微波辐射制备淀粉接枝共聚高吸水树脂研究进展？

综述了微波辐射下五种淀粉接枝共聚高吸水树脂的制备研究进展,包括淀粉接枝丙烯腈类高吸水树脂、淀粉接枝丙烯酸类高吸水树脂、淀粉接枝多元单体类高吸水树脂、淀粉系列互穿网络高吸水树脂、无机复合淀粉接枝高吸水树脂等;指出了微波辐射制备淀粉接枝共聚高吸水树脂的研究中,几个需要加强的研究方向：加强理论研究与实践研究的相互促进,开发新型无机矿物复合淀粉接枝共聚高吸水树脂等。     

淀粉与乙烯基单体的接枝共聚改性

评述了丙烯腈、丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸、丙烯酸酯类及苯乙烯等几种较常见的乙烯基单体与淀粉的接枝共聚反应,重点讨论了淀粉糊化、引发剂和单体的浓度、种类及配比、反应温度、时间等因素对接枝共聚反应的影响,同时介绍了淀粉与乙烯基单体接枝共聚物的应用。     

淀粉接枝共聚物制备及应用研究综述

淀粉与乙烯基单体接枝共聚是淀粉改性的重要方法。淀粉接枝共聚物具有合成与天然高分子的优良性能,如塑化成膜性、超强吸水性、絮凝性、粘合性等。它在高吸水材料、生物降解塑料、造纸工业添加剂、环境废水处理等领域有着广泛的应用。综述了淀粉接枝共聚物的制备及应用研究,并从工业化的角度对科研开发工作提出了几点建议。     

淀粉接枝系列高吸水树脂γ-射线引发制备研究进展

综述了通过γ-射线辐射引发溶液聚合、反向悬浮聚合等方式制备合成淀粉接枝系列高吸水树脂的研究进展。指出了在γ-射线引发制备淀粉接枝系列高吸水树脂的研究中需要加强的几个方向:重视反相乳液聚合、反相悬浮聚合方式的应用;开发新型无机矿物复合淀粉接枝共聚高吸水树脂。     

淀粉接枝改性研究进展

综述了淀粉接枝改性的研究进展。着重评述了淀粉接枝改性原理和工艺条件,并阐述了接枝淀粉在高分子降解材料、高吸水树脂及絮凝剂等方面应用的新进展,指出了未来接枝改性淀粉的研究重点。     

淀粉接枝丙烯酰胺的制备及其在造纸污水处理中的应用

以淀粉、丙烯酰睦、甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵为主要原料制备了高淀粉含量的淀粉接枝丙烯酰胺和阳离子改性淀粉接枝丙烯酰胺两种絮凝剂,探讨了单体浓度、引发剂浓度、糊化温度、接枝反应时间、接枝反应温度对单体转化率和淀粉含量的影响。将这两种絮凝剂应用于造纸污水的处理,并与几种市售的工业用聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂进行对比,发观两种絮凝剂均具有优异的絮凝效果。     

变性淀粉—丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物的制备及其对瓦楞纸的增强作用

以硝酸铈为引发剂，合成了氧化淀粉及可溶性淀粉等变性淀粉与丙烯酰胺的接枝共聚物，详细考察了引发剂用量及淀粉性质对单体转化率和接枝率的影响。结果发现，用氧化淀粉，可溶性淀粉等变性淀粉与丙烯酰胺接枝共聚，可获得比原淀粉高得多的单体转化率和接枝率。在瓦楞纸中的使用表明，添加０．５％的氧化淀粉一丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物可使瓦楞纸的环压强度增加５２％。     

反应挤出熔融接枝改性淀粉/PE-LD发泡材料的制备及性能研究

将热塑性淀粉分别与6种小分子单体及引发剂熔融挤出制备接枝改性淀粉。红外光谱和接枝率的研究表明,采用熔融挤出接枝的方法可以使小分子单体与淀粉发生接枝反应,丙烯酸与淀粉的接枝率最高为2.4%;采用XRD、哈克流变仪和偏光显微镜等分析了熔融接枝改性淀粉/低密度聚乙烯(PE-LD)共混物的结晶性能、流动性能和发泡性能。结果表明,接枝改性增加了淀粉和 PE-LD 的相容性,使淀粉基发泡材料的密度降低、泡孔均匀度提高,其中用丙烯酸接枝的淀粉/PE-LD 发泡材料的各项性能均较好,丙烯酸的最佳用量为3份。     

淀粉接枝共聚改性研究进展

接枝共聚淀粉是一种新型功能性材料。介绍了接枝共聚改性淀粉的应用,从微波辐射技术、微波聚合技术紫外光技术的应用和复合引发剂的应用、新的乳液聚合方法应用等方面详细综述了淀粉接枝共聚改性研究的进展。指出了未来接枝改性淀粉的研究重点。     

淀粉反相乳液法三元接枝共聚改性研究与表征

以丙烯酰胺(AM)和丙烯酸(AA)为接枝单体,采用反相乳液聚合技术对木薯淀粉进行接枝共聚改性,生成淀粉-丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸三元接枝共聚物(St-g-AM/AA)。考察反应温度和时间、引发剂和单体浓度、单体配比等因素对淀粉三元接枝共聚反应过程的影响规律,并通过红外光谱等表征共聚物结构。实验结果显示:引发剂浓度、单体浓度和单体比、反应温度和时间等因素对三元接枝共聚改性反应影响显著;红外光谱和电镜扫描表征证明接枝共聚反应发生在淀粉颗粒表面,经三元接枝共聚反应淀粉已被AM和AA成功改性。     

Swelling and rheology of saponified starch–g–polyacrylonitrile copolymers. Effect of starch granule pretreatment and grafted chain length

A series of well-characterized starch–g–polyacrylonitrile (PAN) graft copolymers was prepared from corn starch which had been heated in water at temperatures up to 94°C to vary the extent of starch granule swelling and disruption. Graft polymerization onto gelatinized starch gave less frequent grafting of higher molecular weight PAN than comparable graft polymerizations onto ungelatinized starch. A graft copolymer was also prepared from gelatinized starch under high dilution conditions to give lower molecular weight grafted PAN and more frequent grafting. Graft copolymers were then saponified with sodium hydroxide to convert nitrile substituents to a mixture of carboxamide and sodium carboxylate. Saponified graft copolymers were only partially water soluble and consisted largely of highly swollen, insoluble gel, which was separated from solubles for the study of physical properties. Saponification mixtures were also dried to yield highly absorbent polymer films. With the exception of the graft copolymer prepared under high dilution conditions, the physical properties of saponified graft copolymers depended on whether or not the granules of starch were gelatinized before graft polymerization. Compared with saponified graft copolymers derived from ungelatinized starch, those prepared from gelatinized starch gave films that absorbed larger amounts of aqueous fluids. Also, the gel fractions from these saponified gelatinized polymers exhibited higher water swelling, lower shear modulus, and a lower reduced viscosity function (η/cQ). The saponified graft copolymer prepared from gelatinized starch under high dilution conditions more closely resembled those prepared from ungelatinized starch, suggesting that molecular weight of grafted PAN and the grafting frequency rather than starch granule pretreatment might be the most important factor which influences properties.     

Synthesis and property characterization of cassava starch grafted poly[acrylamide-co-(maleic acid)] superabsorbent via γ-irradiation

Graft copolymerizations of acrylamide and maleic acid onto cassava starch by a simultaneous irradiation technique using γ-rays as an initiator were carried out. Various important parameters of total dose, dose rate, monomer-to-cassava starch ratio and maleic acid content were studied. Addition of 2% w w⁻¹ diprotic acid of maleic acid into the reaction mixture yields a saponified starch graft copolymer with a water absorption in distilled water as high as 2256 g g⁻¹ of its dried weight. The water absorption of these saponified graft copolymers in saline and buffer solutions was also measured. The water absorption depends largely on the cationic type and concentration of these solutions in terms of ionic strength. This research explains a charge transfer mechanism for graft copolymerization of maleic acid and acrylamide onto cassava starch, and describes the influential parameters that affect grafting efficiency and water absorption.     

淀粉基木材胶黏剂的制备与性能

以玉米淀粉为接枝骨架,过硫酸铵为引发剂,与接枝单体乙酸乙烯酯-丙烯酸丁酯进行接枝共聚反应,制取淀粉基木材胶黏剂。对得到的淀粉接枝共聚物进行了表征分析及性能研究。IR谱图表明,样品除了保持淀粉的特征吸收峰外,在1730—1740cm。之间出现了羰基特征吸收峰。X-粉末衍射图表明,样品多为弥散峰,证明淀粉接枝共聚物基本为少量结晶态与无定形态共存的结构。TG、DTA曲线证实了接枝共聚反应的发生,且淀粉接枝共聚物的热稳定性优于纯玉米淀粉。性能测试结果表明,制备的胶黏剂具有较好的高温稳定性、粘接性,各项指标已达到了国家标准HG／T2727—95中聚乙酸乙烯酯木材胶黏剂的性能指标,特别是压缩剪切干强度远远超过了国家标准。     

氨基改性淀粉重金属废水处理剂的制备及应用

以木薯淀粉为原料,通过乳液聚合法制备淀粉与甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯（GMA）接枝共聚物,再进行改性可得具有螯合效果的氨基改性淀粉（AMS）。研究了氨基改性淀粉在单一离子的不同条件下对模拟废水重金属离子的去除效果和在实际电镀废水中的应用效果以及其循环再生性。结果表明：在单一离子溶液中,温度对重金属的去除无明显影响,pH值、氨基改性淀粉用量和去除时间对去除率影响较明显;经过改性淀粉的处理,实际废水中的重金属离子去除率接近100%,达到国家排放标准。     

淀粉丙烯酸接枝共聚吸水性树脂的研究进展

基于淀粉丙烯酸接枝共聚作为吸水性树脂具有环保和可生物降解的优良特性 ,目前 ,人们普遍关注的是如何提高其吸水性 ,抗温性 ,控制水份释放 ,压力下保水 ,以及电解液的吸收等。这些特性的改进将使产品的用途更为广泛 ,可以预见 ,淀粉丙烯酸接枝共聚作为吸水性树脂具有广阔的应用和发展前景。     

反相乳液法淀粉丙烯酰胺接枝共聚反应的研究

以木薯淀粉为主要原料,研究了淀粉/丙烯酰胺单体/乳化剂/油/水反相乳液体系的接枝共聚反应规律,考察了反应温度、引发剂和乳化剂浓度、淀粉单体比、油水比等因素对淀粉接枝丙烯酰胺共聚反应过程的影响,并对反应机理进行了探讨.结果显示：在本实验考察范围内引发剂浓度、单体淀粉比、反应温度影响显著;乳化剂用量和油水比对反相乳液体系的形成及稳定有重要的影响;淀粉与亲水性单体丙烯酰胺的接枝共聚反应为淀粉团粒表面控制.     

玉米淀粉接枝丙烯酸高吸水性树脂的制备及性能研究

以玉米淀粉为主要原料、丙烯酸(AA)为改性单体、过硫酸铵为引发剂和N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,采用接枝共聚法制备淀粉接枝型高吸水性树脂。研究了糊化温度、糊化时间、引发剂和交联剂用量、单体浓度、接枝反应温度和反应时间等对树脂吸水性能的影响。确定其最佳工艺条件为:糊化温度为85℃、糊化时间为60min,w(引发剂)=3%(相对于淀粉而言)、w(交联剂)=0.8%(相对于淀粉而言)、AA单体浓度为4.5mol/L、反应温度为60℃和反应时间为4h。在最佳工艺条件下制备的树脂,其吸水性能最佳,吸水率达到730g/g。     

Graft copolymerization onto starch. I. Complexes of Mn3+ as initiators

Advantages in using the pyrophosphate complex of trivalent managanese over the sulfate complex as initiator for graft copolymerization onto starch are discussed. The first successful attempts to graft copolymerize acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, and acrylamide to starch and starch derivatives are described using managanic pyrophosphate as initiator. Selective solvent extraction of the reaction products and very low conversions of monomer to homopolymer in absence of starch substrates provide evidence for high grafting efficiencies obtained with acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate. With acrylamide as monomer, however, low grafting efficiencies and considerable amounts of homopolymer are obtained under the experimental conditions investigated. Reaction mechanisms responsible for initiation of graft copolymerization are discussed. These are (a) glycol cleavage in the anhydroglucose units by Mn³⁺ ions leading to formation of a radical, and (b) enolization and further oxidation of oxidized starch by Mn³⁺ ions also leading to radical species. Mechanisms are also proposed for homopolymerization through Mn³⁺ oxidation of enols which probably are formed by “vinylogous” addition of water molecules to acrylamide and methyl methacrylate.     

原位熔融接枝淀粉/PLA生物可降解材料性能研究

研究了聚乙二醇(PEG)用量对淀粉-聚乳酸(PLA)原位熔融接枝反应的影响以及淀粉/PLA可降解材料的力学性能和耐水性能.结果表明:PEG能有效地提高淀粉接枝率.PEG的加入,改善了淀粉与PLA的界面相容性和黏结效果,同时提高了淀粉/PLA材料的拉伸强度和耐水性能.