荔枝果皮总花色苷降解的定量测定

本文研究荔枝果皮总花苷及其降解指数的含量测定。结果表明，当荔枝果皮发生褐变时，1％盐酸甲醇提取液花色苷及降解指数含量显著偏高。荔枝果皮总花苷及花色苷降解指数可以很好地反映出提取液中花色苷的降解情况。     

荔枝果皮花色苷的提取纯化及其酶促降解研究

本文从荔枝果皮中提取纯化得到了高活性多酚氧化酶和高纯度花色苷,在此基础上,研究了花色苷-PPO-表儿茶素之间的相互作用以及花色苷降解速率受各反应物浓度的影响.结果表明,PPO先与表儿茶素发生氧化还原反应,随着大量表儿茶素氧化产物生成,其氧化产物再与花色苷作用,使花色苷降解.花色苷降解速率受各反应物浓度的影响较大.     

紫薯花色苷在贮藏过程中的降解特性

本研究通过高效液相色谱-串联质谱（high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS/MS）法分析鉴定‘鄂薯12号’紫薯的花色苷成分,采用pH示差法和HPLC法研究该紫薯花色苷提取液在4、20、35 ℃贮藏98 d期间总花色苷和各单体花色苷的变化规律,并在此基础上研究了花色苷的降解动力学以及褐变指数和聚合物颜色指数。结果表明：从‘鄂薯12号’紫薯提取物中鉴定出13 种花色苷,主要为矢车菊素-3-槐糖苷-5-葡糖苷和芍药素-3-槐糖苷-5-葡糖苷与对羟基苯甲酸、阿魏酸或咖啡酸形成的酰基化花色苷;贮藏期间总花色苷和各单体花色苷的含量呈下降趋势,花色苷的降解符合一级动力学模型;4、20 ℃和35 ℃贮藏条件下总花色苷半衰期分别为228.8、48.1 d和32.6 d;在相同糖苷配体情况下,矢车菊素类花色苷的半衰期要短于芍药素;在相同花色素配体情况下,酰基化花色苷的半衰期要长于未酰基化花色苷,且二酰化花色苷的半衰期长于单酰化花色苷;褐变指数和聚合物颜色指数随贮藏时间的延长和贮藏温度的升高而增大,并且聚合物颜色指数与花色苷含量之间呈指数关系。     

采后“乌叶”和“兰竹”荔枝果实果皮褐变的差异性研究

果皮褐变是影响采后荔枝果实品质和货架期最重要的因素。本文比较研究了在(8±1)℃贮藏条件下"乌叶"和"兰竹"荔枝果实果皮褐变的差异性及其与酚类物质代谢的关系。结果表明:与"兰竹"荔枝果实相比,采后"乌叶"荔枝果实较不容易发生果皮褐变,贮藏期间,"乌叶"荔枝果实的果皮褐变指数显著低于"兰竹";"乌叶"荔枝果实的果皮花色素苷、类黄酮和总酚含量高于"兰竹",而多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性则低于"兰竹"。贮藏期间,荔枝果皮的花色素苷、总酚、类黄酮含量和PPO活性不断下降,而POD活性则不断上升,但在同一贮藏期间,"乌叶"荔枝果皮的花色素苷、总酚、类黄酮含量都高于"兰竹",而PPO和POD活性则低于"兰竹"。据此认为,采后"乌叶"荔枝果实较不容易发生果皮褐变与其保持较低的果皮PPO和POD活性而减少果皮花色素苷、总酚和类黄酮含量的下降有关。     

酿酒葡萄成熟期间果实质地特性和花色苷含量变化

研究酿酒葡萄果实成熟期间质地特性和花色苷含量的变化规律,以酿酒葡萄赤霞珠（Vitis vinifera L.）为研究对象,采用物性分析仪对其果皮机械特性和果实质构多面特性进行分析,并测定了果皮中总花色苷和9 种花色苷组分的含量,以及花色苷可提取率。研究表明：赤霞珠葡萄果实成熟期间果皮中总花色苷和可提取花色苷含量逐渐增加,至转色后第6周达到最高,分别为880.29 mg/kg和841.38 mg/kg。果实成熟期间果皮厚度逐渐增加,并与花色苷含量呈极显著正相关（R2=0.568）,与花色苷可提取率呈极显著负相关（R2=－0.475）。表征果皮硬度的参数杨氏模量（Esk）与花色苷含量呈极显著正相关（R2=0.581）,与花色苷可提取率呈显著负相关（R2=－0.609）。果实质构多面分析各参数与果皮花色苷含量和可提取率之间均无相关性。     

贮藏温度对葡萄果实采后抗氧化活性的影响及动力学分析

以"甬优1号"葡萄果实为原料,探讨贮藏温度(273.15、283.15、293.15K)对果肉和果皮总酚、花色苷和抗氧化活性的影响,并应用Gomportz函数模型,对不同温度下葡萄果实贮藏期间抗氧化活性变化的动力学模型进行研究。结果表明,葡萄果实贮藏过程中果肉和果皮中的总酚含量下降,果皮中花色苷含量也呈下降趋势。0℃贮藏可显著抑制果肉和果皮中总酚含量及果皮中花色苷含量下降,保持葡萄果实较高的DPPH自由基清除能力。在Arrhenius动力学方程基础上得出葡萄果实贮藏期间果肉和果皮总酚、花色苷和抗氧化活性变化的速率常数随着贮藏温度的提高而增大,拟合所得总酚、花色苷含量和DPPH自由基清除能力一级动力学模型回归方程的决定系数均大于0.91。由果肉和果皮总酚、花色苷和抗氧化活性预测模型所得各抗氧化指标预测值与实测值之间的平均相对误差均小于10%,表明在贮藏温度273.15～293.15K(0～20℃)范围,可预测葡萄果实采后抗氧化物质含量及抗氧化能力的变化。     

荔枝果皮变色机理的研究

白蜡荔枝研究表明：荔枝果皮花色苷在510nm有最大吸收峰,随着氢离子浓度的降低,花色苷的红色变浅或光谱吸收峰变低,吸收峰消失的临界氢离子浓度为1×10-3．5mol／L。但氢离子浓度在1×10-2～10-3mol／L范围内对多酚化合物的影响不明显。新鲜荔枝在室温放置两天半,果皮外表全部变色。荔枝果皮变色主要由3方面原因引起：1）果皮可滴定酸降低,H＋离子浓度逐渐降低并小于临界值而引起花色苷颜色由深变浅,最终失去红色,它是荔枝初期可逆性变色的重要原因。2）花色苷氧化破坏。3）酶促多酚褐变。     

蓝莓果渣花色苷提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性比较研究

以蓝莓干果渣为原料,酸化乙醇为溶剂,应用超声辅助法提取花色苷,利用pH示差法测定花色苷含量,通过单因素实验和响应面试验优化得出蓝莓干果渣花色苷提取工艺条件,比较相同干重的蓝莓干果渣、湿果渣采用超声辅助提取和无超声辅助工艺得到的提取液的总多酚、花色苷含量及抗氧化活性。结果表明,蓝莓干果渣最佳提取工艺为液料比(31:1)mL/g,乙醇浓度63%,pH2.6,超声功率500 W,提取时间20 min,在此条件下蓝莓果渣提取液中花色苷含量为498.84 mg/100 g。相同原料,超声辅助提取工艺提取液较无超声辅助提取工艺提取液的总多酚和花色苷含量多;相同工艺条件下,相同干重的湿果渣总多酚和花色苷含量较干果渣低,但却拥有更高的抗氧化活性。     

蓝莓、黑莓原果汁及7种天然红色素果汁饮料 产品的比较

目的比较几种蓝莓、黑莓原果汁及天然红色素果汁饮料的品质。方法通过对6品种蓝莓、黑莓果汁出汁率、可溶性固形物、总酸含量、色价、总花色苷含量及花色苷降解指数等品质指标的比较,并制备黑莓果汁饮料,与6种市售蓝莓、桑葚果汁饮料的品质进行比较。结果 6品种原果汁的可溶性固形物含量在8.8%~14.2%范围内,总酸含量在0.447%~1.604%之间,色价为6~45,总花色苷含量在22~83 mg/100 mL之间,花色苷降解指数为1.10~1.23,出汁率为60%~70%,其中园蓝和宝森原果汁的品质较好。7种果汁产品的品质差异较大,其中黑莓果汁饮料的果汁含量30%,色价为3.63±0.050,总花色苷含量6.70±0.019 mg/100 mL,花色苷降解指数1.34,仅次于果汁含量95%的蓝百蓓有机野生蓝莓汁。蓝百蓓野生蓝莓汁和光明桑果汁饮料的品质适中,受欢迎度高。结论原果汁品质从高到低依次为园蓝、宝森、赫尔、切斯特、灿烂、巨蓝;果汁产品品质从高到低依次为蓝百蓓有机野生蓝莓汁、黑莓果汁饮料、光明桑果汁饮料、蓝百蓓野生蓝莓汁、萃雅源蓝莓汁、绿情野生蓝莓汁、金双谷蓝莓汁。     

荔枝皮花色苷体外抗氧化能力研究

为研究荔枝皮色素提取液中花色苷的抗氧化能力,分别测定花色苷的总抗氧化能力(TAC),清除羟自由基、DPPH 自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的能力。结果表明：花色苷具有极佳的抗氧化能力,其对羟自由基、DPPH 自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的半抑制能力IC50 分别为0.69、1.31、1.78mg/L。     

Role of anthocyanins,polyphenol oxidase and phenols in lychee pericarp browning

Postharvest browning of lychee fruits is investigated in relation to anthocyanins, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenols, using a purified PPO, anthocyanin extract and phenolic extract. Lychee PPO cannot oxidise the degradation of anthocyanins, but the presence of phenolic extract stimulates pigment degradation by PPO, leading to the development of brown pigments. The absorbance at 410 nm of the reaction solution is correlated well with the peel browning index. Pyrogallol, catechol and 4‐methylcatechol are good stimulators, but no action with chlorogenic acid, p‐cresol, resorcinol or tyrosine is observed. A decrease in the ascorbic acid content of lychee pericarp is associated with an increase in the peel browning index, and the addition of ascorbic acid to the reaction mixture exerts a preventive action on the anthocyanin degradation. Data here suggest that anthocyanins, PPO and phenols contribute to lychee pericarp browning involved in anthocyanin–PPO–phenol reactions. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of sucrose on the anthocyanin and antioxidant capacity of mulberry extract during high temperature heating

This study aimed to elucidate how sucrose affects the anthocyanin and antioxidant capacity at low pH under high temperature. The interactive role of different sucrose concentrations (20%, 40%, 60%) and pH values (2, 3, 4) on a mulberry anthocyanin model system at different heating times was investigated. A520 (red color) decreased from 0 to 4 h and increased thereafter, degradation index of anthocyanin (DI) increased in the pure anthocyanin system during 68 h of heating. The samples with sucrose showed a DI peak at 17 h, which indicated that severe browning occurred after this period should be along with lower ratio of A420 and A520, and the latter high A520 came from a brown pigment instead of anthocyanin. Furfural content reached a maximum at 26 h during heating, and other caramelization intermediates showed a similar trend during this period. All samples, with or without sucrose, showed increase in polymeric and copigmented anthocyanin and a decrease in the monomeric ones during heating. The browning depends on the pH and sucrose concentration. Samples at pH 2 with higher sucrose showed the most significant browning and the increase of ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) indicated that hydrolysis of sucrose might increase the antioxidant capacity. Further correlation analysis indicated that changes of antioxidant capacity during heating were closely related to the caramelization intermediate developed from sucrose in the sugar added system.     

Quantitative changes in anthocyanin pigments of lychee fruit during refrigerated storage

Changes in cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, malvidin-3-acetylglucoside, total anthocyanins, percent polymeric color and browning indexes in stored lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruits were determined. Total anthocyanin content declined from 1·77 to 0·73 mg/g fresh weight, and individual anthocyanins also decreased throughout the 48-day storage period. Decline in anthocyanins was accompanied by an increase in browning. Polymeric pigments also gradually increased from 20·9 to 53%.     

Role of anthocyanin degradation in litchi pericarp browning

Pericarp browning is the main problem of post-harvest litchi fruit, resulting in an accelerated shelf life and reduced commercial value of the fruit. Underhill and Critchley (1994). Anthocyanin decolorisation and its role in lychee pericarp browning. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 34, 115-122 found that there was not an obvious change in the content of anthocyanins when the fruit browned. This work was conducted with a view to explaining this unexpected observation. Litchi pericarp browning index increased while the content of anthocyanins decreased with storage time when 0.1 M HCl was used as the extract solution instead of acidic methanol. The visible spectum of the anthocyanin extract, at a range of 400–600 nm and pH values of 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0, were recorded, with an absorbance peak of about 510 nm. The colour of the extract depended on the pH values and the half-degradation constants for anthocyanins at pHs 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 were, respectively, 29, 15.3 and 10.5 days, as calculated from the kinetics of the degradation. Compared with the anthocyanin extract, anthocyanidin is more vulnerable, with a half-degradation of about 5.3 min at pH 5.0. Furthermore, the product from the anthocyanidin degradation had a similar structure to catechol (a good substrate for polyphenol oxidase), which, in turn, could accelerate enzymatic browning reaction by the enzyme polyphenol oxidase. In addition, an anthocyanase, catalyzing anthocyanin hydrolysis and producing anthocyanidin was extracted from litchi fruit pericarp. High activity of the enzyme was observed in the pericarp. Thus, it is suggested that anthocyanase might contribute to the browning of litchi pericarp involved in the anthocyanase-anthocyanin-PPO reaction.     

紫色马铃薯花色苷理化性质研究

采用溶剂浸提法提取紫色马铃薯花色苷,研究pH 值、温度、光照对色素的影响,探讨在金属离子、氧化还原剂、防腐剂、食盐、葡萄糖等存在的条件下花色苷的稳定性。结果表明：紫色马铃薯花色苷在可见光范围内的最大吸收波长为536nm,为水溶性色素;70℃以内比较稳定;pH 值对色素有显著影响,在酸性条件下较为稳定;金属离子Al3+、Zn2+、Na+、Ca2+ 对色素色泽无不良影响,而Sn2+、Fe3+ 影响显著;色素耐氧化性、耐还原性差,且光照能加速色素降解;防腐剂、食盐及葡萄糖等常用添加剂对色素无影响。     

Sensory and chemical effects of two alternatives of prefermentative cold soak in Malbec wines during winemaking and bottle ageing

Two alternatives of cold soak (CS), traditional external refrigeration (CS‐T) and use of solid CO₂ (CS‐DI), were evaluated in Malbec wines and contrasted against a control (C) during winemaking and up to 24 months of bottle ageing. Sugar consumption up to 5 g L day^‐1 was observed in CS‐T during the CS period. Both the viability of the population of Saccharomyces and non‐Saccharomyces were maintained during CS. CS‐T was detrimental for the anthocyanin and phenolic content and caused a reduction of absorbance in the visible spectrum of the wines relative to C and CS‐DI. CS‐DI had an early positive effect in the anthocyanin content and chromatic properties, but this effect subsided after 6 months of bottle ageing relative to C. From a sensory standpoint, CS‐T had the lowest colour saturation and a marked acetaldehyde character. CS‐DI wines were the most saturated in colour at press and early ageing, whereas a balsamic‐like aroma developed during bottle ageing. C wines were characterised by red fruits aroma, reduction and astringency early during winemaking, but a decrease in astringency and the reduction character occurred during bottle ageing.     

Anthocyanin Pigments in the Skin of Lychee Fruit

The anthocyanins in the skin of lychee fruit were isolated and purified by Sephadex G-25 and LH-20 gel column chromatography, and Sep-Pak C-18 cartridge. Further separation by HPLC on a C-18 column, on-line spectra by photodiode array detection, and acid and alkali hydrolyses were used for identification. Cyanidin-3-rutinoside was the major anthocyanin found. Cyanidin-3-gIucoside and malvidin-3-ace-tylglucoside were also identified. Polymerized anthocyanin pigment was also present, appearing to contribute to the brownish-red color.     

灭菌和贮藏温度对荔枝汁中多酚化合物组成、含量及其抗氧化活性的影响

以俊红荔枝汁为研究对象,探究不同的灭菌方式（70 ℃和121 ℃）和不同的贮藏温度（4 ℃和45 ℃）对荔枝汁中酚类物质释放的影响。主要测定其酚类物质含量、抗氧化活性和酚类物质组成的变化。结果表明,121 ℃高温灭菌荔枝汁中的酚类物质含量和抗氧化活性显著高于荔枝原汁和70 ℃巴氏杀菌荔枝汁（P<0.05）。贮藏时间为0 h时,高温灭菌荔枝汁的氧化自由基吸收能力（Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity,ORAC）与荔枝原汁和巴氏杀菌荔枝汁相比分别增加了40.24%和39.00%。且在高温灭菌荔枝汁中没食子酸含量显著增加 （P<0.05）,没食子儿茶素大量生成,其中没食子儿茶素的含量约占121 ℃热处理荔枝汁中酚类化合物的91.74%。4 ℃和45 ℃贮藏条件对于荔枝汁中酚类化合物含量的变化有显著影响,其中荔枝原汁和巴氏杀菌荔枝汁在45 ℃贮藏条件下,酚类物质含量显著增加（P<0.05）,而高温灭菌荔枝汁中酚类物质含量则显著降低（P<0.05）。综上,热处理和高温贮藏对荔枝汁中酚类化合物含量的变化具有显著影响,热处理能够促进荔枝汁中酚类物质的释放进而提高其抗氧化活性。     

热和紫外辐照对红莓花色苷稳定性的影响

研究了热和紫外辐照对红莓花色苷提取物稳定性的影响。结果表明,红莓花色苷受热(45～75℃)影响发生降解,其含量及红值均发生显著下降,75℃受热10h条件下,花色苷残留率仅为74 93% ,红值保留率为83 0 3% ,色泽变化(△E)为2 4 6 16。并发现红莓花色苷受热降解的反应符合一级反应动力学,其相关系数为0 984 7。通过对降解自由能的比较发现,红莓花色苷(E0 =8 33×10 4kJ/mol)比杨梅花色苷(E0 =343 4 6 4kJ/mol)有更好的热稳定性。2 5 4nm下的紫外辐照也会影响红莓花色苷的稳定性,但其表现的降解趋势与受热降解不同。