Glare test in clinical ophthalmology]

Hemoperfusion with local heparin before and protamine after the column was used in the treatment of patients with grave craniocerebral injury. Effect of such treatment on the cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is analyzed. The treatment did not increase the liquor pressure but decreased it by 20-25 mm H2O in both groups of patients. CPP in the survivors improved and normalized. In the other group (dead patients) CPP did not change, despite a decrease of the liquor pressure, and remained high. These values can be prognostically important.     

Status and role of ophthalmic pathology in ophthalmology

The 1991 Consensus Development Panel was instrumental both in establishing criteria for selection of patients for surgical treatment and in recognition of operations that have been shown to be safe and reasonably effective in the long term. The Panel may have been premature in endorsement of any form of banded gastroplasty because the long-term weight loss results of these procedures are frequently disappointing. It seems likely that a consensus panel on the same subject would be worthwhile in the next decade to carefully evaluate such procedures as biliopancreatic bypass and the various laparoscopic techniques for gastric banding. In 1996 surgery remains the only effective treatment for patients with medically severe (morbid) obesity.     

Scientific publications from 10 Central European countries in the leading foreign periodicals

The life science publication output of ten mid-size European countries was investigated in the outstanding foreign journals of 37 disciplines. The activities corrected with the populations show differences of order magnitude. The publication activities of the late communist countries in the leading foreign scientific journals are far below the average, especially in the field of clinical medicine.     

The role of psychologists in the national Follow Through project.

The use of planned variation and sponsorship distinguishes project Follow Through (FT) from other social intervention projects conducted since the early 1960s. For more than a decade, large numbers of psychologists have cooperated with school personnel and parents in many communities in FT programs to develop effective models of education for economically disadvantaged children. These psychologists have had major responsibilities in all phases of FT, and information about exemplary educational programs has been disseminated to schools throughout the country. The successful utilization of psychologists in FT has implications for two central issues: roles for psychologists in social intervention research and future uses of planned variation and sponsorship to ameliorate social problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The role of steering groups and project workers in NDUs

In light of the challenges that many nursing development units (NDUs) have faced during the past four years, this paper assesses the usefulness, as perceived by their clinical leaders, of support structures that had to be in place to secure NDU status. The structures assessed were a steering group and the allocation of a project worker by the King's Fund. Well organised steering groups offer unique opportunities to the NDUs to gain access to the knowledge and expertise of key figures, marketing the NDU and ensuring the project progresses to plan. Influential project workers were found to support the clinical leader and NDU staff, act as an external advocate and provide a global knowledge of nursing developments. This is the second of two papers reporting on a Department of Health-funded review of NDUs. The first appeared in Nursing Times on November 20.     

Development and validation of minicourses in the telecommunication industry.

Beginning in the early 1970s, American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) and the associated Bell companies have used minicourses for selecting personnel in a variety of jobs involving new technologies. The minicourse approach uses material representative of training content to assess the candidate's ability to acquire knowledge relevant to full-scale training and the job. A major advantage of the minicourse approach is the ability to implement a selection procedure concurrent with the introduction of a new training program. Although minicourses are initially validated using a content-oriented strategy, the AT&T model has included criterion-related validation where possible. The experience of AT&T with seven minicourses is discussed, and validities for training criteria and job performance are reported. Minicourses are a specific example of the general class of predictors known as trainability tests. The results of a meta-analysis indicate that validities for trainability tests are comparable with validities found for ability tests and work sample tests by Hunter and Hunter (1984). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The persecution of German neuropathologists. 1933-1939]

An antigen-detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ag-ELISA) based on affinity-purified polyclonal antibody was utilised as an immunodiagnosis for Trypanosoma evansi infections in cattle. Five hundred pregnant heifers were introduced in Loei province, Thailand and a total of 271 samples were collected at 37 farms during four visits over a year commencing a month after the introduction. Each time the haematocrit centrifuge technique (HCT) was carried out as a field diagnosis for T. evansi, and sera were examined for trypanosomal antigen levels by Ag-ELISA. At the first sampling over 80% of the cattle were positive for trypanosome antigens by Ag-ELISA although the titres were low. Soon after, aborted cases at the late stage of pregnancy were reported and at the second sampling in the rainy season, 25.5% of the cattle sampled were found to harbour T. evansi by HCT. This time the infection rate by Ag-ELISA was 52.9% with high antigen levels. Between the first and second sampling nine cattle out of 51 aborted, which was suspected to be due to T. evansi. As soon as treatment with a trypanocidal drug was started, abortion cases decreased. However, the infection rate remained high during the rainy season when Tabanus flies were active. As the climate became cool and dry, the antigen levels in the area lowered and the positive rate by Ag-ELISA dropped to 32.3%.     

中国和德国钢铁冶金本科及研究生教育的比较

本文从办学传统的重视、师资、教学计划和课程设置，以及教学和科研的结合等方面，对中国和德国钢铁冶金的本科及研究生教育作了对比分析，强调德国高等工程教育重视实战培养和科研训练。     

The role of radiotherapy in the palliative treatment of cancer]

Radiotherapy has a well-established role in palliative care of patients with cancer. It is a local treatment of short duration, the number of fractions should be kept to a minimum without loss of efficacy. Radiotherapy can control superior vena caval obstruction, spinal cord compression, brain metastases, painful bone metastases, and tumor-related bleeding.     

Information on the 5th meeting of the European Tick Study Group]

There is a strong association between prenatally diagnosed structural heart disease and fetal chromosomal abnormalities. Isomerism of the atrial appendages is an exception to this because the fetal karyotype is usually normal in this condition. A case of atrial isomerism diagnosed antenatally with a normal female karyotype but with a microdeletion of chromosome 22q11 is reported.     

The role of the genome project in determining gene function: insights from model organisms

Peptido-leukotrienes are short-lived organic molecules known to have potent biological effects as mediators of inflammation, hypersensitivity and respiratory disorders. However, little is known concerning their effects on bone cells. We have shown previously that stromal cells isolated from a human giant cell tumor secrete 5-HETE (5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid) and the peptido-leukotrienes, also known as the cysteinyl leukotrienes LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4. These eicosanoids were shown to stimulate the multinucleated giant cells obtained from these tumors to form resorption lacunae on sperm whale dentine. Here, we show that the peptido-leukotrienes also stimulate isolated avian osteoclast-like cells to form resorption lacunae and to increase their content of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. LTD4 increased 45Ca release from murine calvarial bone organ cultures, but not from fetal rat long bone cultures. Isolated avian osteoclast-like cells were chosen to perform receptor binding studies, as this population is the most homogeneous source of osteoclasts available. After the precursors had fused to form multinucleated cells, receptor binding assays were performed. Scatchard analysis of saturation binding data showed a single class of binding sites, with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.53 nM and a receptor density of 5,200 receptors per cell. Competition binding studies showed receptor specificity using a specific LTD4 receptor antagonist ZM 198,615. These data show that the peptido-leukotrienes activate highly enriched populations of isolated avian osteoclast-like cells, and also that specific LTD4 receptors are present in this cell population.     

Scientific communication: Its role in the conduct of research and creation of knowledge.

Reviews certain aspects of the communication crisis in science. Empirical findings relative to the nature of a scientific discipline's role in evaluating, processing, and compacting scientific information for researchers, scholars, and students are presented. An overview of data is provided, collected by the american psychological association project on scientific information exchange in psychology, together with more recent information relative to other disciplines. The roles of formal vs. Informal channels for communicating scientific information are compared. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)