高速动车组接地技术分析和研究

介绍了高速动车组整车接地的必要性及其接地方式,重点对中国现有动车组的工作接地与保护接地的集中接地、分散接地方式进行了对比,同时对CRH3型动车组接地参数进行了统计和计算分析,为动车组接地的工程设计提供了依据及解决方案。     

新疆下坂地水电站的接地系统设计

针对新疆下坂地水电站枢纽布置特点．全厂接地网分为电站厂房接地系统和枢纽接地系统。结合电站接地设计与计算情况．对水电站接地网的布置原则、人地电流、接地电阻的计算及在高电阻率地区使用水下接地网、深井接地降低接地电阻的应用情况进行了简要分析。同时简要介绍了一些特殊设备的接地和电位隔离措施。     

对《起重机械定期检验规则》接地条款的理解和检验

1．1《检规》的规定TSGQ7015—2008《起重机械定期检验规则》（简称《检规》）B732规定：金属结构接地的检查形式，用接地电阻测量仪测量接地电阻。测量重复接地电阻时。应当把零线从接地装置上断开。其合格标准为：当起重机械供电电源为中性点直接接地的低压系统时，整体金属结构的接地型式采用TN或者TT接地系统，零线非重复接地的接地电阻不大于4Ω，零线重复接地的接地电阻不大于10Ω。     

输电线路杆塔接地网典型接地材料散流特性研究

锰铜、圆钢及石墨复合接地材料作为输电线路杆塔接地网常见的三种接地材料,因材料本身电磁参数的不同使得接地体工频与冲击散流特性有区别。为此针对三种典型接地材料,采用软件CDEGS对3种接地体进行仿真建模计算,分别对比分析了3种常见金属及非金属接地材料在不同频率、不同土壤条件及不同直径下的接地散流特性,阐述了接地体散流特性对接地阻抗的影响并给出结论,研究结果为输电线路杆塔接地网选材及外延降阻设计提供参考依据。     

变电站接地网材料选型与接地参数计算

变电站接地网是维护站内大型电力设备及运行人员安全的可靠保证与重要基础设施。大部分变电站在验收时,因跨步电压、接触电压等接地参数测量过程复杂,一般仅测量接地电阻值而忽略其他接地参数的测量。因此,为区别几种常见接地材料在变电站应用时的接地特性,通过仿真计算量化分析了土壤电阻率和接地面积对不同接地参数的影响规律。根据计算结果提出不同材料的变电站接地网在设计与施工时的安全防护措施,为变电站接地网设计与材料选型提供了理论参考。     

发电机转子动态接地的检查处理

介绍了新丰江发电有限责任公司3~#发电机发生转子动态接地故障的经过,转子动态接地故障的查找。本文重点介绍了新丰江发电有限责任公司3~#发电机转子发生接地后怎样动态查找接地点的方法,分析发电机转子发生动态接地的原因,研究排除接地故障的措施。     

某项目发电机中性点接地方式及接地装置选型

通过对非洲某国电站发电机的中性点接地方式进行分析,对发电机中性点接地变压器的选型进行了工程计算,指出发电机中性点接地变压器的参数选择须与发电机定子接地保护相配合。在发电机定子绕组绝缘有较高安全系数的情况下,接地电阻的选取应主要满足限制接地故障电流及与定子接地保护配合的需要。     

提高大型接地网接地阻抗测量准确性的方法和措施

结合500 kV双龙变电所接地网接地阻抗现场测试实例,分析了各种影响大型接地网接地阻抗测量准确性的因素,其中测量引线间互感是影响大型接地网接地阻抗测量结果准确性的最主要因素,并提出了提高大型接地网接地阻抗测量准确性的方法和措施.     

水平接地体的雷电冲击特性研究

为研究雷电流经水平接地体时的冲击特性,采用电磁暂态计算程序(ATP-EMTP)仿真法对水平接地体在脉冲电流下的冲击特性进行分析,得出接地体的几何尺寸和土壤电阻率对冲击接地特性的影响。探讨了冲击电流和接地体电位达到峰值的时间差与接地体尺寸、土壤电阻率的关系。仿真结果表明:冲击接地电阻的大小随接地体尺寸的增加而减小,趋势渐缓,直至稳定;冲击接地电阻大小与土壤电阻率成正比。     

基于平面复合降阻材料的杆塔基础接地降阻研究

杆塔基础自然接地作为输电线路重要的接地装置,能减少外延接地及降阻施工成本。针对特高压输电线路杆塔基础接地提出基于平面复合降阻材料的塔基外敷接地降阻策略,首先,采用CDEGS仿真计算软件建立特高压杆塔单根浇注桩接地计算模型,分析均匀土壤、多层土壤、混合土壤三种条件下的外敷接地降阻效果;然后,通过单个塔基外敷计算模型分析外敷材料不同敷设方式的降阻效率;最后,计算完整杆塔基础外敷接地降阻效率和散流分布特征,并与水平人工外延接地降阻方式进行对比。结果表明,外敷接地降阻效率与土壤条件、敷设位置等因素有关,在高土壤电阻率条件下,塔基外敷接地降阻效率超过22%,与水平人工外延接地相比,塔基外敷接地降阻的散流比超过96%,接地材料利用率高,可减少征地和二次接地施工成本。     

A new formulation for rotor equivalent wind speed for wind resource assessment and wind power forecasting

The spurt of growth in the wind energy industry has led to the development of many new technologies to study this energy resource and improve the efficiency of wind turbines. One of the key factors in wind farm characterization is the prediction of power output of the wind farm that is a strong function of the turbulence in the wind speed and direction. A new formulation for calculating the expected power from a wind turbine in the presence of wind shear, turbulence, directional shear and direction fluctuations is presented. It is observed that wind shear, directional shear and direction fluctuations reduce the power producing capability, while turbulent intensity increases it. However, there is a complicated superposition of these effects that alters the characteristics of the power estimate that indicates the need for the new formulation. Data from two field experiments is used to estimate the wind power using the new formulation, and results are compared to previous formulations. Comparison of the estimates of available power from the new formulation is not compared to actual power outputs and will be a subject of future work. © 2015 The Authors. Wind Energy published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风资源评价中风切变指数的研究

通过分析现行风资源评价中关于风切变指数的计算和表达方式,提出了几种新的风切变指数计算和表示方法,并从局部和整体对风切变指数进行描述。通过比较不同计算方法的标准差和偏离系数等统计指标,发现分速度段计算的不同高度层的风切变指数精度较高,而采用指数律计算的整体风切变指数具有可信度高和结果稳定的特点。文章进一步地明确了风切变指数的物理含义,详细地描述了风切变年平均结果、日变化和月变化。     

老爷庙风电场风能资源评价

本文利用老爷庙风电场2001年4月～2002年4月逐时平均风向、风速资料，对老爷庙风电场的风能资源各参数进行了计算和分析，并与附近星子气象站累年或同期资料进行比较，对老爷庙风电场风能资源进行评价。     

Analysis and suppression measures of lightning transient overvoltage in the signal cable of wind turbines

Lightning strikes are a major threat to the secure operation of wind turbines. When lightning strikes a wind turbine, the lightning current flows through the blade and the tower and then the induced overvoltage will damage sensors and signal cables. In this study, a comprehensive transient surge impedance model of a wind turbine was built to analyze the causes of the overvoltage in the signal cable. The model that studies the overvoltage caused by both capacitive coupling and electromagnetic induction included the blade, nacelle, tower, signal cable, power cable, and grounding system using π networks. The influences of the cable shielding layer, soil resistivity, and lightning current waveform on the overvoltage were also analyzed. Then, 2 overvoltage suppression measures, ie, grounding at 2 ends of the outer shielding layer and installation of a surge protective device, were tested. Results show that a signal cable with double shielding layers reduced the overvoltage in the signal cable, and higher soil resistivity resulted in increased voltage on the tower base. In addition, the peak and the front time of the lightning current significantly influenced the overvoltage on the tower and the cable. The effectiveness of the 2 suppression measures was also verified. The calculation results will provide guidance for a reasonable lightning protection design.     

风切变对大直径风力机风轮输出功率影响的初探

以风切变幂指数为0．14的风廓线模型进行了风轮输出功率计算,并与以风轮中心风速计算风轮功率进行了对比分析,指出风切变对风轮输出功率的影响不容忽视。     

风电场微观选址及发电量预测的探讨

对风资源评估、选址地面情况和风机位置的排布等影响风电场微观选址的因素进行了分析.阐述了风电场发电量的预测方法,通过实例说明如何使用相关软件来预测风电场发电量,并根据预测结果对风电场微观选址注意事项进行了探讨.     

Offshore wind resource estimation from satellite SAR wind field maps

A wind resource estimation study based on a series of 62 satellite wind field maps is presented. The maps were retrieved from imaging synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. The wind field maps were used as input to the software RWT, which calculates the offshore wind resource based on spatial averaging (footprint modelling) of the wind statistic in each satellite image. The calculated statistics can then be input to the program WA^sP and used in lieu of in‐situ observations by meteorological instruments. A regional wind climate map based on satellite SAR images delineates significant spatial wind speed variations. The site of investigation was Horns Rev in the North Sea, where a meteorological time series is used for comparison. The advantages and limitations of these new techniques, which seem particularly useful for mapping of the regional wind climate, are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic models of wind farms with fixed speed wind turbines

The increasing wind power penetration on power systems requires the development of adequate wind farms models for representing the dynamic behaviour of wind farms on power systems. The behaviour of a wind farm can be represented by a detailed model including the modelling of all wind turbines and the wind farm electrical network. But this detailed model presents a high order model if a wind farm with high number of wind turbines is modelled and therefore the simulation time is long. The development of equivalent wind farm models enables the model order and the computation time to be reduced when the impact of wind farms on power systems is studied. In this paper, equivalent models of wind farms with fixed speed wind turbines are proposed by aggregating wind turbines into an equivalent wind turbine that operates on an equivalent wind farm electrical network. Two equivalent wind turbines have been developed: one for aggregated wind turbines with similar winds, and another for aggregated wind turbines under any incoming wind, even with different incoming winds.The proposed equivalent models provide high accuracy for representing the dynamic response of wind farm on power system simulations with an important reduction of model order and simulation time compare to that of the complete wind farm modelled by the detailed model.     

风电机组载荷计算的外部风速条件模拟研究

针对大型风力发电机组设计中的风速条件进行了模拟研究,利用Bladed软件进行了仿真和载荷计算,研究内容包括风切变、塔影、上风向尾流、三维湍流、瞬时风速等建模问题.结合沈阳工业大学承担"863"项目--SUT-1000 MW级变速恒频风电机组的研制,进行了IEC标准下各级负载级别的载荷计算.     

风特性对风力发电机组输出功率的影响

为了准确研究不同类型的风速对并网风电机组输出功率的影响,建立了并网风力发电机模型和不同类型风速的模型。在不同类型风速的扰动下,对异步风电机输出功率的波动进行了仿真分析;针对引起功率振荡最严重的阵风,进行了不同频率的阵风扰动下风电机组功率振荡的比较,对阵风扰动下风电机组间的相互影响进行了仿真分析。结果表明,在相同幅值的扰动下,阵风引起的风电机组功率振荡最严重,机组功率振荡情况与阵风扰动的频率有关,单台机组在阵风扰动下产生的振荡对其他机组也会产生一定的影响。