STABILITY AND RHEOLOGY OF HEAVY CRUDE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSION STABILIZED BY AN ANIONIC- NONIONIC SURFACTANT MIXTURE

ABSTRACT

The stability and rheology of an Egyptian Heavy crude oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by an anionic (TDS) and a nonionic (NPE) surfactants individually or in a mixture have been studied. The study reveals that, the viscosity of the crude oil decreases when it is emulsified with water in the form of an oil-in-water type of emulsion. The stability of the oil-in-water emulsion increases as the surfactant concentration and speed of mixing of the emulsion increases. Fresh water and synthetic formation water have been used to study the effect of aqueous phase salinity on the stability and viscosity of the emulsion. Surfactant dissolved in synthetic formation water has been utilized to find out the possibility of injecting the surfactant into a well bore to effect emulsification in the pump or tubing for enhancing the production of heavy crude oils as oil-in-water emulsion. The study revealed that, the viscosity of the emulsion containing fresh water is always less than that containing formation water, these findings have been correlated with the crude oil/water interracial tension (IFT) measurements The decreased IFT value results in a decrease in the average particle size of the dispersed crude oil leading     

水包稠油乳状液稳定性研究 Ⅱ．稠油官能团组分表面膜性质探索

测定了辽河油田杜－84稠油化学官能团组分酸性分,碱性分,两性分,中性分以及沥青质,胶质的表面膜膜压－面积（π-A）等温曲线和膜面积损失曲线,考察了水相PH值,扩展溶剂芳香度等因素对π-A曲线的影响,结果表明,稠油各组分都能在空气／水表面形成二维不溶性表面膜,其中酸性分和沥青质的膜压较高;扩展溶剂芳香度增大,酸性分和两性分的膜压明显增大;PH值对酸性分,碱性分,两性分和沥青质π－A曲线的影响最大,一般来说,增强碱性条件,有利于各组分膜压的提高,;膜面积损失曲线表明,酸性分形成的单分子膜最稳定,沥青质,两性分形成的单分子膜较稳定,综合分析结果表明,酸性分或沥青质是稠油中成膜的主要界面活性组分,它们对水包稠油乳状液稳定性的贡献较大,油相高芳香度,水相碱性条件下有利于水包稠油乳状液的稳定。     

防蜡剂与渗透剂复配用于清防蜡及油层解堵

简要介绍了ZY-3型水基清防蜡剂与T型渗透剂的复配体系的清防蜡及解堵机理、复配液对魏岗原油流变性的影响,提出了复配液的使用方法。现场应用结果表明该复配体系具有良好的清防蜡、破乳、降粘、解堵作用。     

非聚醚型破乳剂的破乳效果

以丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、苯乙烯等为原料,在胶束水溶液中合成了一系列非聚醚型破乳剂.采用试瓶法对模拟采出原油乳状液进行了破乳实验研究.结果表明,含有亲水性基团的非聚醚型破乳剂,由于分子结构的双亲性,有利降低油水界面膜强度和增加动态界面活性,使其破乳效果优于油溶性破乳剂的破乳效果,但过强的亲水性会...     

无机盐对W／O型原油乳状液稳定性的影响

本文研究了若干种无机盐对W/O型原油乳状液稳定性的影响。结果表明:溶于内相(水相)的无机离子能显著降低原油乳状液的稳定性,盐浓度越高,稳定性降低程度越大;各种盐对原油乳状液稳定性影响的感温性不尽相同。     

RHEOLOGY, PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, AND ASPHALTENE DEPOSITION OF VISCOUS ASPHALTIC CRUDE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS FOR PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION

The rheology of an asphaltic heavy crude oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by an anionic (RN) and a nonionic (TEP) surfactants individually or in a mixture has been studied. The investigated crude oil has a non-Newtonian, time dependent, shear thickening, rheopectic behavior with a relatively high yield stress. The relatively high yield stress of this crude oil is attributed to the presence of a relatively high asphaltene and resins content. The viscosity ofhe crude oil decreases when it is emulsified with synthetic formation water in the form of an oil-in-water type of emulsion using a nonionic or an anionic surfactant. It has been found that, the maximum oil content required for forming an oil-in-water emulsion of acceptable viscosity is the 60% oil-containing emulsion. However, the 70% oil-containing emulsion is not an oil-in-water type of emulsion but it is rather a complicated mixture of oil-in-water-in-oil type of emulsion. The presence of the anionic and the nonionic surfactants together has a synergistic effect in decreasing the total surfactant concentration required to stabilize the emulsion and to form low viscosity emulsion. It has been emphasized that the nonionic surfactant has a positive contribution in forming emulsions with low viscosity. Meanwhile, the anionic surfactant contributes in stabilizing the emulsion at lower concentrations. Flocculation point measurements showed that the added surfactants caused no sign of asphaltene deposition. This implies that it is safe to use the investigated surfactants in forming oil-in-water emulsion for viscous asphaltic crude oils without any fear of asphaltene deposition.     

沥青质和环烷酸含量对原油乳状液稳定性影响

以大庆油田原油为研究对象,与环烷酸、室内模拟污水配制成不同的原油乳状液.通过对各体系的析水率、界面张力和稳定性指数(TSI)的测试,考察了沥青质和环烷酸共同作用对乳状液稳定性的影响.结果表明,随着沥青质和环烷酸质量分数增大,乳状液的析水率从56.0％增加至93.8％;界面张力从0.984 mN/m增加至9.702 mN...     

RHEOLOGY,PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION,AND ASPHALTENE DEPOSITION OF VISCOUS ASPHALTIC CRUDE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS FOR PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION

The rheology of an asphaltic heavy crude oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by an anionic (RN) and a nonionic (TEP) surfactants individually or in a mixture has been studied. The investigated crude oil has a non-Newtonian, time dependent, shear thickening, rheopectic behavior with a relatively high yield stress. The relatively high yield stress of this crude oil is attributed to the presence of a relatively high asphaltene and resins content. The viscosity ofhe crude oil decreases when it is emulsified with synthetic formation water in the form of an oil-in-water type of emulsion using a nonionic or an anionic surfactant. It has been found that, the maximum oil content required for forming an oil-in-water emulsion of acceptable viscosity is the 60% oil-containing emulsion. However, the 70% oil-containing emulsion is not an oil-in-water type of emulsion but it is rather a complicated mixture of oil-in-water-in-oil type of emulsion. The presence of the anionic and the nonionic surfactants together has a synergistic effect in decreasing the total surfactant concentration required to stabilize the emulsion and to form low viscosity emulsion. It has been emphasized that the nonionic surfactant has a positive contribution in forming emulsions with low viscosity. Meanwhile, the anionic surfactant contributes in stabilizing the emulsion at lower concentrations. Flocculation point measurements showed that the added surfactants caused no sign of asphaltene deposition. This implies that it is safe to use the investigated surfactants in forming oil-in-water emulsion for viscous asphaltic crude oils without any fear of asphaltene deposition.     

环烷酸对原油乳状液稳定性影响的研究进展

对近年来原油中环烷酸结构组成的研究进展进行了综述,从环烷酸的结构、相对分子质量、环烷酸在不同水相环境(不同酸碱度、不同盐溶液)以及环烷酸与原油活性组分(沥青质、石蜡)相互作用等方面对原油乳状液稳定性的影响进行了总结。分子结构和相对分子质量会影响环烷酸在油水界面的吸附行为从而影响乳状液稳定性;而不同水相环境会影响环烷酸的HLB值和界面活性从而影响乳状液稳定性;原油中的活性组分沥青质、石蜡与环烷酸相互作用也会影响环烷酸在油水界面的吸附及排布机理从而影响原油乳状液稳定性。     

电化学方法研究微生物表面活性剂对原油乳状液破乳的作用

选用一种微生物表面活性剂分别与 3种破乳剂GE 189、XE 12 0和XP 12 0复配 ,对模拟原油乳状液进行破乳脱水。结果表明 ,微生物表面活性剂的引入能够明显地提高破乳剂的破乳速率和效率 ,而且当破乳剂的浓度较低时 ,微生物表面活性剂的影响更加明显。通过界面张力的测定 ,证实了微生物表面活性剂和破乳剂之间的协同作用。利用电化学方法测定水 油 水界面的膜电容和膜电阻 ,探讨了微生物表面活性剂对原油乳状液破乳效果的影响机理。结果表明 ,单独使用微生物表面活性剂 ,观察不到膜电容和膜电阻的任何变化 ;微生物表面活性剂与破乳剂复配 ,界面膜电容随时间的升高与界面膜电阻随时间的下降幅度明显大于单独使用破乳剂时的情况 ,也表明了微生物表面活性剂与破乳剂之间的协同效应。而且由于微生物表面活性剂的加入 ,引起膜电容的迅速升高和膜电阻的迅速下降与乳状液破乳脱水速率的加快密切相关 ,说明该种电化学方法用于破乳机理的研究是可行的。     

貂油非离子表面活性剂的合成及应用

以貂油为单体进行氧乙烯化反应，合成貂油聚氧乙烯醚型非离子表面活性剂，并在洗发液中应用。可提高产品的润湿性、分散性、去污性、乳化性等功能。     

油酸酰胺基非离子型表面活性剂的合成及其性能

以油酸、顺丁烯二酸酐、二乙醇胺为原料 ,经加成与酰胺化两步反应 ,合成了油酸酰胺基非离子表面活性剂 OMA。在催化剂 PB和 KOH存在下 ,控制两步反应温度分别为 1 70～ 1 80℃和 1 50～ 1 65℃ ,w ( PB) =0 .3 % ,n (油酸 )∶ n (顺丁烯二酸酐 )∶ n (二乙醇胺 ) =1∶ 1 .1∶ 3 .3 ,总反应时间 5～ 6h,产物收率达 82 %。OMA水溶性好 ,抗硬水、耐水解能力强 ,在 p H值 5～ 1 0水溶液均能稳定存在 ,具有很好的稳泡性和较好的润湿、乳化能力 ;在水中对黑色金属有优良的防锈性能 ,对铜也有一定的防腐蚀效果 ,适用于水基金属切削液等水基型体系。     

共聚物MSAZ的制备及与表面活性剂复配用于稠油降黏

针对胜利孤东稠油胶质、沥青质含量高,黏度大的特点,制备了一种马来酸酐-苯乙烯-丙烯酸十八酯-丙烯酰胺的四元聚合物MSAZ油溶性降黏剂。考察了单体配比、反应温度、反应时间、引发剂用量等制备条件对MSAZ降黏性能的影响,得到最佳的单体配比和制备条件为,n(丙烯酸十八酯)：n (苯乙烯)：n (马来酸酐)：n (丙烯酰胺)=4.25:3:2:0.3、反应温度85 ℃、反应时间6 h、引发剂用量1.4%。在测试温度50 ℃,MSAZ用量500 ?g/g时,降黏率最高可达75.8%。0.7%十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）与500 ?g/g MSAZ复配时降黏效果较好,在50 ℃下,最大可达85.2%。具有强酸性头部官能团的表面活性剂的复配降黏效果要优于具有碱性头部官能团的表面活性剂。使用GPC凝胶色谱法表征了MSAZ相对分子质量的大小及分布,重均相对分子质量Mw在20 000~30 000,数均相对分子质量Mn在10 000~20 000,多分散性系数Mw/Mn在2左右。特性黏数η值在11~12 mL/g范围时,降黏效果最好。     

木质素醇醚非离子表面活性剂的合成及性能

以造纸废液中提取的碱木素为原料合成了木质素醇醚非离子表面活性剂。确定了由中间体木素醚合成产品的最佳工艺条件为 :醚醇摩尔比为 1∶ 1 .2 ,反应温度为 1 45℃ ,反应时间为 1 h。测定了产品的红外光谱 ,并对其表面活性、乳化性、增溶性、泡沫高度等进行了研究。     

辽河稠油减渣的超临界流体分离与评价

 采用超临界流体萃取分馏技术,将辽河稠油减渣分离成14个窄馏分和1个萃余残渣,测定了各个窄馏分的性质和组成,用改进的Brown-Ladner法计算了各个窄馏分和原料的结构参数,预测了窄馏分的二次加工性能,对特征化参数与窄馏分的性质进行了关联。结果表明,随着窄馏分收率的增加,残炭值、S和N及金属元素含量逐渐增加,饱和分质量分数减小,胶质质量分数增大,芳香分质量分数先增大后减小,芳香碳率fA增大,环烷碳率fN和烷基碳率fP逐渐减小。加工性能较好的窄馏分收率为15.18 %。建立了辽河稠油减渣窄馏分残炭值、芳碳率、环烷碳率、烷基碳率与特征化参数之间的关联式。     

辽河稠油减压渣油的超临界流体分离与评价

采用超临界流体萃取分馏技术,将辽河稠油减压渣油分离成14个窄馏分和1个萃余残渣,测定了各个窄馏分的性质和组成,用改进的Brown-Ladner法计算了各个窄馏分和原料的结构参数,预测了窄馏分的二次加工性能,对特征化参数与窄馏分的性质进行了关联.结果表明,随着窄馏分产率的增加,残炭值、S和N及金属元素含量逐渐增加,饱和分质量分数减小,胶质质量分数增大,芳香分质量分数先增大后减小,芳香碳率fA增大,环烷碳率fN和烷基碳率fP逐渐减小.加工性能较好的窄馏分产率为15.18%.建立了辽河稠油减压渣油窄馏分残炭值、芳碳率、环烷碳率、烷基碳率与特征化参数之间的关联式.     

用于测定原油及重油砷含量的直接进样石墨炉原子吸收法

通过筛选改进剂,优化各种试验条件,建立了石墨炉原子吸收光谱法直接测定原油及重油样品中As含量的分析方法。方法的检测下限约为5.4 μg/kg,线性范围为16~3 000 μg/kg,相对标准偏差小于10%,加标回收率大于90%。该方法的分析速率快、灵敏度高、操作简便,可满足实际分析工作的需要。     

THE COLLOIDAL STABILITY OF CRUDE OILS AND CRUDE OIL RESIDUES

ABSTRACT

A crude oil and three residues of the crude oil processing were investigated by determination of flocculation points of both the product solutions and the original products. Diverse analytical methods were used for characterizing products and their fractions. The evaluation of results was performed by the theory of regular solutions and its extension by Hansen. It was found, that the colloidal disperse phase shows a behaviour similar to that of polymer solutions. The conditions of the destabilization of the colloids can be defined by the critical Flory-Huggins interaction parameter. The solvation and the low soluble part of the asphaltenes have the greatest influence on the colloidal stability. The lowest stability is found for the visbreaking residue. The influence of the crude oil distillation on the colloidal stability is not significant.     

THE COLLOIDAL STABILITY OF CRUDE OILS AND CRUDE OIL RESIDUES

A crude oil and three residues of the crude oil processing were investigated by determination of flocculation points of both the product solutions and the original products. Diverse analytical methods were used for characterizing products and their fractions. The evaluation of results was performed by the theory of regular solutions and its extension by Hansen. It was found, that the colloidal disperse phase shows a behaviour similar to that of polymer solutions. The conditions of the destabilization of the colloids can be defined by the critical Flory-Huggins interaction parameter. The solvation and the low soluble part of the asphaltenes have the greatest influence on the colloidal stability. The lowest stability is found for the visbreaking residue. The influence of the crude oil distillation on the colloidal stability is not significant.     

乳化油配方优化及水质对冷轧乳化液稳定性的影响

建立了1套乳化液稳定性的简易评价标准,考察了油性剂、防锈剂剂量及乳化油用量对在新鲜自来水、去离子水和久置水条件下配制的乳化液稳定性的影响。结果表明：对于含干扰成分较多、自身稳定性较差的乳化油,采用含杂质较多的久置水配制的乳化液稳定性优于含杂质较少的新鲜自来水和去离子水配制的乳化液稳定性;当乳化油配方经过优化、剔除干扰稳定性的成分后,水质越纯净,乳化液的性能越稳定;乳化油配方的优化不仅有利于强化乳化液的稳定性,而且可以提升其润滑性能和极压性能。