Particle-triggered pre-breakdown phenomena in atmospheric air gap under AC voltage

Corona discharge mechanism and breakdown voltage characteristics of air gaps in the presence of metallic particles were investigated including the relationship between the corona discharge mechanism and the phase resolved partial discharge patterns. These results are of interest for detection of foreign particles in gas insulated systems (GIS). The results with different shaped particles show that the corona mechanism depends on the particle shape and applied voltage. Moreover the corona discharges on both sides of the particle interfere with each other by inflow of charge carriers into the particle. The breakdown voltage is a minimum when the particle is in the vicinity of the electrode due to active interference of coronas. The phase-charge characteristics as the phase resolved partial discharge patterns vary with the particle shape. This suggests that the corona discharge mechanisms for all types of particles should be considered in the particle-detection method for GIS based on the phase resolved partial discharge patterns.     

GIS中金属微粒诱发沿面局部放电发展过程的研究

局部放电的检测和识别对气体绝缘全封闭组合电器(GIS)运行状况的监测起着至关重要的作用。金属微粒缺陷是一种极易引发GIS局部放电的典型缺陷。文中主要研究金属微粒诱发的GIS内局部放电沿面爬电的发展过程。为此,根据GIS实际运行条件,搭建GIS模拟实验平台,采用阶梯升压法划分试验阶段,利用脉冲电流法检测各阶段下的局部放电模式,与此同时架设增强型电荷耦合检测器相机(ICCD)实时记录金属微粒局部放电的沿面发展过程,并采用K-Means聚类算法结合特征参量对其发展过程进行划分。结果表明GIS盆式绝缘子上金属微粒的沿面局部放电演变过程分为3个阶段:电晕放电主导阶段、电晕与流注放电并存阶段和流注放电主导阶段。     

Dynamics of metallic particle contaminants in GIS withdielectric-coated electrodes

Electrical insulation performance of compressed gas insulated switchgear (GIS) and gas insulated transmission line (GITL) systems is adversely affected by metallic particle contaminants. Dielectric coatings applied to the inside surface of the outer enclosure of a coaxial GIS/GITL system improve the insulation performance in several ways. Coating has the effect of smoothing the electrode surface and reducing the prebreakdown current in the gas gap. Also, the electrostatic charge acquired by a particle is reduced and hence the range of its motion under an applied power frequency field is inhibited. The movement of such particles is complex and dependent on several parameters. In this paper the dynamics of wire particles in a coaxial system under AC voltage is studied when the inside surface of the outer enclosure of a coaxial GIS/GITL system is coated with a high resistance material. Suggestions for reducing the particle excursion in GIS/GITL systems are discussed     

Application of genetic algorithms to pattern recognition of defectsin GIS

A computerized pattern recognition system based on the analysis of phase resolved partial discharge (PRPD) measurements, and utilizing genetic algorithms, is presented. The recognition system was trained to distinguish between basic types of defects appearing in gas-insulated system (GIS), such as voids in spacers, moving metallic particles, protrusions on electrodes, and floating electrodes. The classification of defects is based on 60 measurement parameters extracted from PRPD patterns. Classification of defects appearing in GIS installations is performed using the Bayes classifier combined with genetic algorithms and is compared to the performance of the other classifiers, including minimal-distance, percent score and polynomial classifiers. Tests with a reference database of more than 600 individual measurements collected during laboratory experiments gave satisfactory results of the classification process     

Discharges from moving particles in GIS [gas-insulated switchgear]

The study of the motion of moving metallic particles in GIS requires a good knowledge of the carried charge of the particle. In this paper, measurements of the charging process of a moving particle, performed in a realistic single-phase GIS, are presented. By measuring the charge impulses and the voltage phase at consecutive impacts, it is possible to estimate the carried charge and then compare the results with the existing models of the particle charge. Also, besides the discharges from in-flight corona reported by several authors, it is shown that, for higher voltage levels, several discharges between the particle and the enclosure (outer electrode) can occur as the particle impacts with the enclosure     

UHF detection of leader discharges in SF6

The ultra-high frequency (UHF) technique of partial discharge detection has been used to study the partial discharges produced by electrode protrusions and surface contamination in a gas insulated substation (GIS). The paper describes the stages of discharge development from inception to breakdown. The work has shown that the UHF technique may be used to identify distinct phases of discharge activity corresponding to discharge inception and a prebreakdown condition. The prebreakdown activity is detected as an increase in the UHF signal magnitude which has been attributed to the formation of leader-type discharges. These discharges form an essential part of the breakdown process, and their detection can be used to identify when the system is close to breakdown. The paper describes a filtering technique that may be employed to optimize the sensitivity of UHF leader detection     

GIS中自由金属颗粒缺陷局部放电特性的研究

结合自由金属颗粒局部放电过程中外施电压的变化特点,对GIS中自由金属颗粒缺陷进行了受力分析,根据不同受力的情况．将整个局部放电过程划分为3个阶段。采用脉冲电流法测量了不同电压下自由金属颗粒的局部放dLPRPD谱图,分析了自由金属颗粒的局部放电特点,并对自由金属颗粒缺陷发展过程的理论分析结果进行了验证。     

环氧绝缘内部气隙局部放电超声信号特性分析

建立了1套超声波法测量局部放电的试验系统,模拟了GIS环氧绝缘子内部扁平气隙放电,采用脉冲电流法和超声法对局部放电进行了测量和相互验证,分析了气隙缺陷的尺寸和施加电压变化对局放信号特性的影响。试验结果表明,超声法和脉冲电流法检测的结果均呈现出相似的、典型的PRPD(局放信号相位分布)谱图,并且由于施加电压增加,超声波信号幅值随着放电量的增大而增大,气隙缺陷的尺寸越大,则产生的初始放电量越大。研究结果为通过超声波法测量研究环氧介质内部放电特性提供了试验依据。     

超声检测进行气体绝缘组合电器典型绝缘缺陷识别

介绍了基于超声检测的气体绝缘组合电器(gas insulated switchgear,GIS)典型绝缘缺陷识别技术.该技术由基于幅值模式(amplitude mode,AM)、飞行模式(flying mode,FM)、基于相位模式(phase mode,PM)的特征参数提取与判别3个主要模块组成.其中,针对AM提取的...     

Discharge characteristic investigation on surface discharge initiated by metallic particles attached to gas‐insulated substation insulator

The ultrahigh frequency (UHF) method is used for detecting the three kinds of surface discharges started by metallic particles on the spacer insulators in gas‐insulated switchgear (GIS). Three different designs of the same surface defect are applied to ensure the consistency of the results. The present experiments are made on a 220‐kV GIS, which is close to the actual situations to study the surface discharge characteristic. A measuring system for this purpose consists of an oscilloscope connected to UHF sensors. Partial discharge (PD) data was captured by UHF detection using an oscilloscope and stored as phase‐resolved pulse sequence (PRPS) data. Since PRPS data contain the complete information of the PD, PRPS analysis (PRPSA) pattern and three‐dimensional ϕ − q − n (3D PRPD) pattern can be calculated from the recorded PRPS datasets. The PRPSA data also allows us to obtain the actual test voltage (rms) of every cycle, the number of measuring cycles, and phase information of all PD pulses, together with their peak values, so that a statistical analysis of these data can be discussed. Besides, this paper also focuses on the frequency analysis and time–frequency analysis of the single‐pulse time‐domain signal. It is shown that the characteristic parameters obtained from the PRPS data, frequency spectrum, and time–frequency spectrum have the potential to be used as PD characteristic interpretation and further research on PD pattern identification. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于超声波信号的GIS内自由金属颗粒危险评估研究

为了研究GIS腔体内自由运动金属颗粒对GIS绝缘劣化的危险程度,设计了一个模拟此类缺陷的模型,并测量了不同尺寸和形状的自由运动颗粒产生的超声波信号,最后分析了这些信号的工频相位相关性、幅值以及飞行时间等几个要素的特性,并根据这些要素评估金属颗粒的危险程度。结果表明:颗粒静止不动发生放电时,超声波信号幅值较小且有较强的相位相关性,而当颗粒自由跳动时,信号幅值非常大且相位相关性较弱,颗粒的尺寸和形状会影响颗粒的飞行时间,与球状颗粒相比,丝状颗粒的飞行时间随电压的升高有更显著的变化,因此它们对GIS绝缘劣化的影响严重度不一样,并且这些信号的幅值、飞行时间的变化分布具有周期性。     

GIS局部放电常规检测和超声波检测方法的应用比较

介绍了几种GIS局部放电常用的检测技术,并应用常规脉冲电流检测法和超声波检测法对模拟的GIS运行中常见的几种典型缺陷,包括带电导体上尖端、壳体内壁上尖端、自由金属颗粒、悬浮电位、绝缘子内气泡以及黏附在绝缘子表面的金属颗粒等进行了检测。再通过对测试系统记录的放电脉冲和超声波脉冲的相位分布比较、不同缺陷在一定电压下的脉冲放电量大小比较,以及不同缺陷超声波脉冲有效值和周期峰值的特征和大小比较,总结得到在上述各种典型绝缘缺陷情况下,应用这两种检测方法所得波形和信号的主要特征,为超声波局部放电检测技术在GIS现场交流耐压试验和运行阶段的有效应用提供参考。     

GIS内金属性缺陷引起的局部放电超声信号分布特性研究

为研究气体绝缘开关装置(gas insulated switchgear,GIS)内金属性缺陷引起的局部放电超声信号分布特性以及基于分布特性判断缺陷类型的方法,笔者建立了一套超声信号测量系统,并设计了4组GIS内典型缺陷模型,分别是高压导体上尖刺、悬浮电位、绝缘子上微粒和地电极上尖刺。基于该超声测量系统,获取大量超声信号数据。在此大量实验数据基础上,笔者提出了典型参数如超声脉冲数N、超声幅值u、时间间隔Δt和相位Ph及分布谱图N-u、N-Δt和N-Ph区分GIS内典型缺陷的方法,并分析了GIS内金属性缺陷引起的局部放电超声信号分布特性。试验结果分析表明,依据分布模式的GIS内典型缺陷的超声信号统计特性,可区分典型缺陷类型。     

Partial discharge signal interpretation for generator diagnostics

Several common sources of discharges activity occurring on generators have been replicated in the laboratory under well-controlled conditions. Each source was evaluated individually and recorded with a phase resolved acquisition system and with a spectrum analyzer. The dominant features of each respective phase resolved partial discharge (PRPD) pattern are presented. The frequency content of the discharge signal at the detection coupler was also investigated. The association of each well-defined type of discharge source, with its specific PRPD pattern, constitutes the basis of our database used for the discharge source recognition during generator diagnostics. The comparison of laboratory results with actual field measurements gathered over the last decade is summarized.     

Modeling of prebreakdown VI characteristics of a wire-plateelectrostatic precipitator operating under combined dc-pulseenergization

With the advent of pulse energization in electrostatic precipitators, the need for developing a model to simulate the physical processes in the prebreakdown region, at which the precipitator normally operates, is also increasing. The development of such a model helps in predicting the VI characteristics of a precipitator, which will be important to diagnose the electrical problems associated with the precipitator during its operation. The paper reports the details of a proposed model to predict the VI characteristics of a wire-plate precipitator operating under the influeuce of repetitive pulses superposed on a dc bias. The model begins with the calculation of space charge density near the HV electrode during the pulse-on period and then proceeds with the drift of space charges in the pulse-off period aided by the dc bias. The pulse duration was ~250 ns. The pulse repetition rate was 50 Hz. The predicted results were validated against the experimental results conducted on a laboratory model of a wire-plate precipitator. The studies were conducted for dust free conditions     

GIS中典型缺陷局部放电的超声波检测

为了研究超声波法在GIS中局部放电检测中的应用,在实验室以一段220 kV电压等级的GIS母线腔体为试验对象,设计和模拟了GIS中典型的局部放电模型,使用超声波方法对其放电信号进行检测。实验结果表明,不同缺陷类型的超声信号在波形、幅值和PRPD图上会呈现出不同的特点,通过对GIS腔体不同位置的检测,可以精确的定位出缺陷位置。研究表明,超声的方法在检测GIS局部放电信号时有较好的灵敏度和精确的定位,检测结果为今后对GIS局部放电模式识别提供了试验依据。     

Prebreakdown phenomena in dielectric liquids

The aim of this paper is to make a synthesis of a number of characteristic features of prebreakdown phenomena in liquids, e.g. those events which precede arc development. The subject is restricted to short term processes in the bulk, more specifically of hydrocarbons. First, the basic physical properties involved in the prebreakdown mechanisms are considered, with special emphasis on the influence of pressure and temperature on the physical and electronic properties of liquids and their vapor. Following this, the advantages of using a point-plane electrode geometry to study separately cathodic and anodic prebreakdown stages are demonstrated. To begin with, there is injection of carriers which consequently produces avalanches in the liquid followed by bubble generation. These mechanisms are now well characterized. Eventually, discharge channels are developed, streamers or leaders. The initiation and the propagation of these channels depend on many experimental conditions which are discussed. Characterization and understanding of these phenomena are in progress. Finally, prebreakdown phenomena in uniform fields are considered, either at short (μm) gaps or at large gaps, in the presence of large protrusions or free moving particles     

Simultaneous ultrawide and narrowband detection of PD pulses indielectric liquids

Simultaneous narrow band (300 kHz) and wide band (500 MHz) measurements were carried out to obtain estimates of the apparent charge transfer associated with discrete isolated discharge pulses and discharge pulse bursts, which are observed to occur in dielectric liquids when wide band detection systems are utilized. The integrated apparent charge transfers determined with the narrow band system ranged from 12 to 95 pC, which represents typically the lower range of values normally encountered with PD activity in dielectric liquid-filled or impregnated equipment. While the discharge phenomena in perfluoro polyether liquids was found to be typified by sporadic appearances of single isolated pulses involving charge transfers between 33 and 38 pC, the discharge events in mineral oils assumed most frequently the form of pulse bursts, displaying the usual pulse sequences of quasi-ascending amplitudes; the overall integrated apparent charge transfer of the observed pulse bursts extended commonly from 12 to 16 pC. The charge release, occurring with the first (initiating) smallest discharge pulse within the pulse bursts, was estimated to be of the order of ~1 pC     

电缆接头内部气隙放电缺陷下的绝缘劣化程度表征方法

为研究电缆接头绝缘材料内部气隙放电造成的绝缘裂化程度表征方法,建立基于等离子体-化学的气隙放电混合模型。该模型考虑了泊松方程、电子运输方程、电子能量运输方程、重粒子运输方程以及气隙中主要气体12种粒子等离子化学反应,同时考虑了二次电子发射以及表面电荷积累过程。基于上述模型,结合有限元软件对电缆接头绝缘材料内部气隙放电过程进行仿真。应用参数扫描方法计算得到不同气隙长度下放电脉冲波形,并记录得到不同气隙放电长度下电缆接头放电相位、放电次数及放电幅值特征。统计分析结果表明,随着电缆接头内部气隙增加,放电信号相位、放电脉冲次数以及放电幅值具有明显区别,并将电缆接头放电过程划分为初始阶段、发展阶段、预击穿阶段。基于放电相位、放电次数及放电幅值的特征参数为评估电缆接头绝缘内部气隙放电的裂化程度提供了参考依据。