电感耦合等离子体质谱测定血铅的不确定度评定

依据CNAS-GL06《化学分析中不确定度的评估指南》和JJF 1059.1-2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》,对电感耦合等离子体质谱测定全血中铅元素含量进行不确定度评估。样品采用湿法消解,电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测量,通过建立数学模型,分析样品中铅元素含量测定结果的不确定度来源,并给出各不确定度的分量。在置信水平为95%,取包含因子k=2,当全血中铅的含量为54.48 ng/m L时,其扩展不确定度为7.20 ng/m L,结果表示为X=(54.48±7.20)ng/m L,k=2。试样溶液中铅元素的质量浓度是产生不确定度的最主要来源。工作曲线配制时采用天平产生的不确定度很小,对测定结果的影响几乎可以忽略。     

摆锤式冲击试验机用高低温控制及送样装置

本单位引进德国RoellAmsler公司的RKP4 5 0 /30 0摆锤式冲击试验机附带一套高低温控制及送样装置。该装置由试样送入、试样加热、试样冷却、试样送出、试样定位、温度控制台六个部分组成。试样温度控制范围为 - 180～ 6 0 0℃该装置试样加热与冷却在同一个炉腔内进行。加热试样时 ,用电加热器加热炉腔和试样承受平台 ,通过接触传导将热量从试样承受平台传导到试样 ,使试样温度与试样承受台平温度一致。冷却试样时 ,通过液氮喷淋降低炉腔和试样承受平台温度 ,通过接触传导使试样的温度降低到与试样承受平台温度一致。控温热电偶装在试样承…     

C—Mn钢焊接接头的解理断裂应力的研究

测定了Ｃ－Ｍｎ钢焊接接头不同焊缝百分含量ｗ％的光滑试样,缺口试样和裂纹试样的解理断裂应力,发现不同试样有两个解理断裂应力表征了解理断裂起裂于母材、焊颖两区。而且发现裂纹试验解理断裂应力比缺口试样高,缺口试样解理断裂应力比光滑试样高,其原因是因为裂纹试样解理断裂临界事件最小,光滑试样最大。     

两种形状试样的室温旋转弯曲疲劳性能的对比分析

选用三种汽轮机叶片材料,对室温旋转弯曲疲劳试验常用的圆柱形试样和漏斗形试样分别进行了旋转弯曲疲劳试验,对两种形状试样的试验结果进行了对比分析。提出了试样形状系数的概念,由试验结果可得漏斗形试样和圆柱形试样旋转弯曲疲劳强度的试样形状系数为1.1。分别概括了两种形状试样的疲劳强度与抗拉强度的关系式,并从应力和挠度两个方面对漏斗形试样的疲劳强度大于圆柱形试样的原因进行了分析。     

4D炭/炭复合材料试样尺寸对剪切性能的影响

以4D炭/炭复合材料为研究对象,对不同尺寸规格冲剪试样和三点短梁压剪试样进行了剪切性能测试,分析了试样尺寸对剪切性能的影响。研究表明,试样的尺寸规格对其剪切性能有着显著影响。对于冲剪试样,Φ50mm×4mm试样剪切强度测试值高于Φ50mm×6mm试样,Φ50mm×4mm试样呈韧性断裂特征;Φ50mm×6mm试样呈脆性断裂特征。对于三点短梁压剪试验,在所用的各尺寸规格试样中,40mm×6mm×6mm试样采用26mm跨距时,测试数据的离散性最小。     

基于不同原始组织预设变形第四代单晶高温合金的再结晶行为

第四代单晶高温合金标准热处理试样和铸态试样压痕后分别在1100,1150,1200,1250,1300℃和1340℃退火处理,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子背散射仪研究不同条件的再结晶组织。结果表明:1100,1150,1200℃退火处理后,标准热处理试样和铸态试样都出现胞状再结晶。1250℃退火处理后,标准热处理试样和铸态试样都为混合再结晶。1300℃退火处理后,标准热处理试样再结晶组织全部为等轴再结晶,而铸态试样仍为混合再结晶。1340℃退火处理后,标准热处理试样和铸态试样都形成了等轴再结晶。随着退火温度升高,标准热处理试样和铸态试样的再结晶层深度明显增加,标准热处理试样再结晶深度明显大于铸态试样,相同条件下标准热处理试样的再结晶晶粒更容易长大。再结晶与基体的界面为小角度晶界、大角度晶界,而再结晶晶粒之间为小角度晶界、大角度晶界和孪晶界。孪晶在单晶高温合金再结晶的过程中发挥了重要作用。     

4D炭/炭复合材料试样尺寸对剪切性能的影响

以4D炭/炭复合材料为研究对象,对不同尺寸规格冲剪试样和三点短梁压剪试样进行了剪切性能测试,分析了试样尺寸对剪切性能的影响。研究表明,试样的尺寸规格对其剪切性能有着显著影响。对于冲剪试样,Φ50mm×4mm试样剪切强度测试值高于Φ50mm×6mm试样,Φ50mm×4mm试样呈韧性断裂特征;Φ50mm×6mm试样呈脆性断裂特征。对于三点短梁压剪试验,在所用的各尺寸规格试样中,40mm×6mm×6mm试样采用26mm跨距时,测试数据的离散性最小。     

轴重对轮轨材料滚动磨损与损伤行为影响

利用WR-1轮轨滚动磨损实验机研究不同轴重下轮轨材料滚动磨损与损伤性能。结果表明:轮轨试样磨损率均随轴重增加呈现线性增加趋势,且钢轨试样磨损率大于车轮试样磨损率。轮轨试样硬化率均随时间呈现先增加后趋于稳定的变化趋势,轮轨试样塑变层厚度和硬化率均随轴重增加而增大,且车轮试样硬化率大于钢轨。车轮试样和钢轨试样表面损伤形貌不同,车轮试样表面表现为垂直于滚动方向的疲劳裂纹,钢轨试样表面表现为裂纹和块状剥落,轮轨试样表面损伤均随轴重增加而更加严重;车轮试样表面裂纹疲劳断裂和钢轨试样表面块状剥落形成磨屑,成分主要为Fe2O3和马氏体,随轴重增加,磨屑尺寸呈现增大趋势,但成分与含量无明显变化。     

介绍一种在试样上打钢字模的夹具

金属材料的拉伸、冲击等试验中,在试样端头打钢字模时,由于试样端面小,不易夹持,会出现将拉伸试样打弯,冲击试样打飞的情况。若试样较多,会使这一问题更棘手。在实践中,我们自制了一个试样打钢字模用夹具,很好地解决了这一难题。     

冲击试样顶针孔及其深度对冲击吸收能量的影响

HGCJ-20型棒材拉伸-冲击试样加工中心可实现冲击试样的一步加工成型,为保持冲击试样的对中性和固定性,需要在其一端钻顶针孔。通过对不同钻孔后的冲击标准试样以及42CrMo钢和Q235H钢的冲击加工试样进行冲击试验,对比研究了顶针孔及其深度对冲击试样冲击吸收能量测试值的影响以及采用HGCJ-20型棒材拉伸-冲击试样加工中心与传统加工工艺对冲击试样冲击吸收能量测试值的影响。结果表明:对于42CrMo钢和Q235H钢,采用新型加工中心加工的顶针孔深度为5mm的冲击试样的冲击吸收能量实测平均值和采用传统工艺加工的冲击试样的一致;对于冲击标准试样和Q235H钢冲击加工试样,当冲击试样一端无顶针孔或顶针孔深度不大于8mm时,冲击试样的冲击吸收能量实测平均值较稳定,在正常范围(110～120J)波动;当顶针孔深度达到9mm并高于该数值时,冲击试样冲击吸收能量实测平均值普遍低于正常范围。     

Similarity solutions for slender dry patches with thermocapillarity

The lubrication approximation is used to investigate slender dry patches in an infinitely wide film of viscous fluid flowing steadily on an inclined plane that is either heated or cooled relative to the surrounding atmosphere. Four non-isothermal situations in which thermocapillary effects play a significant role are considered.Similarity solutions describing a thermocapillary-driven flow with a dry patch that is widening or narrowing due to either gravitational or surface-tension effects on a non-uniformly heated or cooled substrate are obtained, and examples of these solutions, when the substrate temperature gradient depends on the longitudinal coordinate according to a general power law, are presented. When gravitational effects are strong, the solution contains a free parameter, and for each value of this parameter there is a unique solution representing both a narrowing pendent dry patch and a widening sessile dry patch, whose transverse profile has a monotonically increasing shape. When surface-tension effects are strong, the solution also contains a free parameter, and for each value of this parameter there is both a unique solution representing a narrowing dry patch, whose transverse profile has a monotonically increasing shape, and a one-parameter family of solutions representing a widening dry patch, whose transverse profile has a capillary ridge near the contact line and decays in an oscillatory manner far from it.Similarity solutions are also obtained for both a gravity-driven and a constant-surface-shear-stress-driven flow with a dry patch that is widening or narrowing due to thermocapillarity on a uniformly heated or cooled substrate. The solutions in both cases contain a free parameter, and for each value of this parameter there is a unique solution representing both a narrowing dry patch on a heated substrate and a widening dry patch on a cooled substrate, whose transverse profile has a monotonically increasing shape.     

A case-based reasoning approach toward developing a belief about the cost of concept

It is generally acknowledged that product development involves a sequence of decision making under uncertainty, including setting target requirements for a new product, selecting product concept, and developing conceptual and detailed design of a chosen concept. To select a product concept, engineers need to assess the uncertainty of a future market share, market size, and a cost of concept (cost of the final product developed from a concept). This paper proposes a case-based reasoning (CBR) approach to model beliefs about the uncertainty of a cost of concept. The proposed CBR approach consists of storing information about various products in a knowledge-base, defining a new product concept, retrieving a cluster of products in the knowledge-base that are highly similar to the concept, and adapting the cost of the retrieved product to construct a distribution of the cost of concept. This paper illustrates the proposed approach using printers as an example.     

Pd-C高温共晶点复现装置研制

主要针对Pd-C高温共晶点复现装置的组成进行介绍,其中包括复现用高温均热炉炉体、温度控制系统、真空泵、充气保护装置、水冷系统、复现用的石墨坩埚、二等B型标准热电偶和Pt-Pd热电偶等。针对石墨坩埚的灌注和共晶点复现过程进行了描述,根据复现的试验数据进行了相应的分析。     

六边形孔蜂窝梁和蜂窝组合梁抗剪性能分析

该文对不同参数下的正六边形孔蜂窝梁和蜂窝组合梁抗剪性能进行了试验与有限元分析研究。以试验研究为基础,基于有限元软件ABAQUS 建立非线性有限元模型,对不同开孔率、不同翼缘宽度和厚度的蜂窝梁和蜂窝组合梁进行分析比较,发现蜂窝梁和蜂窝组合梁抗剪承载力大小与翼缘厚度、开孔率和连接程度均有关。结果表明:蜂窝梁翼缘厚度变化对其抗剪承载力影响较大,而蜂窝组合梁中翼缘厚度的变化对其抗剪性能影响相对较小;混凝土板提高了蜂窝梁的抗剪极限承载能力;最后,给出蜂窝梁和蜂窝组合梁抗剪计算公式。     

并联机床的动力学特性对加工精度影响的分析

为了提高并联机床的加工精度,分析了并联机床的动力学特性对加工精度的影响。根据牛顿—欧拉方程,得到并联机床的动力学方程,解得连杆的驱动力;根据杆件轴向伸长量与受力之间的关系,得到连杆的长度误差;以无长度误差的连杆长度为优化目标,用优化的方法,得到动平台的位姿,并与连杆有长度误差时动平台的位姿比较,得动平台的位姿误差;根据刀具在动平台坐标系中位置,得刀具加工位置误差及对被加工零件精度的影响。结果表明：并联机床连杆的长度误差,引起刀具加工位置误差,使被加工零件产生形位误差和尺寸误差;并联机床电主轴偏心引起连杆的长度误差的扰动,产生刀具加工位置的扰动误差,影响被加工零件的表面粗糙度。     

Unidirectional single-mode Nd:YAG laser with a planar semimonolithic ring cavity

Unidirectional single-mode operation of a diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser with a planar semimonolithic ring cavity has been demonstrated at 1064 nm. The semimonolithic cavity consists of a laser active medium placed in a magnetic field, a crystal quartz plate, and an output coupling mirror, which form an optical diode by acting as a Faraday rotator, a reciprocal polarization rotator, and a partial polarizer, respectively. A single-mode output power of 155 mW and a slope efficiency of 17% were obtained with a 1.2-W diode laser at 809 nm. A laser linewidth of less than 100 kHz is inferred from a beat note frequency spectrum between two identical laser systems and continuous tuning to greater than 2 GHz was observed.     

A filter for on-line estimation of spectral content

A robust filter algorithm to extract, a posteriori, the rational signal model from a noisy measurement, with little a priori information, is proposed. The spectrum and the statistics of the signal and of the corrupting noise are assumed unknown, except that the signal is assumed to have a rational spectrum. An algorithm based on system and signal theory is derived to select a set of frequencies where the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is high from a given measurement spectrum. The density of selected frequencies weights the importance of the measurement as a function of frequency, An estimate of the signal model is obtained from the best weighted least-squares fit to the measurement spectrum at the selected frequencies. The proposed filter has applications to control and signal processing, and a wide variety of applications are presented. Applications include: system identification of a dc motor and a two-link manipulator, extraction of a myo-electric signal from a noisy measurement, the assignment of a rational model to a vegetation tissue's impedance, and to the number density profile of atmospheric oxygen     

Digital programmable light spectrum synthesis system using a digital micromirror device

We present a digital programmable light spectrum synthesis system based on a digital micromirror device (DMD) from Texas Instruments. A DMD pattern-scanning calibration method is developed and applied to the synthesis of various infrared C-band (1530-1565 nm) spectral profiles, including a fast programmable tunable light source with a bandwidth of approximately 3.8 nm, a square profile, a sawtooth waveform, and a triangular spectrum profile. The experimental results show that the wavelength resolution of the DMD spectrum synthesis system is approximately 0.076 nm/pixel. The proposed spectrum synthesis system has a number of key advantages, including a rapid and stable performance and multichannel compatibility. The spectrum synthesis system is suitable for various applications, including pulse shaping for coherent control and harmonic generation, a tunable light source, an equalizer for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, and a wavelength scanner.     

A Scheme for a Sustainable Urban Water Environmental System During the Urbanization Process in China

Urbanization is a potential factor in economic development, which is a main route to social development. As the scale of urbanization expands, the quality of the urban water environment may deteriorate, which can have a negative impact on sustainable urbanization. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the functions of the urban water environment is necessary, including its security, resources, ecology, landscape, culture, and economy. Furthermore, a deep analysis is required of the theoretical basis of the urban water environment, which is associated with geographical location, landscape ecology, and a low-carbon economy. In this paper, we expound the main principles for constructing a system for the urban water environment (including sustainable development, ecological priority, and regional differences), and suggest the content of an urban water environmental system. Such a system contains a natural water environment, an economic water environment, and a social water environment. The natural water environment is the base, an effective economic water environment is the focus, and a healthy social water environment is the essence of such a system. The construction of an urban water environment should rely on a comprehensive security system, complete scientific theory, and advanced technology.     

Electrical properties of cement paste obtained from impedance spectroscopy

The impedance spectra of hydrating Portland cement paste showed a small part of a large depressed arc and a single depressed arc at low- and high-frequency regions, respectively. A new equivalent circuit was proposed for hydrating cement paste, which consists of a serial combination of a resistor and a constant phase element (CPE) with a resistor in parallel for the bulk effects, and a parallel combination of a resistor and a CPE for the electrode effects. The microstructural evolution in hydrating cement paste was associated with the changes in the resistances, capacitance and the critical relaxation time.