Numerical modelling of in situ stress calculation using borehole slotter test

Accurate determination of in situ stress magnitude and orientation is an essential element of the design process of all underground openings. A stress calculation method was proposed for the new stress measurement technique using the borehole slotter device. Two major objectives were the focus of this research work. The first goal was to simulate the slotter test process numerically and delve into the mechanisms involved in this test. A precise 3D numerical model of a typical slotter test condition was constructed using the FLAC3D code. The effects of variations in rock mass deformation modulus on the strain/stress relieve, and thus borehole slotter test results, were investigated numerically. The second objective of the work was to employ 3D modelling in the interpretation of slotter field tests conducted at Bakhtiari dam site. These tests were aimed at determining the stress magnitude and orientation to be used in the design of underground chambers and tunnels associated with Bakhtiari dam. The stress regimes measured in field were applied as boundary condition on the constructed 3D model and a backward analysis was conducted. For each case the actual strain field measured was compared against strain field calculated numerically. Accordingly, the boundary condition (stress magnitude and orientation) associated with the model results that provided the best fit to the measured data was determined as the governing stress regime. A good agreement was achieved between numerical and field test results. The obtained numerical results provided valuable insights in selecting the governing in situ stress condition from a set of recorded field data.     

三维地应力BWSRM测量新方法及其测井机器人在重大工程中的应用

地壳上层岩体的应力状态是地壳最重要的性质之一,获取岩体应力状态最直接、可靠的手段是原位地应力测量.首先简要回顾地应力测量的研究历程及其发展现状,分析岩石力学与工程中常用的几种地应力测量方法和技术.重点介绍钻孔局部壁面应力解除法(BWSRM)这一新的三维地应力测量方法的原理,以及基于BWSRM的地应力测井机器人研制过程和...     

双轮铣槽机在地下连续墙施工中的应用

介绍了双轮铣槽机特有的工作特性、成槽质量控制以及在地下连续墙施工中的应用,实践证明,采用双轮铣槽机成槽,除了具有较高的垂直度,无需扩孔外,还可续槽,保证各槽段间的接头具有更好的防渗能力。     

Measurement of in-situ stress in weak rocks at Mont Terri Rock Laboratory, Switzerland

In-situ stress measurements in weak rocks, such as clay shales, that respond strongly to environmental changes are particularly difficult. An extensive in-situ stress measurement program has been conducted at the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory in Northwestern Switzerland. Hydraulic fracturing, Undercoring around a 600-mm-diameter borehole using CSIRO triaxial strain cells and the Borehole Slotter were used to establish the state of stress for the Opalinus Clay at this location. Conflicting orientations and magnitudes resulted from the measurement programs. Three dimensional elastic modelling was used in conjunction with tunnel and borehole observations to establish the most likely stress tensor. A stress measurement program using a borehole deformation gauge is currently underway to check the stress tensor resulting from the observational modelling.     

一种测定深部岩体地应力的新方法——钻孔局部壁面应力全解除法

简要回顾了基于钻孔进行地应力测量的几种方法，并指出了这些方法自身存在的局限性。提出了一种测定深部岩体地应力的新方法-钻孔局部壁面应力全解除法。该方法的明显优点是，不需要套钻，而且在确定地应力的主值及其方向时也不需要作任何假定。从理论上讲，该方法将不受测量深度的限制，对于深钻孔是普遍适用的，这将为大陆科学钻探计划中深部岩体地应力测量提供一种新途径。     

单钻孔中水压致裂法三维地应力测量的新进展

由于测量深度深和其他突出优点,水压致裂法地应力测量已被国内外广泛应用,但以往只能测量钻孔横截面上的二维地应力状态。长江科学院在国内率先提出在3个不同方向钻孔中和单钻孔中进行三维地应力测量的原理和方法,扩大其应用范围,并已在工程中得到广泛应用。近期,长江科学院又提出新的单钻孔水压致裂法三维地应力测量原理,只需选择2个或2个以上原生裂隙段进行重张试验的测量,或者在完整岩体段常规压裂试验的同时,选择1个或1个以上原生裂隙段进行重张试验的测量,就可确定岩体的三维地应力状态,并且可以应用到深钻孔的测量中,在工程上有广泛的应用前景。对该测量方法资料整理的计算公式严格进行推导,在实例中,三维地应力测量的测量成果,不仅得到水压致裂法钻孔横截面上实测的二维应力状态的检验,还得到同一钻孔对应深度的套芯应力解除法实测的三维地应力状态的印证。     

Laboratory and field verification of a new approach to stress measurements using a dilatometer tool

A new method is proposed for in-situ stress measurements. The stresses are estimated from the borehole pressure required to open axial fractures emanating from the borehole, similar to hydrofracture stress measurements. However, the borehole is pressurized by inflation of a dilatometer, such as a packer and a sleeve, and the borehole pressure to reopen the fractures is detected from circumferential deformation of the borehole. The fractures are induced by hydraulic fracturing or sleeve fracturing in advance. To demonstrate this method, we developed a new dilatometer tool. The tool consists essentially of a packer around which deformation transducers sensitive to circumferential strain are affixed at 10°–30° intervals. The packer is inflated to touch the borehole wall, and then the packer pressure is increased step-wise and the resultant strains recorded. Initially, the circumferential strain developed around the borehole is radially symmetric. However, this becomes strongly asymmetric once the fractures begin to open. Thus, the records of strain at different locations around the borehole indicate both the reopening pressure and the orientation of fractures. In the case of a vertical borehole, the detected reopening pressure allows us to estimate the maximum horizontal stress on condition that the minimum horizontal stress is estimated using other approaches.     

窄缝局部应力解除和窄缝弹性模量试验拓宽应用的研究

 在地下洞室稳定分析中,洞室横截面关键部位岩壁上的围岩应力状态是至关重要的,通常由地应力测量和计算分析得到。但地应力测量费工费时,尤其在高地应力地区地应力测量比较困难,不易获得可靠的地应力实测资料,因此在地下洞室稳定性分析中往往缺乏重要依据。而评价洞室稳定性关键性资料是它横截面上洞壁的围岩应力状态。建议在洞壁上采用窄缝局部应力解除法测量洞壁关键部位的应力状态,只要在洞壁待测部位凿3个以上不同方向的窄缝槽,测量由凿槽引起的变形,就可测定此洞壁关键部位上的二维应力状态。在现场窄缝法岩体弹模试验后,拓宽应用它的试验成果,也即在试验中,设想继续提高埋设在窄缝槽中压力钢枕的压力,直到它引起的位移抵消由凿槽引起的位移,测得假设的窄缝槽中垂线上法向应力,然后推求洞壁上围岩应力,作为由窄缝局部应力解除法测定的洞壁围岩应力的补充,并进行相互印证。在工程应用实例中获得较好的效果。     

深孔空心包体法地应力测量仪及其应用实例

 介绍用于深孔地应力测量的深孔空心包体法地应力测量仪的组成结构及辅助工具,并给出该仪器的应用实例。传统的应力解除仪器只适用于浅孔,不适用于深孔。深孔空心包体地应力测量仪将原来井上应变仪、井下空心包体应变计、电子罗盘等集成于一体,制成无电缆微型探头,测量时将微型探头安装到孔内预定位置进行测量。用该仪器在上海市浦东地震监测中心张江观测孔进行实际应用,获得365和385 m深处的三维地应力实测数据,测量结果显示张江观测孔最大主应力近水平,方向为近EW向,最大主应力值为8. 5～9.0 MPa,最小主应力近于铅直,大小与上覆岩层压力相近。实测表明深孔空心包体地应力测量仪适用于深孔三维地应力测量。     

过瓦斯钻孔基岩段井壁的受力实测及分析

本文介绍了过瓦斯钻孔基岩段井壁受力实测方法及分析,其中对应力、应变与位移的监测结果,采取科学的数据处理,从而对支护结构的稳定性进行分析,掌握了瓦斯钻排孔基岩段井壁钢筋应力、混凝土应变的变化规律。通过井壁的受力实测及分析,实现了井壁的信息化施工,提高了井壁施工的安全性。     

梅山铁矿地应力测量结果及其分析

梅山铁矿地应力测量采用应力解除法和改进型空心包体应力计，测量获得矿区３个水平８个测点的三维地应力大小和方向，并通过统计分析得出矿区地应力场分布的基本规律。实测结果与依据构造线推测的矿区构造应力场状态基本一致。     

Optimized back analysis method for stress determination based on identification of local stress measurements and its application

This paper presents an optimization method, including the identification of local stress measurements and a two-stage back analysis, to determine in situ stress under complex conditions. Firstly, the macro-regional distribution characteristics of in situ stress can be interpreted by analyzing regional geological conditions, topography, as well as rock mass failure phenomena. Then, a stereographic projection method (SPM) is used to determine the distribution features of stress tensor on an arbitrary plane. On this basis, some representative measured data, which can reflect the distribution characteristics of in situ stress in the study area can be identified. After that, a first-stage back analysis by finite difference method (FDM) is used to calculate the field stresses from the selected in situ measured data. The obtained boundary stresses are taken to consist of a constant term, a term that varies linearly with depth, and a hyperbolic term. Further, a second-stage back analysis by discrete element method (DEM) is carried out to determine the local field stresses which are significantly affected by discontinuities and excavations. The FDM back analysis results can serve as the initial input stress conditions for DEM analysis, and the optimum stress conditions for DEM analysis will be reasonably obtained by using the uniform design method through the second-stage back analysis. To show the feasibility of the optimized method, it is applied to the Wudongde Hydropower Station to determine in situ stress. Based on local stress measurements by borehole stress relief method using hollow inclusion strain gauges, some representative measured data are selected by SPM. The unknown state of stress in the station is estimated through the first-stage back analysis by FDM. For some local key areas, encountered discontinuities or excavations in the vicinity, the local field stresses are calculated through the second-stage back analysis by DEM. Finally, the results are compared with those elicited from the borehole stress relief method. It is shown that the calculated results by the first-stage back analysis agree well with the measured ones on the whole, but the discrepancy is large in the vicinity of discontinuities as well as excavation disturbance. However, the calculated results by the second-stage back analysis roughly coincide with the measured data with lower allowable error.

     

水压致裂法三维地应力测量及其修正和工程应用

叙述了水压致裂法三维地应力测量在水布垭枢纽中的具体应用,并对经典理论( 钻孔轴向就是地应力的一个主方向的假定) 整理的实测成果,进行了修正     

Measurement of local stress and estimation of regional stress associated with stability assessment of an open-pit rock slope

This paper discusses the concept of a new methodology for rock slope stability assessment. Then, results on rock stress measurement using the compact conical-ended borehole overcoring (CCBO) technique at Torigata limestone mine in Japan are presented. A procedure for back analysis of the regional strain and stress field with the 3-D finite element method, using the measured local stress, is suggested and demonstrated successfully in relation to Torigata limestone mine. Finally, to estimate the state of stress at the mine excavation level, 3-D finite element analyses were performed using boundary conditions from the analyzed regional strain and stress field. It is shown that the horizontal stress at the present excavation level is not reduced, and that the horizontal stress component cannot be disregarded in estimating the stability of rock slopes at this location, even though the mine is located near the top of a mountain.     

应用水压致裂法测量三维地应力的几个问题

以新疆某抽水蓄能电站地下厂房区地应力实测资料为基础,探讨了当前应用水压致裂法测量三维地应力存在的几个问题,提出了孔壁出现倾斜水压破裂时计算三维地应力的简便方法,并对水压致裂三维地应力测量方法的应用前景进行了讨论。     

单孔复合型锚杆锚固体应力分布特征研究

结合某工程深基坑边墙单孔复合型锚杆施工,选取4根锚杆作为试验锚杆,通过在锚固体范围埋设多个应变测试元件,对锚固体在不同张拉载荷条件下的应力分布状态进行了现场测试研究.根据单孔复合型锚杆的结构特点,对代表性锚固体建立有限元数值模型,并对锚固体的应力-应变特征进行了数值分析.根据现场测试和数值分析结果,对单孔复合型锚杆锚固体的应力分布规律和锚固机理进行了研究.     

Filtration of cement-based grouts measured using a long slot

Penetrability of cement-based grout is an important issue when sealing the rock around tunnels and measurement of this property of the grout is needed for designing the grouting process and the development of grout. This paper investigates plug-building or the filtration process in a long slot where a slot constriction is placed relatively far from both the “borehole” and the end of the slot. In this slot, a certain shear stress develops before and after a constriction, which may influence plug-building at the constriction. This method is also compared with short slot and penetrability meter. The smallest groutable fracture for all three measured grouts is reasonably close to 75 μm. Measurements using the long slot showed better penetrability results compared to the short slot and the penetrability meter. The short slot is more practical and gives reasonably good results. The penetrability meter underestimates the penetrability of the grouts.     

Quality control of overcoring stress measurement data

The in situ state of stress is one of the key rock mechanics factors related to the safety and stability of underground excavations for civil and mining engineering purposes. However, measurement and interpretation of stress have their difficulties. In particular, practical and objective tools have not been developed to judge transient strain behaviour during overcoring. The work described in this paper was set up by the nuclear waste management companies Posiva Oy (Finland) and Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB (Sweden) to improve the quality of interpretation of overcoring stress measurement results. Thus, the primary product of the project is a quality control capability for overcoring stress measurement data. For this purpose, a computer program was developed which can simulate the transient strains and stresses during the overcoring process for any in situ stress and coring load conditions. The solution is based on superposition of elastic stresses and the basic idea can be applied for different overcoring probes with minor modifications and recalculation of stress tensors. The measured strains can be compared to the calculated ones to check whether the measured transient behaviour accords with the interpreted in situ state of stress. If not, the in situ state of stress can be calculated based on any transient or final strain values. The transient stresses can also be compared to a strength envelope of intact rock and thereby the core damage potential can be estimated.     

考虑应力梯度的原生裂隙水压致裂法地应力测量的原理及工程应用

介绍原生裂隙水压致裂法地应力测量的原理及其与经典水压致裂法的异同之处，并探讨在单钻孔中考虑沿铅直钻孔轴向应力梯度的应力场的反演方法。在求解某液化石油气地下储备库工程应力场的过程中，假定区域应力场在拟建洞室附近的小区间内呈线性关系，并将参考点选在洞室附近某点，与前人将参考点选在地面并假定区域应力场从地面至钻孔底部整个深度区间内呈线性关系的研究成果相比，无疑使得计算结果更趋合理。同时将遗传算法应用于求解应力场任意一点的完全应力张量，得到比较满意的结果。     

Reinforcement loads in geosynthetic walls and the case for a new working stress design method

The paper provides a synthesis of work by the writers that has the objective of developing a new working stress method for the calculation of reinforcement loads in geosynthetic reinforced soil walls. As a precursor to this objective, careful back-analyses of a database of instrumented and monitored full-scale field and laboratory walls are used to demonstrate that the current American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Simplified Method used in North America results in excessively conservative estimates of the volume of reinforcement required to generate satisfactory long-term wall performance. The new design method captures the essential contributions of the different wall components and properties to reinforcement loads. The method is calibrated against measured in situ wall reinforcement loads using a careful interpretation of reinforcement strains and the conversion of strain to load using a suitably selected reinforcement stiffness value. A novel feature of the method is to design the wall reinforcement so that the soil within the wall backfill is prevented from reaching a failure limit state, consistent with the notion of working stress conditions.