr/Cr3C2-10%h BN复合涂层呈典型的层状结构,涂层结合强度可达24 MPa,孔隙率为(8.47±0.5)%。涂层的摩擦系数和磨损率均随着温度的升高而先升高,后逐渐降低,400℃时最高,分别约为0.59和9.2×10-4mm3/(N·m),800℃时分别降至0.45和4.1×10-4mm3/(N·m)。高温下,h BN润滑膜和金属氧化物的形成是摩擦系数和磨损率降低的主要原因。室温下涂层的主要磨损机制是脆性断裂;400℃时,涂层的主要磨损机制是脆性断裂、塑形变形和轻微粘着磨损;800℃时,涂层的主要磨损机制是塑性变形、氧化、粘着磨损和涂层转移至对偶件。结论等离子喷涂Ni Cr/Cr3C2-10%h BN复合涂层在室温和高温下的润滑性能较好。     

等离子喷涂 NiCr-Cr3C2基复合自润滑涂层的组织及摩擦学性能

将NiCr-Cr3C2复合粉和Ni包MoS2粉按不同比例混合,制成三种喷涂粉末,采用等离子喷涂技术在304不锈钢表面制备复合自润滑涂层,并对涂层的物相组成、显微组织及摩擦磨损性能进行了研究。结果表明:三种涂层的物相组成相同,主相均为Cr7C3,Ni和MoS2;涂层与基体的结合为机械结合,孔隙率较低,表面有少量微裂纹;喷涂粉末中的Ni包MoS2粉偏少或偏多都会导致涂层的摩擦磨损性能变坏,Ni包MoS2粉质量分数为30%时,涂层的摩擦系数及磨损率最低,分别约为0.36和3.3×10-4mg/s。     

WC颗粒对WC-10Co-4Cr涂层结构演变与性能的影响

为提高不锈钢表面的抗腐蚀耐磨损性能,利用等离子喷涂的方法制备了两种晶粒尺寸的WC-10Co-4Cr涂层,采用SEM、XRD表征了涂层的物相结构,在不同温度下进行了摩擦磨损试验,研究分析了晶粒对涂层微观结构与摩擦性能的影响。研究表明：相比较,纳米WC-10Co-4Cr涂层微观结构中包含WC、W₂C,还存在Co/Cr(W, C)的γ相,未发现微米涂层中析出的W2C将沿WC颗粒表面外延生长的包覆结构,而且纳米团聚粒子更容易沿扁平粒子边界收缩,明显减少了粒子内部的垂直贯穿裂纹。在室温和200℃时,纳米WC-10Co-4Cr涂层摩擦系数与平均磨损率均优于微米涂层。与微米涂层相比较,纳米WC-10Co-4Cr涂层在室温磨损的根源在于硬质颗粒诱发的犁削磨损,在200℃时为以粘着磨损为主的微域犁削相结合的磨损模式。并在3.5%NaCl溶液中将1Cr18Ni9Ti基体的腐蚀电位由-617mV提高到-335~-290mV,降低了腐蚀倾向。     

大气等离子喷涂NiCr/Cr3 C2涂层的显微结构及摩擦性能

采用大气等离子喷涂技术在45钢表面制备了NiCr/Cr_3C_2涂层,利用SEM、XRD和摩擦磨损试验机对涂层的显微结构、物相组成以及摩擦磨损性能进行了分析。结果表明,该涂层结构致密,涂层的主晶相为NiCr合金相和Cr_3C_2相,还有少量的NiO和Cr_2O_3相。涂层的摩擦因数随着温度的升高先增大后减小,400℃时,摩擦因数最大,约为0.8左右,800℃时,摩擦因数最小,约为0.39左右。涂层的磨损率随着温度的升高先增大后稍有降低。低温下,涂层的主要磨损机制是脆性断裂;高温下,主要磨损机制为塑性变形以及氧化。     

大气等离子喷涂NiCr/Cr3C2复合涂层的性能

采用化工冶金包覆、固相合金化和喷雾造粒技术制备了NiCr/Cr₃C₂复合粉体,并采用大气等离子喷涂技术制备了NiCr/Cr₃C₂复合涂层,采用SEM、显微硬度计、万能试验机和马弗炉对粉体和涂层的显微结构、涂层的显微硬度、结合强度和氧化性能进行了分析。结果显示:NiCr/Cr₃C₂涂层呈典型的层状结构,各层间结合良好,结合强度为(27.4±5) MPa,涂层显微硬度约850 HV0.2,为结合层显微硬度的2.7倍,涂层为典型的脆性断裂,断裂的位置发生在涂层的层与层之间。NiCr/Cr₃C₂涂层850 ℃氧化动力学曲线基本符合抛物线氧化规律。在氧化过程中涂层表面生产了氧化膜,且氧化膜会发生脱落,同时涂层内部出现了偏析现象,析出了金属Cr。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备Ti(C,N)-Mo_2C-Ni复合粉末的研究

本文采用溶胶-凝胶法在较低温度(1 400℃)下制备了Ti(C,N)-Mo2C-Ni金属陶瓷复合粉末。通过红外光谱(FTIR)、X-ray衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TG-DTA),扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)、比表面积分析(BET)、氮/氧含量测定等分析检测方法 ,对该粉末的制备过程进行了初步的研究与分析。结果表明:在1 400℃,真空条件下,以钛酸四丁酯为钛源,以蔗糖为碳源,乙二醇为溶剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法结合碳热还原法所制得的Ti(C,N)-Mo2C-Ni金属陶瓷复合粉末晶粒小,纯度较高;其制备机理为:原料通过水解、缩聚、裂解/分解等反应,经过干燥后首先得到TiO2混合先驱体粉末,再经过碳热还原及一系列化学反应最后生成了Ti(C,N)-Mo2C-Ni金属陶瓷复合粉末。     

等离子喷涂制备WC-Co-Cu-BaF_2/CaF_2自润滑耐磨涂层及其高温摩擦性能

通过大气等离子喷涂方法,使用自制的含有WC-Co、Cu和BaF2/CaF2共晶体的复合喷涂粉末,制备出WC-Co-Cu-BaF2/CaF2自润滑耐磨涂层。在200℃、400℃和600℃下进行WC-Co-Cu-BaF2/CaF2涂层和WC-Co涂层的高温摩擦试验,用扫描电镜观察涂层磨损表面微观形貌。结果表明:200℃时,由于WC-Co-Cu-BaF2/CaF2涂层摩擦产物层中含有的WC硬质颗粒引起磨粒磨损,该涂层摩擦因数和磨损率相对较高。而400℃和600℃时,WC-Co-Cu-BaF2/CaF2涂层的摩擦产物层中均无WC颗粒存在,且由于涂层中Cu和BaF2/CaF2等固体润滑剂的作用,生成的摩擦产物层光滑且致密,涂层的摩擦因数和磨损率均较低,在400～600℃下表现出比WC-Co涂层优异的耐磨性能。     

Microstructure and high-temperature friction and wear behavior of WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni coating prepared by high velocity oxy-fuel spraying

WC-(W,Cr)₂C-Ni coating was prepared by high velocity oxy-fuel spraying (HVOF). The microstructure and phase composition of the as-sprayed coating and that after oxidation at high temperature were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The oxidation behavior of as-sprayed coating and starting powders was evaluated by thermogravimetry. Dry sliding friction and wear behavior of the WC-(W,Cr)₂C-Ni coating sliding against Si₃N₄ ball at different temperatures (room temperature 20 °C and elevated temperature of 700 °C and 800 °C) was evaluated using an oscillating friction and wear tester. Besides, the microhardness and fracture toughness of the coating was also measured. Results show that sintering agglomerated WC-20 wt.%Cr-7 wt.%Ni powder is an effective method to prepare agglomerated and sintered WC-(W,Cr)₂C-Ni composite powder. The excellent oxidation resistance of WC-(W,Cr)₂C-Ni coating is mainly resulted from a double-decker shell-core microstructure formed in the coating. The composition of the outer shell is (W,Cr)₂C phase and that of the inner shell is Cr₃C₂. During high-temperature friction and wear test, well remained hard WC phase in the WC-(W,Cr)₂C-Ni coating can guarantee its good mechanical properties and wear resistance, and newly generated nano NiWO₄, CrWO₄ and Cr₂WO₆ particles can further improve these properties significantly.     

Influence of feedstock powder characteristics and spray processes on microstructure and properties of WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni hardmetal coatings

The composition WC-(W,Cr)₂C-Ni (commercial designations WC-‘CrC’-Ni, WC-Cr₃C₂-Ni and WC-NiCr) is unique among the WC-based materials used for the preparation of thermally sprayed hardmetal coatings. These coatings show a significantly higher oxidation resistance and high-temperature sliding wear resistance than WC-Co and WC-CoCr coatings do. Unlike WC-Co and Cr₃C₂-NiCr, WC-(W,Cr)₂C-Ni is not a simple binary hard phase-binder metal composite as it is composed of two hard phases: WC and (W,Cr)₂C. Surprisingly this composition has been poorly investigated in the past.In this paper coating microstructures and properties obtained from five commercial feedstock powders of different origins using two different liquid-fuelled high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) systems (K2 and JP-5000) were investigated. Additional experiments were performed with one powder using atmospheric and vacuum plasma spraying (APS and VPS, respectively). The microstructures and phase compositions of the powders and the coatings were studied. Focus was on the appearance, composition and distribution of the (W,Cr)₂C phase which might form or might change its Cr/W ratio during the spray process. The composition of the (W,Cr)₂C phase was estimated from the lattice parameters. Hardness HV0.3 was measured for all coatings. The density, Young's modulus and abrasion wear resistance of HVOF-sprayed coatings were studied.     

Microstructure and Properties of HVOF-Sprayed WC-(W,Cr)<Subscript>2</Subscript>C-Ni Coatings

The composition WC-(W,Cr)₂C-Ni is one of the standard compositions used for the preparation of thermally sprayed coatings by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying. Surprisingly, this composition has been poorly investigated in the past. Frequent use of commercial designations WC-‘CrC’-Ni, WC-Cr₃C₂-Ni, and WC-NiCr indicates the insufficient knowledge about the phase compositions of these powders and coatings. The properties of these coatings differ significantly from those of WC-Co and WC-CoCr coatings. In this paper, the results of different series of experiments conducted on HVOF-sprayed WC-(W,Cr)₂C-Ni coatings are compiled and their specific benefits pointed out. The focus of this study is on the analysis of the microstructures and phase compositions of the feedstock powders and coatings. Unlike WC-Co and Cr₃C₂-NiCr, WC-(W,Cr)₂C-Ni is not a simple binary hard phase—binder metal composite. The phase (W,Cr)₂C with unknown physical and mechanical properties appears as a second hard phase, which is inhomogeneously distributed in the feedstock powders and coatings. As examples of coating properties, the oxidation resistance and dry sliding wear properties are compared with those of WC-10%Co-4%Cr coatings.     

hBN含量对NiCr/Cr_3C_2-hBN复合涂层抗热震性能和氧化性能的影响

为了提高NiCr/Cr3C2复合涂层的摩擦性能,在涂层中加入了hBN作为固体润滑剂,研究了hBN含量对涂层抗热震性能和氧化性能的影响。采用大气等离子喷涂技术制备了hBN含量分别为0%、2.5%、5%、10%和20%的NiCr/Cr3C2-hBN复合涂层,并研究了复合涂层在700、800和850℃的抗热震性能和在850℃的恒温氧化性能。结果表明:NiCr/Cr3C2-hBN复合涂层呈层状结构,各层之间结合良好;所有涂层在700、800和850℃水淬10次均未出现明显的裂纹和脱落现象,涂层抗热震性能均良好。涂层的氧化增重随着hBN含量的增加逐渐增大,96h后NiCr/Cr3C2-20%hBN涂层氧化非常严重。在850℃时,所有涂层的氧化动力学曲线均遵循抛物线规律。     

铁氧体表面Cr/Ni/Ag复合薄膜制备及性能研究

目的利用真空镀膜技术对铁氧体电磁感芯表面进行金属化处理,对金属薄膜的结构及性能进行综合分析,为其实现工程应用提供一定的理论基础。方法采用多腔一体式磁控溅射设备在铁氧体磁体表面依次沉积Cr、Ni、Ag,作为铁氧体表面复合金属薄膜。采用扫描电镜对复合薄膜表面、截面形貌进行表征;利用原子力显微镜对复合薄膜表面粗糙度进行测量;利用划格法对复合薄膜附着力进行测试;利用冲压试验对复合薄膜剥离强度进行测试;利用拉伸试验对复合薄膜结合强度进行测试;利用浸锡试验对复合薄膜耐焊性进行测试。结果试验制备的Cr/Ni/Ag复合薄膜各层厚度分别为420、4200、550 nm,Cr层与Ni层有明显柱状晶结构,层间界面清晰、无明显孔隙,Ag层与Ni层紧密结合。复合薄膜表面粗糙度为13 nm,附着力达0B级,结合力为30 N,抗拉强度达42 MPa。复合薄膜经过450℃浸锡18 s后,表面金属薄膜无脱焊或露底。结论采用磁控溅射技术制备的Cr(420 nm)/Ni(4200 nm)/Ag(550 nm)复合金属薄膜结构致密均匀,综合性能优异,达到铁氧体电感磁芯表面金属薄膜技术要求。     

HVAP 及 HVOF 工艺制备 WC10Co4Cr 复合涂层及其性能研究

目的对比研究超音速等离子喷涂(HVAP)技术与超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)技术制备WC10Co4Cr涂层,并根据涂层组织形貌与电化学特性判断两种工艺的优劣。方法采用SEM及XRD分析WC10Co4Cr复合涂层的微观形貌和物相,在3.5%(质量分数)Na Cl溶液中对涂层进行电化学分析。结果 WC10Co4Cr涂层由较大的WC颗粒及粘结相组成,在喷涂过程中WC颗粒不断累积形成层片状结构,涂层有较小程度的失碳,形成了具有脆性的W2C。电化学极化测试表明,超音速等离子喷涂技术制备的涂层表现出优异的抗电化学腐蚀性能。结论超音速等离子喷涂技术制备的WC10Co4Cr涂层显微硬度为1197HV,孔隙率为0.50%,腐蚀电位为-0.3947 V,腐蚀电流密度为9.19×10-7A/cm2,腐蚀速率为1.01×10-2g/(m2·h),腐蚀深度为1.09×10-2mm/a,具有与超音速火焰喷涂涂层相似的耐腐蚀性能。     

等离子喷涂制备WC-Co-Cu-BaF2/CaF2自润滑耐磨涂层及其高温摩擦性能

通过大气等离子喷涂方法,使用自制的含有WC-Co、Cu和BaF2/CaF2共晶体的复合喷涂粉末,制备出WC-Co-Cu-BaF2/CaF2自润滑耐磨涂层。在200℃、400℃和600℃下进行WC-Co-Cu-BaF2/CaF2涂层和WC-Co涂层的高温摩擦试验,用扫描电镜观察涂层磨损表面微观形貌。结果表明:200℃时,由于WC-Co-Cu-BaF2/CaF2涂层摩擦产物层中含有的WC硬质颗粒引起磨粒磨损,该涂层摩擦因数和磨损率相对较高。而400℃和600℃时,WC-Co-Cu-BaF2/CaF2涂层的摩擦产物层中均无WC颗粒存在,且由于涂层中Cu和BaF2/CaF2等固体润滑剂的作用,生成的摩擦产物层光滑且致密,涂层的摩擦因数和磨损率均较低,在400～600℃下表现出比WC-Co涂层优异的耐磨性能。     

4Cr13钢基表面SiC/Ta复合涂层的制备及摩擦磨损性能

针对马氏体不锈钢的表面耐磨性不能满足应用需求,且在钢基表面直接制备Si C涂层会产生与基体结合不良的问题,采用双辉等离子表面冶金技术在4Cr13马氏体不锈钢表面制备SiC/Ta复合涂层,对涂层的组织结构、表面硬度、结合强度和摩擦磨损性能进行研究。结果表明,所制备的SiC/Ta复合涂层厚5~6μm,由SiC、Ta、Ta_2C和TaC相构成。SiC/Ta/基体各层间以扩散连接,与基体结合良好。经双辉等离子表面冶金技术处理后,表面显微硬度由基材的279 HV_(0.2)提高到1 738 HV_(0.2)。4Cr13不锈钢的摩擦学性能也得到明显改善,摩擦因数比基材的平均摩擦因数降低了0.32,磨损率是基材磨损率的4%。     

镁合金表面沉积铜钨复合涂层工艺及涂层性能研究

目的提高镁合金表面的耐蚀耐磨性。方法采用冷喷涂与化学气相沉积(CVD)相结合的方法在镁合金表面制备出Cu/W复合涂层,并对复合涂层的结构、成分、组织形貌、耐磨性、耐蚀性、结合力进行分析。结果镁合金基体沉积Cu/W复合涂层后,表面硬度提高了687.1HV,磨损率从0.032%降到0.020%,腐蚀电位正移了1.3 V,临界载荷相比直接化学气相沉积W涂层提高了120.5 N。结论Cu/W复合涂层显著提高了镁基体的耐磨、耐蚀性,涂层与基体结合力较高。