用BrdU法研究γ射线外照射诱发外周血淋巴细胞HPRT基因突变

用5－溴脱氧尿嘧啶（BrdU）法检测，不同剂量γ射线外照射诱发正常人外周血淋巴细胞HPRT基因突变频率（MFs），并研究其剂量效应关系，抽取正常成年人静脉血，分成5组，分别用0.0-4.0Gy的不同剂量γ射线照射，全血培养后用BrdU法检测淋巴细胞HPRT基因MFs。结果表明，正常人外周血淋巴细胞的MFs随外照射剂量的增加而上升，且剂量效应关系符合线性平方模型，研究证明了BrdU法是一种快速、简便、较敏感的检测外照射诱发HPRT基因突变的方法，HPRT基因辐射突变可作为生物剂量计。     

60 Coγ射线对人线粒体COXI和ATPase6表达水平的影响

目的：观察60 Co γ射线对人外周血线粒体COXI和ATPase6基因和蛋白质水平表达的影响,探讨线粒体编码基因用于辐射生物剂量估算的可行性。方法采用60 Coγ射线照射正常人离体外周血,照射剂量率为1．013 Gy/min ,剂量分别为0、0．2、0．4、0．6、0．8、1．0、2．0、3．0、4．0、5．0 Gy,。照后6小时,用RT-PCR技术检测基因的表达水平,用流式细胞仪检测蛋白质的表达水平,分别拟合最佳回归方程,建立剂量-效应曲线。结果（1）0～3．0 Gy ,COXI基因表达水平的最佳回归方程为 Y＝0．629＋0．256 D （ r2＝0．920,p＜0．01）,ATPase6基因表达水平的最佳回归方程为 Y＝0．221＋0．805 D （ r2＝0．912,p＜0．01）。（2）0～5．0 Gy ,COXI蛋白质表达水平的最佳回归方程为 Y＝1．054＋0．595 D （ r2＝0．919,p＜0．01）;ATPase6蛋白质表达水平与照射剂量间的关系不明显,不能拟合出最佳回归方程。结论60 Coγ射线照射人离体外周血,随着照射剂量的增加,线粒体COXI的基因与蛋白质表达水平一致,呈增加趋势,且有良好的线性关系,有望用于辐射生物剂量的估算。     

克隆法研究辐射诱发人外周血淋巴细胞HPRT基因突变

本文目的是用克隆法研究γ射线诱发人外周血淋巴细胞次黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤磷酸抗糖转移酶(HPRT)基因突变的量效关系。从健康成年人外周血分离淋巴细胞 ,每份分成两等份 ,其中一份加滋养细胞 ,另一份不加滋养细胞 ,种于 96孔板 ,进行淋巴细胞的克隆和突变细胞的筛选 ,比较二者结果 ;剂量效应关系实验为取一健康成年男子外周血 2 5mL分成 5等份 ,分别用 0、1、2、4和 6Gy照射 ,分离淋巴细胞 ,种于 96孔板 ,不加滋养细胞条件下观察淋巴细胞的克隆效率和HPRT基因突变频率的变化。结果表明加滋养细胞组的克隆效率高于不加滋养细胞组 (p <0 0 1 ) ,但二者HPRT基因突变频率无差别 (p >0 0 5 )。在一定剂量范围内 ,人外周血淋巴细胞克隆效率与照射剂量呈负相关 ,HPRT基因突变频率与照射剂量呈正相关     

HPRT基因用于γ射线和苯并芘鉴别诊断的初步研究

为了解γ射线和苯并芘对细胞次黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖基转移酶(hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase,HPRT)基因突变的影响,探索一种用于鉴别诊断γ射线和苯并芘引起的细胞损伤的早期检测敏感指标,采集了3名健康人血液,每人16 mL,分为16组,其中,10个组分别进行⁶⁰Co γ射线照射(0～5 Gy),另外6个组分别进行苯并芘染毒(0～10 μg/mL),使用荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative polymerase chain reaction,qPCR)方法分析γ射线和苯并芘对细胞HPRT基因突变位点频率的变化情况,从而筛选γ射线和苯并芘对细胞损伤的HPRT差异突变位点。结果表明,0～5 Gy剂量范围内,HPRT的外显子2和外显子5突变频率随照射剂量增加而上调,通过拟合建立了突变频率与照射剂量间的剂量-效应直线方程,外显子2:y=0.360 3+0.110 68x,R²=0.99,p<0.01,外显子5:y=0.429 8+0.082 3x,R²=0.93,p<0.01;而0～10 μg/mL苯并芘染毒后,HPRT基因的外显子2和外显子5突变频率随染毒浓度增加没有发生明显改变。γ射线所引起的外显子5突变频率与苯并芘相比有显著性差异(p<0.05),HPRT基因外显子5有望成为一种γ射线和苯并芘的鉴别点。     

体细胞HPRT基因位点突变检测技术及其在电离辐射研究中的应用

次黄嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶（HPRT）基因在单基因突变的研究中是一个经黄的基因位点。本文概述了HPRT基因位点突变检测的原理，列出了几种检测方法，并讨论了影响HPRT基因突变频率测定的几个因素以及HPRT基因突变在生物剂量估算中的应用，最后与其它辐射生物剂量计进行了比较。     

辐射诱导Gadd45基因表达作为生物剂量计的实验室评估

为了考察电离辐照后人外周血中Gadd45基因表达的个体差异,评价Gadd45作为基因表达辐射生物剂量计的实用性,采集了27个健康人外周血进行60Co照射,提取白细胞mRNA,以β-actin作为内对照基因,建立了相对标准曲线法实时定量聚合酶链式反应(Polymerase chain reaction,PCR)方法,并以此方法探索辐照后Gadd45表达的剂量一效应关系.结果表明,0～2.5Gy剂量范围内,Gadd45的mRNA表达水平随照射剂量增加而上调,通过拟合建立了0～2.5Gy剂量范围内,Gadd45/β-actin相对表达量与照射剂量间的剂量-效应直线方程(y=0.216 0.258x,p<0.001,R2=0.650).发现Gadd45 mRNA表达水平在个体间存在一定差异,应用该剂量-效应直线方程,可以对0～2.5Gy照射剂量范围内的血液照射剂量作相对估算.     

特大剂量γ射线照射的染色体畸变剂量效应曲线

为准确估算大剂量事故受照者的生物剂量,拟合6—22Gy照射后染色体畸变剂量效应曲线。采用60Coγ射线照射离体人血,浓集有核细胞,一步法培养52h、68h和72h收获制片。计数双(多)着丝点 环数目,比较不同培养时间畸变差异,拟合剂量效应曲线及数学方程。用大剂量事故受照者的剂量结果对曲线进行验证。实验表明,大剂量照射后需适当延长细胞培养时间,52—72h获得的染色体双 环畸变率无明显差异。新拟合的剂量效应曲线符合线性平方模型Y=-2.269 0.776D-7.868×10-3D2。经事故剂量验证结果可靠。本研究首次建立了6—22Gy照射后染色体双 环剂量效应曲线及数学方程,为特大剂量照射后的准确剂量估算提供了可依据的方法。     

X射线离体照射人体淋巴细胞诱发染色体畸变的剂量-效应关系

本文介绍用180kV X射线离体照射人体淋巴细胞诱发染色体畸变的剂量-效应关系的实验结果。实验设9个剂量点(0.1—5.0Gy)和1个对照点(0Gy)。分析结果表明,在(?)剂量范围内。双着丝点体加三着丝点体的畸变率 Y_1(%)、无着丝点断片畸变率 Y_2(%)和总畸变率 Y_3(%)与剂量 D(Gy)的关系宜分别拟合为下列方程:Y_1=-0.336+3.89D+4.49D~2(适用于0.1～5.0Gy);Y_2=0.811+2.15D+2.77D~2;Y_3=0.6(?)5.7D+7.66D~2。在低剂量(0—0.5Gy)范围内,双着丝点体的畸变率Y_(dic)(%)和无着丝点断片畸变率 Y_(Ac)·(%)与剂量 D(Gy)的关系,可分别拟合为 Y_(dic)=-0.0013+4.02D(适用于0.1—0.5Gy),(?)=0.218+4.74D。     

α辐射致细胞转化与基因突变

为探讨α辐射诱发体外细胞转化效应与hprt基因突变之间的相关关系。用体外培养的人胚肺细胞,经0．25－5Gyα粒子照射后,各受照射剂量组细胞兰固体琼脂培养集落形成能力明显增加,细胞获得了非锚着依赖性生长能力,说明人胚肺细胞在α辐射作用下发生了转化hprt基因突变检测。结果表明,随着α粒子照射剂量的增加,hprt基因变异系数逐渐增加。细胞转化与hprt基因突变相关分析证实,两者之间存在显著的线性正相关关系。研究结果显示,α辐射的致癌效应与hprt基因突变密切相关。     

由染色体畸变率计算剂量的方法

本文介绍了根据正确判读的染色体畸变数估算剂量的有关方法、技巧及相应的BASIC机算程序。讨论了目前国内常规判读方法中存在的漏检可能较大的情况及其防止的措施。对用有照射时间修正因子G的剂量-效应曲线,估算剂量及其置信区间和在(n、γ)混合照射时的剂量估算方法,以及对通过泊松分布参数检验判断低LET辐射局部急性照射并估算其剂量的方法作了较详细的介绍。考察了在混合辐射照射中是否计入n与γ产生的次损伤间的作用对所估剂量造成的差异。对剂量-效应标准曲线的拟合,强调了它作正确的加权拟合,并应与公认值比较;还给出了畸变率y拟合的变导系数σ_y/y随剂量D和照射时间T的变化。 在附录Ⅰ和Ⅱ中,分别给出了按微剂量学双元作用原理对染色体畸变率产额公式的推导和次损伤数随时间的变化过程。附录Ⅲ给出了由两种类型的染色体畸变率估算剂量的方法。 附录Ⅳ给出了一个简单的由畸变率估算剂量的机算程序和另一个包含由畸变率估算剂量和由实验点拟合标准曲线的较完备的机算程序。后者,采用了紧缩的数据贮存技巧,并可按不同参量的顺序主从排队印出结果。在标准曲线的拟合程序中,包括对拟合残差的检验,并能对输入的剂量D和照射时间T给出相应的畸变率及其标准差;还设有产生模拟“实验结果”的检验拟合程序的     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.     

Gamma radiation levels in the ambient environment of the QNPP Base

Monitoring results of gamma dose rate level in 1992～2004 in the ambient environment of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plants(QNPP)Base,the northeast of Zhejiang Province,are reported in this paper.It is shown that the gamma dose rate of five monitoring sites of 2.5 km to QNPP Base is 84～113 nGy/h,with an average of 96 nGy/h in the 13 years.The average value is close to the background level of 93 nGy/h prior to operation of the QNPP Base,and is lower than the monitoring result of 101 nGy/h at the reference site in Hangzhou City.Within 50 km from the QNPP Base,the cumulative dose rate of the thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD)is 90 nGy/h,which is lower than the back- ground level of 111 nGy/h.