二阶控制论及其应用

本文综述二阶控制论学派的缘起和成就,包括它的创导人冯·福尔斯特和他的BCL实验室,以及它的主要论点和与前期控制论的差异.介绍了二阶控制论在对话和理解协议方面、以及管理和经济系统方面的应用.最后本文作者对学派的工作进行了分析和评论.     

一般系统的脆性研究

基于一般系统结构理论 ,发展了金鸿章教授等提出的脆性定义 ,并且证明了脆性是一般系统都具有的共同属性。通过对脆性、脆性发生和脆性演化熵等基本概念的定义 ,以及对一般系统结构模型的数学分析 ,结果表明 ,一般系统脆性具有潜在性、连锁性和延时性等特点 ,影响系统脆性发生的主要因素包括随机因素对系统的扰动强度、子系统间的结合强度及其分布。此外 ,结果还表明如果系统的脆性演化熵S≠ 0 ,系统演化成新系统时具有不确定性。     

复杂系统及其仿真研究——为庆祝中国计算机用户协会仿真应用分会成立25周年而作

连续系统仿真、离散事件系统仿真、连续一离散混合系统仿真,其应用科学业已相当成熟.不过,它们仅属于简单系统仿真,而简单系统只是复杂系统的特例.复杂系统是客观存在的,它是具有复杂性的系统.复杂系统的理论是一般性的科学,其内容包括现代系统论、非线性科学和复杂性科学.现代系统论的理论体系包含一般系统论、控制论、信息论、耗散结构论、超循环理论、协同学、突变论;非线性科学的理论体系包含混沌、分形、孤立子、模式形成;复杂性科学的理论体系包含神经网络、Agent、进化计算、L-系统、元胞自动机.复杂系统仿真正在逐步掀起复杂系统的面纱,不断推动复杂系统理论向前发展.至于现代系统论,不难找到专著.这里只是着重阐述复杂性科学和非线性科学的仿真研究.     

复杂性系统研究方法:从人工生命到人工社会

一、人工生命的两种途径 “人工生命”(Artificial　Life)简称为Alife,是指具有“自然生命”特性和功能的人造系统,人工生命中的“活体”是指有生命特征的个体或群体。人工生命研究是抽象地提取演化、生命规则等生物现象的基本原理来模拟生命系统的动态发展过程。人工生命有多种研究方法或技术,但基本上可以分为以下两种途径。 ?　 生命科学途径:通过生物实验方式,在试管中通过生物化学或遗传工程的方法合成或生成人工的生命。这种方法在目前并不能从无生命物质开始合成生命,而只能用克隆技术进行基于相应的自然生命的“母体”无性繁殖生…     

农业水土环境系统及其状态评价方法研究

农业水土环境系统包含农业水土环境和人类农事活动两个子系统。它们不能协调发展时产生原生和次生两类问题。某区农业水土环境系统的状态可由人类农事活动对农业水土环境要素及其构成类型的进占程度描述。本研究提出以信息熵理论来表征这一状态变化过程，从理论上探讨了区域农业水土环境系统状况的评价方法和步骤。     

“大系统控制论”的创立及其应用

<正>1引言本文为纪念钱学森先生的名著《工程控制论》出版60周年、总结我国工程实践中控制理论与方法的研究进展、展望控制理论与工程控制面临的挑战及未来发展方向而作.缅怀"工程控制论"学科的创建人、奠基人,世界名著《工程控制论》的撰写人,科学大师钱学森院士.当年的情景历历在目,记忆犹新.作者有幸在恩师钱学森先生的亲自关怀、指导、支持下,为了学习、继承、发展钱学森先生创立的"工程控制论",从20世纪70年代,研究"大系统理论"及     

经济控制论观点下的全球经济危机及其教训(类比研究与评论)

论文从控制论角度, 采用其类比研究方法, 分析全球经济大系统, 探讨其构造及分解、控制结构、各级监控 及经管目标、信息结构、控制策略以及子系统的控制与协调. 论文以人造控制系统的不稳定性来从理论上表征经济 系统的危机; 并将分散控制下工程大系统稳定性及其子系统稳定性之间关系, 应用到全球大经济系统危机的类比 研究和分析, 得出5个论点. 论文对递阶控制的混合协调法, 给予了经济学的解释. 并阐明该法对混合经济宏观调控 所具有的特点、优点和意义. 最后基于上述研究论文列举从危机得出的一些教训.     

控制论视角下对宏观经济建模的再思考：为能预测经济危机，对建模的审视及趋势评述

论文依据工程控制论中的系统辨识理论,就宏观经济系统建模的几个重要方面:先验知识、建模假设、建模数据、机理的恒定性、可辨识性、因果性等进行审视和评论;对宏观经济学术界,有关经济模型的两个有争议的问题、两个责难和卢卡斯批判提出了看法.鉴于审视的结果,论文对现用模型经修补后能否预测危机持悲观态度.为此,简介了欧盟经济的巨型并联基于主体的经济模型EU/RACE(agent-based computational model of European economy)及其创新之处.最后为能预测经济危机,论文总结了建模的研究趋势,包括动态随机一般均衡(dynamic stochastic general equilibrium,DSGE)模型和基于主体的可计算(agent-based computational,ACE)模型的结合、需要对宏观经济学进行反思,以及加强对变结构系统辨识的研究等等.     

面向涌现的多Agent系统研究及其进展

在多Agent系统研究领域,涌现现象越来越引起人们的注意.面向涌现的多Agent系统研究正成为多Agent系统研究中值得注意的一个新方向.它关注的是多Agent系统宏观层面的涌现性问题以及系统涌现的宏观与微观层面的联系机制,并最终希望发展出一套面向涌现的多Agent系统的设计和控制方法.该文在介绍涌现的概念和特征之后,考察了多Agent系统宏观特征的面向涌现描述方法;然后对多Agent系统涌现的微-宏观机制进行了总结,比较分析了面向涌现的多Agent系统设计方法和设计模式;最后分析讨论了该领域研究存在的问题和进一步的研究方向.     

社会仿真中通信网络系统模型研究

现代社会中通信网络系统是一典型的复杂网络系统,不仅其本身具有系统复杂性、自组织性、临界性等特点,而且与其它关键基础设施系统之间以及用户人群之间存在着复杂的依赖关系.针对现实社会中通信网络系统结构和功能的特点,并结合整个虚拟社会综合仿真体系需求,提出一个通信基础设施网络模型实现方案.     

The cybernetics of viability: an overview

A three-level approach to viability is developed, considering (1) living systems, (2) a niche, understood as the area within the reach of their actions, and (3) an environment. A systematic analysis of the interrelations between these levels shows that living systems emerge with matter/energy processing systems. These can add controller structures when producing excess energy. A three-sensor controller structure enables a living system to deal with unfavourable and scarce environments. Further evolution of these controller structures offers improved ways to act on niches. Maintaining niches in scarce environments can require technology or economy. So social systems emerge, which are understood as aggregates of living systems. Basic patterns of interactions within social systems are analysed. So the introduction of the notion of the niche into the discussion of viability allows us to explain phenomena ranging from properties of single living systems to societal organization.     

从现代信息科技发展看自动化学科的使命和发展趋势

该文从信息科学全局发展的角度论述自动化学科的作用及其在信息时代的重要地位. 具体介绍国内外自动化科技的发展、社会影响和面临的挑战,以及专家们提出的对策意见.针对我国特点提出了若干关于发展方向和政策的建议.     

INTERNAL SOCIETAL REACTION TO EXTERNAL CHANGE: THE CASE OF THE KOREAN PENINSULA

Abstract

As social systems increase in complexity, they must monitor the relationships among their internal components carefully, to see that their functioning is harmonious. The internal components must not only meet their own needs, but must meet the overall needs of the total society as well. If this is not done adequately, the society could face an alarming increase in internal entropy, to its great peril. However, in attending to internal needs, the complex society cannot neglect the need to monitor and reart to a variety of external flows, including monetary and information flows. This paper combines social entropy theory and autopoiesis theory to analyze the relationships between internal and external relations in a complex social system. South and North Korea are used as illustrations. An important issue is how a nation's boundaries are controlled. This is discussed briefly, and five models of boundary control are presented. North Korea is shown to have a model 1 system, while South Korea has a model 4 system.     

Knowledge-based facility planning: a review and a framework

The knowledge-based facility planning (KBFP) problem is reviewed. The aim of KBFP is to provide a more comprehensive planning package for users so that their expertise can be augmented with proven knowledge, and yield significantly better plans. The categories reviewed include facilities equipment selection, software model selection, and the generative task of creating a facility planning solution. The employed problem representation and problem-solving techniques are reviewed. Finally, the development of an integrated framework for KBFP is discussed.     

The effectiveness of office information systems: a social action perspective

Abstract. The purpose of this paper is to show that a number of basic issues have not been adequately addressed in existing office information systems research. Prominent among these are the nature and role of offices, the goals of office information systems development, and the nature of its organizational and managerial consequences. It is proposed that office information systems should be analysed as social action systems the behaviour of which is strongly affected by socially determined forces and constraints such as the behaviour-channelling influences of authority, norms, customs, habits and precedence. Four types of social action are discussed: instrumental, strategic, communicative and discursive. Three contexts for perceiving and analysing the effects of social action in offices are introduced: technology, language and organization. Office information systems changes affect elements and relationships in these three contexts in different ways. By cross-relating social action types and contexts, nine classes of object systems are identified. Each object system class implies a different category of effectiveness concerns which in turn implies different office information system design requirements. The paper notes that the existing research literature has primarily been concerned with only three of the nine object systems. For more effective office information systems development, however, the other systems also need to be considered. The paper concludes by exploring how this may be done.     

The stakeholder organisation theory and its systemic foundation

The paper presents main systemic arguments that support the so-called stakeholder theory. It starts with Bochenski's contribution to the philosophy of an enterprise, and then refers to the intervention theory of Midgley in general and the boundary question of an organisation, as well as to the critical realist stakeholder theory of Friedman and Miles. Next, the issue of praxiological evaluation of human action enriched by ethicality shows the systemic approach to axiological analysis of human activity. Finally, usefulness of the approach to the problem of corporate social responsibility is reviewed and a systemic definition of a responsible company is given.     

Conditional entropy for incomplete decision systems and its application in data mining

Rough set theory is a useful mathematic tool for dealing with vague and uncertain information. Shannon's entropy and its variants have been applied to measure uncertainty in rough set theory from the viewpoint of information theory. However, few studies have been carried out on information-theoretical measure of attribute importance in incomplete decision system (IDS) considering the relation between decision attribute and condition attributes. In this paper, we introduce the concept of conditional entropy together with entropy and joint entropy in IDSs. By using the new conditional entropy, we propose a measure for attribute importance. Based on the measure, a heuristic attribute reduction algorithm is presented. Some test experiments on real-lift data-sets show the effectiveness of the algorithm. The attribute importance measure and the attribute reduction algorithm can be used in data mining or machine learning for handling incomplete data.     

Designing sociotechnical systems with cognitive work analysis: putting theory back into practice

Cognitive work analysis (CWA) is a framework of methods for analysing complex sociotechnical systems. However, the translation from the outputs of CWA to design is not straightforward. Sociotechnical systems theory provides values and principles for the design of sociotechnical systems which may offer a theoretically consistent basis for a design approach for use with CWA. This article explores the extent to which CWA and sociotechnical systems theory offer complementary perspectives and presents an abstraction hierarchy (AH), based on a review of literature, that describes an ‘optimal’ CWA and sociotechnical systems theory design system. The optimal AH is used to assess the extent to which current CWA-based design practices, uncovered through a survey of CWA practitioners, aligns with sociotechnical systems theory. Recommendations for a design approach that would support the integration of CWA and sociotechnical systems theory design values and principles are also derived.