微乳液中醇作为助表面活性剂的研究进展

本文综述了近阶段醇作为助表面活性剂的研究成果,详述了助表面活性剂醇的作用机理、研究状况以及应用情况.助表面活性剂能改变表面活性剂的表面活性及亲水亲油平衡性,调整水和油的极性.随着微乳液应用范围的不断扩大,助表面活性剂的应用范围也越来越广泛.     

YH-型微乳化剂的研究

研究开发了一种新的乳化剂的合成方法。直接用工业油脂与胺类反应，可合成一种新型乳化剂，其生产成本大大低于吐温、斯盘等合成表面活性剂。用这种乳化剂做主乳化剂配以适当的助表面活性剂以及其它助剂，制成一种新型微乳化剂——YA-型微乳化剂。用这种微乳化剂可制得稳定的W／O微乳液。通过测定增溶水量，考察了不同种类的醇、酮、醚作为助表面活性剂的作用，以及其它表面活性剂对水增溶量的影响。结果表明：正戊醇为最佳助表面活性剂，其用量为主乳化剂的6．4％左右时，增溶水量最多。丙酮和丁醚显示良好的协同效应。复配非离子表面活性剂吐温、斯盘等未显示正性结果。     

甲醇混合燃料稳定性的研究

为了找到能够代替石油的其它燃料,利用非离子型表面活性剂复配制备甲醇混合燃料,并以燃料油、甲醇、表面活性剂＋助表面活性剂为三组分做出相图。通过微乳液相区面积考察不同因素对制备甲醇混合燃料的影响。因素包括不同表面活性剂的复配,甲醇加入量、不同助表面活性剂以及助表面活性剂的用量。结果表明最佳的实验条件为：表面活性剂复配比为4：1,助剂为正丁醇和油酸,甲醇与燃料油的理想配比为8：1。并对实验结果进行了分析。     

赴西德、荷兰考察织物调理剂技术报告(续)

第三部分 阳离子表面活性剂的性能及在其它领域中的应用一、阳离子表面活性剂的定义、通式及典型代表1．定义与通式Hoechst公司表面活性剂应用技术实验室主任G·H·Tauber博士认为，阳离子表面活性剂的定义以如下说法比较实际，即阳离子表面活性剂是以带正电的杂原子作为助溶基团的表面活性剂。     

柴油微乳液研制及影响因素的考察

利用非离子型表面活性剂复配制备W/O柴油微乳液,并以油、水、表面活性剂 助表面活性剂为三组分做出相图。通过微乳液相区面积考察不同因素对制备柴油微乳液的影响。因素包括不同表面活性剂的复配,不同的助表面活性剂及助表面活性剂与表面活性剂的比(m(C)∶m(T))。并用不同浓度的碱液代替水相,考察碱液对柴油微乳液形成的影响。结果表明最佳实验条件为:表面活性剂复配比为0.667,m(C)∶m(T)=0.3,助剂为正丁醇,碱液质量分数为0.1%。利用HLB值理论和界面膜理论对实验结果进行了分析。     

高效氟氯氰菊酯微乳剂形成规律探索

通过研究高效氟氯氰菊酯微乳剂形成过程中表面活性剂混剂、助表面活性剂与高效氟氯氰菊酯最大加入量的关系,利用多元回归处理方法,建立了表面活性剂混剂、助表面活性剂与高效氟氯氰菊酯最大加入量三者之间的数学模型;通过测定不同温度下高效氟氯氰菊酯的最大加入量,得出高效氟氯氰菊酯最大加入量随温度升高而增大的规律。     

表面活性剂型助滤剂助滤行为的研究

对表面活性剂型助滤剂在过滤过程中的作用进行了系统地动态研究，总结了表面活剂型助滤剂在过滤过程中的行为规律。表面活性剂强化物料过滤过程的贡献主要表现在滤饼脱水阶段，且脱水时间越长、助滤效果越好。表面活性剂降水效果受到一定的过滤条件和物料性质的约束。对同种物料，粒度性质不同、过滤条件不一样（如过滤压差和脱水时间不同），表面活性剂所表现的助滤效果差别颇大。     

伪三元相图在紫杉醇自乳化制剂筛选中的应用

分别以油酸正丁酯、十四酸异丙酯为油相，吐温85、Cremophor-EL为表面活性剂，无水乙醇、异丙醇、1，2-丙二醇、正丁醇为助表面活性剂，在37℃水浴中，用水滴定上述三组分不同配比的混合物，绘制伪三元相图，并对自乳化系统进行研究。结果表明十四酸异丙酯为油相、聚氧乙烯蓖麻油为表面活性剂、正丁醇为助表面活性剂，SA／CoSA=4：1紫杉醇有较好的稳定的乳化体系。     

微乳液在溶剂萃取分离中的应用研究进展

综述了用微乳液法萃取分离水中的非离子有机污染物、重金属离子和在湿法冶金工业中萃取分离金属离子的研究进展。表面活性剂、助表面活性剂、油和水形成WinsorⅡ或WinsorⅢ型微乳液,非离子有机污染物和金属离子进入微乳液的双连续区域或者是W/O型的微乳液中,从而实现水和有机物或金属离子的分离。对影响微乳液萃取的因素如助表面活性剂、助表面活性剂与表面活性剂的比率(nC/nS)和盐度等进行了论述。     

技术资料

硬表面清洗剂中常用的表面活性剂近来年，随着表面活性剂工业的不断发展，国内外开发了许多专用硬表面清洗剂。由于清洗物件的种类、沾污的情况、物件的材质和清洗的方法等的不同，对品种繁多的表面活性剂的选用也不尽相同，下面介绍一些经常选用的表面活性剂。     

Extraction of Piperine from Piper Nigrum (Black Pepper) by Aqueous Solutions of Surfactant and Surfactant + Hydrotrope Mixtures

Abstract

The effect of combining butyl benzene sulfonate as hydrotrope with a surfactant in aqueous solutions is investigated for isolation of piperine, an alkaloid, from black pepper. The standard free energy change associated with piperine solubilization in the aqueous solutions of surfactant and hydrotrope individually and in their mixtures is determined from the solubility of piperine in these solutions. A combination of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the hydrotrope gives increased percentage extraction of piperine as compared to the hydrotrope alone. The piperine purity recovered from aqueous solutions was higher as compared to the purity of piperine recovered using organic solvents. The piperine crystallized from aqueous solutions of surfactants and hydrotrope also showed cleaner surfaces and uniform structures with sharp edges, unlike the particles crystallized from organic solvents.     

Hydrotropic effect and thermodynamic analysis on the solubility and mass transfer coefficient enhancement of ethylbenzene

Concentrated aqueous solutions of a large number of hydrotropic agents, urea, nicotinamide, and sodium salicylate, have been employed to enhance the aqueous solubilities of poorly water soluble organic compounds. The influence of a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations (0–3.0mol·L^?1) and different system temperatures (303–333 K) on the solubility of ethylbenzene has been studied. The solubility of ethylbenzene increases with increase in hydrotrope concentration and also with system temperature. Consequent to the increase in the solubility of ethylbenzene, the mass transfer coefficient was also found to increase with increase in hydrotrope concentration at 303 K. The enhancement factor, which is the ratio of the value in the presence and absence of a hydrotrope, is reported for both solubility and mass transfer coefficient of ethylbenzene. The Setschenow constant, K _s , a measure of the effectiveness of a hydrotrope, was determined for each case. To ascertain the hydrotropic aggregation behavior of ethylbenzene, thermodynamic parameters such as Gibb’s free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of ethylbenzene were determined.     

Effective Separation of Petro Products through Hydrotropy

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the effect of hydrotropes such as sodium salicylate, sodium benzoate, and nicotinamide on the separation of a near boiling mixture, o‐/p‐xylene. The influence of a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations (0 to 3.0 mol/L) and different system temperatures (303 to 333 K) on the separation of o‐/p‐xylene were studied. All hydrotropes used in this work showed an enhancement in the percentage extraction of p‐xylene to different degrees. The percentage extraction of p‐xylene from the o‐/p‐xylene mixture increases with an increase in hydrotrope concentration and also with system temperature. A minimum hydrotrope concentration (MHC) was found essential to initiate significant extraction of p‐xylene from the o‐/p‐xylene mixture. The maximum enhancement factor, which is the ratio of the value in the presence and absence of a hydrotrope, was determined for both cases. The Setschenow constant, k_s, a measure of the effectiveness of a hydrotrope, was determined for each case.     

添加剂的浓度对非离子表面活性剂AEO9浊点的影响

各类添加剂都能对非离子表面活性剂的浊点产生影响.今研究了离子型表面活性剂、增溶物和电解质类添加剂在不同浓度下对非离子表面活性剂AEO9浊点的影响.其中离子型表面活性剂和增溶物类添加剂可在极低的浓度上改变AEO9的浊点,且随着添加剂加入浓度的增加,AEO9的浊点也逐渐增加,当添加剂浓度达到离子型表面活性剂或增溶物的临界胶束浓度时,AEO9的浊点将出现急剧上升.而电解质类添加剂对AEO9浊点的影响表现出具有临界浓度现象,只有当添加剂的浓度达到相应的临界浓度之后,具有盐析效应的电解质将使AEO9浊点线性下降,而具有盐溶效应的电解质则使AEO9浊点线性升高,且不同电解质相应的临界浓度随着其阴离子的感胶离子数的增大而线性增加,同时其对AEO9浊点的改变程度则随着阴离子的感胶离子数的增大而线性下降.     

EXTRACTIVE DISTILLATION WITH AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF HYDROTROPES

The effect of hydrotropes on vapor-liquid equilibrium of a mixture provides a potential technique of extractive distillation for systems which are difficult or impossible to separate by normal rectification. Various hydrotropes, such as sodium toluate, sodium toluence sulfonate, sodium cymcnc sulfonate, sodium mesitylene sulfonate and sodium salicylate, in aqueous solutions have been tested for the separation of close-boiling point mixtures, such as p-cresol/2,6-xylenol, isopropanol/ fm-butanol, and wc-butanol/rert-butanol. The changes in the relative volatility increase with the concentration of hydrotrope and with the hydrotrope to solute ratio.     

Hydrotropic properties of a novel alkylnaphthalene sulfonate

Alkylbenzenesulfonates based on toluene, xylene, as well as cumene, and alkylnaphthalenesulfonates, act as hydrotropes in surfactant systems. A novel sodium diisopropyl-naphthalene sulfonate (SDIPNS) has been devepoped that contains about 92% diisopropylnaphthalene sulfonate, compared to other diisopropylnaphthalene sulfonate preparations that contain less than 50% diisopropylnaphthalene sulfonate. This material is both a hydrotrope and a surfactant. The color of a 35% solution is light yellow, Gardner 3, significantly lighter than comparable materials. Draves wetting time for a 0.5% solution is about 30 s. The Ross-Miles foam test (1% solution) indicates a significant level of initial foam, but the foam is unstable. The solubilites of toluene and limonene in SDIPNS are much higher than in other hydrotropes tested. Hydrotropes raise the cloud point of nonionic surfactants; SDIPNS is the most efficient hydrotrope found for this application. Another measure of hydrotropicity is the amount of hydrotrope required to clear a cloudy detergent formulation; this hydrotrope is quite effective. Another measure is the modification of surfactant formulation viscosity; SDIPNS is quite effective. Additionally, SDIPNS changes the solubility of nonionic surfactants in water. SDIPNS is a surfactant as well as a hydrotrope, demonstrating a critical micelle concentration at about 1%. Presented as a poster session at the American Oil Chemists' Society Annual Meeting & Expo, May 11–13, 1998, Chicago, IL.     

ENHANCEMENT OF SOLUBILITY AND MASS-TRANSFER COEFFICIENT OF 1,2-DIHYDROXY-9,10-ANTHRAQUINONE (ALIZARIN) THROUGH HYDROTROPY

The effect of hydrotropes potassium p-toluene sulfonate (KPTS), citric acid, and nicotinamide on the solubility and mass-transfer coefficient of 1,2-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (alizarin) was studied. Solubility studies were carried out under a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations (0 to 3.0 mol·L^?1) and different system temperatures (303 to 333 K). It was observed that the solubility and mass-transfer coefficient of alizarin increases with an increase in hydrotrope concentration and system temperature. The maximum enhancement factor, the ratio of the value of solubility in the presence and absence of a hydrotrope, was determined for all experiments under study. The effectivity of hydrotropes was measured by the determination of the Setschenow constant, K_s. The order of effectiveness of various hydrotropes based on K_s values is potassium p-toluene sulfonate > citric acid > nicotinamide.     

Hydrotropic properties of some short-chain alkylbenzene- and alkylnaphthalene sulfonates

Alkylbenzene sulfonates based on toluene, xylene and cumene, and alkylnaphthalene sulfonates act as hydrotropes in surfactant systems. One measure of hydrotropicity is the amount of hydrotrope required to clear a cloudy detergent formulation; some hydrotropes are more effective than others, depending on the surfactant formulation. Another measure is the modification of the viscosity of surfactant formulations; the change in the viscosity depends on the amount and type of hydrotrope used and on the specific formulation involved. Additionally, alkylnaphthalene sulfonate hydrotropes change the solubility of nonionic surfactants in water, and both types of hydrotrope raise the cloud point of nonionic surfactant solutions; however, the naphthalene-based hydrotropes are more efficient. Ross-Miles foam test data are used to compare the foam characteristics of different alkylnaphthalene sulfonates. A critical micelle concentration (CMC) was determined for the alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, but although alkylbenzene sulfonates do show some surface activity, a CMC could not be found for these materials. Presented as a poster session at the AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo, May 1997, Seattle, Washington, and at Soaps, Detergents, and Oleochemicals: An AOCS International Conference, October 1997, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.     

Hydrotrope型两亲化合物的合成和自缔合研究

合成了一种hydrotrope型可聚合两亲化合物4-(2-(丙烯酰氧基)乙氧基)苯甲基三乙基溴化铵(AEBA),应用紫外吸收光谱和荧光探针技术研究了它的溶液性质和自缔合作用,实验结果表明,AEBA在水溶液中具有较高的自缔合能力、表面活性和增溶作用,它对油溶性染料荧光素二乙酸酯(fluorescein diacetate,FDA)的最小助溶浓度(minimum hydrotrope concentration,MHC)约为0.05 mol/L,AEBA分子间缔合形成不同于表面活性剂胶束结构的堆砌状(stack-type)聚集体结构。     

Aqueous Hydrotropic Solution as an Efficient Solubilizing Agent for Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata Leaves

Abstract

An aqueous solution based extraction process for andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata leaves has been developed using alkyl benzene sulfonates and carboxylates as hydrotropes. The plant cells are permeabilized by the hydrotrope solutions followed by solubilization of andrographolide into the solutions. The extraction and solubilization of andrographolide is affected by structure and concentration of hydrotrope, temperature and particle size. Sodium cumene sulfonate (Na‐CS) shows the most efficient solubilization of andrographolide amongst the hydrotropes studied. The solubility of andrographolide increased by two orders of magnitude in Na‐CS aqueous solutions and ～96% andrographolide extraction was achieved in just 20 min.